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55-540: Kano State ( Hausa : Jihar Kano جِهَرْ كَنُوَ ; Fula : 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞤲𞤮𞥅 , romanized:  Leydi Kano ) is one of the 36 states of Nigeria , located in the northern region of the country. According to the national census done in 2006, Kano State is the most populous state in Nigeria. The recent official estimates taken in 2016 by the National Bureau of Statistics found that Kano State

110-497: A combination of any of these processes. There are 20 plural classes proposed by Newman (2000). Hausa marks tense differences by different sets of subject pronouns, sometimes with the pronoun combined with some additional particle. For this reason, a subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausa, regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context or is expressed by a noun subject. Hausa's modern official orthography

165-533: A diverse economy, establishing itself as a center for industry, agriculture , and Islamic banking. The Hausa and Fulani make up the majority of Kano State's population. The Hausa language is the dominant language in the state, as it is in most of Northern Nigeria . Challenges faced by Kano State in the 21st century include attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Boko Haram , inter-religious violence, and extreme poverty . A Muslim-majority state, Kano State

220-685: A great influence in the way Hausa is spoken by the native Hausa speakers in these areas. In West Africa , Hausa's use as a lingua franca has given rise to a non-native pronunciation that differs vastly from native pronunciation by way of key omissions of implosive and ejective consonants present in native Hausa dialects, such as ɗ , ɓ and kʼ/ƙ , which are pronounced by non-native speakers as d , b and k respectively. This creates confusion among non-native and native Hausa speakers, as non-native pronunciation does not distinguish words like daidai ("correct") and ɗaiɗai ("one-by-one"). Another difference between native and non-native Hausa

275-469: A lesser extent Gaananci ), the northernmost dialects have slight grammatical and lexical differences owing to frequent contact with the Zarma , Fula , and Tuareg groups and cultural changes owing to the geographical differences between the grassland and desert zones. These dialects also have the quality of bordering on non-tonal pitch accent dialects. This link between non-tonality and geographic location

330-776: A long history of borrowing words from other languages, usually from the languages being spoken around and near Hausaland . Hausa has between 23 and 25 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker. The three-way contrast between palatals /c ɟ cʼ/ , plain velars /k ɡ kʼ/ , and labialized velars /kʷ ɡʷ kʷʼ/ is found only before long and short /a/ , e.g. /cʼaːɽa/ ('grass'), /kʼaːɽaː/ ('to increase'), /kʷʼaːɽaː/ ('shea-nuts'). Before front vowels, only palatals and labialized velars occur, e.g. /ciːʃiː/ ('jealousy') vs. /kʷiːɓiː/ ('side of body'). Before rounded vowels, only labialized velars occur, e.g. /kʷoːɽaː/ ('ringworm'). Hausa has glottalic consonants (implosives and ejectives) at four or five places of articulation (depending on

385-413: A total number of 14 vocalic phonemes. In comparison with the long vowels, the short /i, u/ can be similar in quality to the long vowels, mid-centralized to [ ɪ , ʊ ] or centralized to [ ɨ , ʉ ] . Medial /i, u/ can be neutralized to [ ɨ ~ ʉ ] , with the rounding depending on the environment. Medial /e, o/ are neutralized with /a/ . The short /a/ can be either similar in quality to

440-1127: A wide uniformity wherever it is spoken. However, linguists have identified dialect areas with a cluster of features characteristic of each one. Eastern Hausa dialects include Dauranci in Daura , Kananci in Kano , Bausanci in Bauchi , Gudduranci in Katagum Misau and part of Borno , and Hadejanci in Hadejiya . Western Hausa dialects include Sakkwatanci in Sokoto , Katsinanci in Katsina , Arewanci in Gobir , Adar , Kebbi , and Zanhwaranci in Zamfara , and Kurhwayanci in Kurfey in Niger. Katsina

495-590: Is a Latin-based alphabet called boko , which was introduced in the 1930s by the British colonial administration. The letter ƴ (y with a right hook) is used only in Niger ; in Nigeria it is written ʼy . Tone and vowel length are not marked in writing. So, for example, /dàɡà/ "from" and /dáːɡáː/ "battle" are both written daga . The distinction between /r/ and /ɽ/ (which does not exist for all speakers)

