85-570: Kannod is a town situated in Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh , India . It is surrounded by the Vindhya Range from three sides. It is well connected with Indore , Harda , Khandwa and Bhopal . Area code 07273 The ancient name of Kannod was Kannar which was adopted from the name of King Kanna. Kanna was the king of the Gond community. Kannod is located at 22°39′58″N 76°44′13″E . 455332
170-405: A Tower of Silence . Indore is the commercial capital of Malwa region and Madhya Pradesh as state. Malwa is one of the world's major opium producers. This crop resulted in development of close connections between the economies of Malwa, the western Indian ports and China , bringing international capital to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Malwa opium was a challenge to the monopoly of
255-516: A subah (province) of his empire. The Malwa Subah existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the Rathors of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became Ratlam State , Sitamau State and Sailana State . Some of the lesser states were Multhan and Kachi-Baroda . As
340-512: A Malava clan, and may have been responsible for the name "Malwa" being applied to the region. Post-Gupta records attest to the Malava presence in multiple regions, including present-day Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . Xuanzang (also 7th century) locates Malava (transcribed as 摩臘婆, "Mo-la-p'o") in present-day Gujarat, describing Kheta ( Kheda ) and Anandapura ( Vadnagar ) as parts of the Malava country. Xuanzang suggests that this Malava country
425-527: A golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer Varahamihira was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in astronomy and mathematics . Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving Gupta Empire as a separate kingdom; in 528, Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Hunas , who had invaded India from the north-west. During
510-728: A large part of Gwalior , parts of Indore and Tonk , and about 35 small estates and holdings. Political power was exercised from Neemuch . Upon Indian independence in 1947, the Holkars and other princely rulers acceded to India, and most of Malwa became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat , which was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956. The Malwa region occupies a plateau in western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan (between 21°10′N 73°45′E