550-483: Is a list of the approved Polytechnics and Colleges in the state of Kano: Kano State consists of forty-four (44) Local Government Areas (LGAs). According to the 2006 PON census figures, Kano State had a population totaling 9,401,288. Based on the official data by the National Bureau of Statistics , Kano State is the most populous state in the country followed by Lagos State . The state is mostly populated by

605-435: Is a major producer of hides and skins, sesame , soybean , cotton, garlic , gum arabic and chili pepper . A 2018 study of Tudun Wada found that both temperature and rainfall were likely to increase with climate change, causing increased stress on crops, and would require increased climate change adaptation for agricultural practices. Kano State is the second-largest industrial centre after Lagos State in Nigeria and

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660-466: Is abruptly replaced with Dioula – Bambara as the main sahelian/Muslim lingua-franca of what become predominantly Manding areas, and native Hausa-speakers plummet to a very small urban minority. Because of this, and the presence of surrounding Akan , Gbe , Gur and Mande languages , Gaananci was historically isolated from the other Hausa dialects. Despite this difference, grammatical similarities between Sakkwatanci and Ghanaian Hausa determine that

715-436: Is characterised by variability in rainfall between the 70s and 80s, with drought and near drought conditions. Between the 90s and the year 2015, the moisture conditions have improved considerably but for fluctuations in rainfall in the state. However, since 2015 till date, there has been an increase in rainfall in the state, which has helped increase agricultural production in this northern Nigerian state considerably. Based on

770-613: Is not limited to Hausa alone, but is exhibited in other northern dialects of neighbouring languages; example includes differences within the Songhay language (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of Koyra Chiini in Timbuktu and Koyraboro Senni in Gao ; and the tonal southern Zarma dialect, spoken from western Niger to northern Ghana ), and within the Soninke language (between

825-453: Is not marked in orthography, but may be indicated with R̃ r̃ for the trill in linguistic transcription. Hausa has also been written in ajami , an Arabic alphabet , since the early 17th century. The first known work to be written in Hausa is Riwayar Nabi Musa by Abdullahi Suka in the 17th century. There is no standard system of using ajami , and different writers may use letters with different values. Short vowels are written regularly with

880-591: Is on the 1067 mm Cape Gauge Western Railway Line from Lagos via Kaduna to Jigawa State (rehabilitated 2013), with a new double track standard gauge line under construction. Rail transport in Nigeria Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport (1936), HQ of Kabo Air, Azman Airlines and Max Air. Kano State is home to five universities: one federal university, one regimented federal university, two state universities, and one private university. The following

935-594: Is one of the twelve states in Nigeria to operate under Sharia law within the legal framework of the Nigerian Constitution . An important early center of commerce in the region was Kurmi Market , founded by the Habe Emir of Kano Muhammadu Rumfa in 1463 CE. Subsequent leaders made contributions to the emergence of Kano as a leading commercial centre in Sudanic Africa. During the time of

990-457: Is spoken by up to 53% of the population. It is very popular in the cities of Maradi , Diffa , Tahoua , Zinder , Tillaberi , Dosso , and Agadez . In Cameroon, Hausa is spoken in the north, including the cities of Ngaoundere , Garoua , and Maroua . In Ghana, Hausa is the lingua franca of the Zongo communities across the country. In Benin, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it

1045-453: Is spoken include Parakou , Kandi , Natitingou , and Djougou . In Togo, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it is spoken include Sokode , Kara , and Dapaong . In Chad, Hausa is spoken in the south. Cities where it is spoken include N'Djamena . In Sudan, Hausa is spoken in almost all the states of Jazirah , Blue Nile , and Kordofan , Darfur States, Gadaref State ,Red Sea State, White Nile State, River Nile Hausa presents

1100-580: Is the city of Kano , the second most populous city in Nigeria after Lagos . The incumbent governor of the state is Abba Kabir Yusuf . He was sworn in on 29 May 2023. Modern-day Kano State was the site of a number of prior kingdoms and empires, including the Kingdom of Kano , which was centered in Dalla Hill (Dutsen Dala) and existed from prior to 1000 AD to 1349. In 1349, the Sultanate of Kano

1155-695: Is the omission of vowel length in words and change in the standard tone of native Hausa dialects (ranging from native Fulani and Tuareg Hausa-speakers omitting tone altogether, to Hausa speakers with Gur or Yoruba mother tongues using additional tonal structures similar to those used in their native languages). Use of masculine and feminine gender nouns and sentence structure are usually omitted or interchanged, and many native Hausa nouns and verbs are substituted with non-native terms from local languages. Non-native speakers of Hausa numbered more than 25 million and, in some areas, live close to native Hausa. It has replaced many other languages especially in

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1210-527: Is the westernmost area in which the Hausa language is a major lingua-franca among sahelian/Muslim West Africans, including both Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian zango migrants primarily from the northern regions, or Mali and Burkina Faso . Ghana also marks the westernmost boundary in which the Hausa people inhabit in any considerable number. Immediately west and north of Ghana (in Côte d'Ivoire , and Burkina Faso), Hausa

1265-642: Is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Sokoto is used in a variety of classical Hausa literature , and is often known as Classical Hausa . Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa (meaning 'North') and Arewaci . Zazzaganci in Zazzau is the major Southern dialect. The Daura ( Dauranchi ) and Kano ( Kananci ) dialects are the standard. The BBC , Deutsche Welle , Radio France Internationale and Voice of America offer Hausa services on their international news web sites using Dauranci and Kananci. In recent language development Zazzaganci took over

1320-724: Is used as a lingua franca by non-native speakers in most of northern Nigeria , southern Niger , northern Cameroon , northern Ghana , northern Benin , northern Togo , southern Chad and parts of Sudan . In Nigeria, Hausa is dominant throughout the north , but not dominant in the states of Kwara , Kogi and Benue . States (or cities) in which Hausa is spoken predominantly include Kano , Kaduna , Katsina, Daura , Gobir, Zaria , Sokoto, Birnin Kebbi , Gusau , Dutse , Hadejia , Bauchi, Misau , Zamfara , Gombe, Nafada , Maiduguri, Yobe , Yola , Jalingo , Jos , Lafia , Nasarawa , Minna, Kontagora , Keffi and Abuja. In Niger, Hausa

1375-539: Is usually identified by the use of c for ky , and j for gy . This is attributed to the fact that Ghana's Hausa population descend from Hausa-Fulani traders settled in the zongo districts of major trade-towns up and down the previous Asante , Gonja and Dagomba kingdoms stretching from the sahel to coastal regions, in particular the cities of Accra ( Sabon Zango , Nima ), Takoradi and Cape Coast Gaananci exhibits noted inflected influences from Zarma , Gur , Jula - Bambara , Akan , and Soninke , as Ghana

1430-510: The Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Despite originating from a non-tonal language family, Hausa utilizes differences in pitch to distinguish words and grammar. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 54 million people and as a second language by another 34 million, bringing

1485-532: The Haoussa Foulane , Badji Haoussa, Guezou Haoussa, and Ansongo districts of northeastern Mali (where it is designated as a minority language by the Malian government), but there are very little linguistic resources and research done on these particular dialects at this time. Gaananci forms a separate group from other Western Hausa dialects, as it now falls outside the contiguous Hausa-dominant area, and

1540-494: The Hausa and Fulani people. The official language of Kano State are Hausa and Fulfulde . The Kainji languages Moro , Kurama and Map are also spoken in Doguwa LGA. The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with the state House of Assembly. The capital city of the state is Kano . The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in

1595-829: The Hausa Kingdoms . In 1903, the British Empire conquered the Kano Emirate , incorporating it region into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate . The major ethnic groups in pre-colonial Kano City were the Hausa , Fulani , Barebari ( Kanuri ), Tuareg, Arab , Nupe and some tribes from the southern Nigeria. Most of the people in Kano city have come to use the Hausa language as a first language and some have accepted Hausa as an ethnic identification. Since independence, Kano State has developed

1650-621: The Kano Emirate , Emir Ibrahim Dabo made a number of administrative reforms, seeking to increase commerce in the region. Leaders during this time encouraged traders to move from Katsina , capitalising on raids from the Hausa Sultanate of Maradi . The Jihad leaders of the Caliphate encouraged the Kola nut trade, and Kano was the greatest beneficiary with an annual turnover of about $ 30 million. Craft industries also evolved in

1705-486: The 1850s, estimated the percentage of slaves in Kano to be at least 50%, most of whom lived in slave villages. From 1893 until 1895, two rival claimants for the throne fought a civil war. With the help of royal slaves, Yusufu was victorious over Tukur and claimed the title of emir. The British pacification campaign termed the Kano-Sokoto Expedition set off from Zaria at the end of January 1903 under

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1760-531: The Fulani conquest of 1805. At the beginning of the 19th century, Fulani Islamic leader Usman dan Fodio led a jihad affecting much of northern Nigeria, leading to the emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate . Kano became the largest and most prosperous province of the empire. It was one of the last major slave societies. Heinrich Barth , a classical scholar who spent several years in northern Nigeria in

1815-511: The area, Bagauda , a grandson of the mythical hero Bayajidda , became the first king of Kano in 999, reigning until 1063. Muhammad Rumfa ascended to the throne in 1463 and reigned until 1499. During his reign he reformed the city, expanded the Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Emir's Palace), and played a role in the further Islamization of the city as he urged prominent residents to convert. The Hausa state remained independent until

1870-575: The city after heavy fight wherein the defenders sustained 70 casualties. News of the British capture of Kano in February 1903 sent the cavalry in a long march to retake the city. After successfully defeating the British in three encounters, on 27 February 1903, Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier of Kano, and much of the Kano cavalry was ambushed at Katarkwashi . The death of the vizier and subsequent capture and exile to Lokoja of Emir Aliyu Babba spelled

1925-408: The command of Colonel Thomas Morland , heading up a force of British officers and N.C.O.s and 800 African rank and file. Apart from a company of mounted infantry and a few gunners, the whole force consisted of infantry. They were supported, however, by four 75-mm. mountain guns, which could if necessary be dismantled and transported by porters, and by six machine guns. After sporadic fighting outside

1980-441: The dialect). They require movement of the glottis during pronunciation and have a staccato sound. They are written with modified versions of Latin letters. They can also be denoted with an apostrophe , either before or after depending on the letter, as shown below: Hausa vowels occur in five different vowel qualities, all of which can be short or long, totaling 10 monophthongs . In addition, there are four diphthongs , giving

2035-530: The dialect, and the origin of the Ghanaian Hausa people themselves, are derived from the northwestern Hausa area surrounding Sokoto. Hausa is also widely spoken by non-native Gur , and Mandé Ghanaian Muslims, but differs from Gaananci, and rather has features consistent with non-native Hausa dialects. Hausa is also spoken in various parts of Cameroon and Chad, which combined the mixed dialects of Northern Nigeria and Niger. In addition, Arabic has had

2090-453: The first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. Hausa language Hausa is a member of

2145-728: The help of vowel marks , which are seldom used in Arabic texts other than the Quran. Many medieval Hausa manuscripts in ajami , similar to the Timbuktu Manuscripts , have been discovered recently; some of them even describe constellations and calendars . Kano Emirate The Kano Emirate was a Muslim state in northern Nigeria formed in 1805 during the Fulani jihad when the Muslim Hausa -led Sultanate of Kano

2200-551: The innovation of writing and speaking the current Hausa language use. The western to eastern Hausa dialects of Kurhwayanci , Dam agaram and Adarawa , represent the traditional northernmost limit of native Hausa communities. These are spoken in the northernmost sahel and mid- Saharan regions in west and central Niger in the Tillaberi , Tahoua , Dosso , Maradi , Agadez and Zinder regions. While mutually comprehensible with other dialects (especially Sakkwatanci , and to

2255-562: The largest in Northern Nigeria with textile , tanning , footwear , cosmetics , plastics , enamelware, pharmaceuticals, ceramics , furniture and other industries. Others include agricultural implements, soft drinks , food and beverages, dairy products , vegetable oil , animal feeds etc. Kano is also the center of a growing Islamic banking industry in Nigeria. Tourist attractions in the state include: Kano State has different natural resources in abundant, these include Kano

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2310-463: The long /aː/ , or it can be as high as [ ə ] , with possible intermediate pronunciations ( [ ɐ ~ ɜ ] ). The 4 diphthongs in Hausa are /ai, au, iu, ui/ . Hausa is a tonal language . Each of its five vowels may have low tone, high tone or falling tone. In standard written Hausa, tone is not marked. In recent linguistic and pedagogical materials, tone is marked by means of diacritics. An acute accent ( ´ ) may be used for high tone, but

2365-573: The non-tonal northernmost dialects of Imraguen and Nemadi spoken in east-central Mauritania ; and the tonal southern dialects of Senegal , Mali and the Sahel ). The Ghanaian Hausa dialect ( Gaananci ), spoken in Ghana and Togo , is a distinct western native Hausa dialect-bloc with adequate linguistic and media resources available. Separate smaller Hausa dialects are spoken by an unknown number of Hausa further west in parts of Burkina Faso , and in

2420-482: The north-central and north-eastern part of Nigeria and continues to gain popularity in other parts of Africa as a result of Hausa movies and music which spread out throughout the region. There are several pidgin forms of Hausa. Barikanchi was formerly used in the colonial army of Nigeria. Gibanawa is currently in widespread use in Jega in northwestern Nigeria, south of the native Hausa area. The Hausa language has

2475-419: The outlying districts of the state. Some of the food crops cultivated are millet , cowpeas , sorghum , maize and rice for local consumption while groundnuts and cotton are produced for export and industrial purposes. During the colonial period and several years after the country's independence, the groundnuts produced in the state constituted one of the major sources of revenue of the country. Kano State

2530-547: The pre-colonial period contributing to the prosperity of the province. After a British occupation of the region, culminating in the Battle of Kano in February 1903, the region became a part of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate . Kano later became a part of the Northern Region of Nigeria . Kano state was created on 27 May 1967. In 1991, part of Kano State was separated to form Jigawa State . The climate of Kano state

2585-498: The rainy season. According to the Kano State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA), 25 local government districts experienced flooding as a result of the extreme rain's aftermath. The temperature of Kano has been on the rise since the 60s and this is highly remarkable. The annual temperature of the state is between 26 °C to 30 °C of dumal temperature, which is high, and measurable between

2640-497: The range of 13.1%, with the relative humidity of between 17% and 90% respectively. Many large markets exist within Kano today, such as Kurmi Market , Kantin Kwari Market, Sabon Gari Market , Dawanau Market Kofar Wanbai Market, Galadima Market, Yankura Market and Bata Market. Many of these markets specialize in a certain product, such as textiles or grain . Subsistence and commercial agriculture are mostly practised in

2695-492: The report of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), the amount of rainfall varies between years with a mean value of 897.7mm. In the first quarter of 2022, the Nigerian Meteorological Agency sounded an early warning of floods in some states, including Kano state. The agency asserted that their warning was based on the amount and distribution of rainfall that had been observed in the nation during

2750-466: The total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 88 million. In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood . Hausa belongs to the West Chadic languages subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afroasiatic language family. Native speakers of Hausa, the Hausa people , are mostly found in southern Niger and northern Nigeria . The language

2805-526: The usual practice is to leave high tone unmarked. Except for the Zaria and Bauchi dialects spoken south of Kano , Hausa distinguishes between masculine and feminine genders. Hausa, like the rest of the Chadic languages in particular and Afro-Asiatic languages in general, is known for its complex, irregular pluralization of nouns. Noun plurals in Hausa are derived using a variety of morphological processes, such as suffixation, infixation, reduplication, or

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2860-402: The walls of the fort, the British managed to penetrate the defensive parameters of the capital. Kano was mostly left defenseless at the time. The emir, Aliyu Babba , was away with its large contingent of cavalry for the autumn campaign at Sokoto . Madakin Kano, a local noble, rallied whatever troops there were still in the city to defend it. Despite his efforts, the British successfully took over

2915-586: Was deposed and replaced by a new emirate which became a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate . During and after the British colonial period , the powers of the emirate were steadily reduced. The emirate is preserved and integrated into modern Nigeria as the Kano Emirate Council . The Hausa Kingdom of Kano was based on an ancient settlement of Dala Hill . According to the Kano Chronicle , while small chiefdoms were previously present in

2970-522: Was established with Yaji I as its first Sultan. In the 15th century, Kurmi Market was opened, which helped Kano become a center of commercial activity in Hausaland ; the market remains open in the 21st century and its historic importance is reflected in the state's nickname, the Centre of Commerce . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultanate of Kano established itself as the most powerful of

3025-411: Was still the largest state by population in Nigeria. Created in 1967 out of the former Northern Region , Kano State borders on Katsina State to the northwest for about 210 km (130 miles), Jigawa State to the northeast for 355 km (221 miles), Bauchi State to the southeast for 131 km (82 miles), and Kaduna State to the southwest for 255 km. The state's capital and largest city

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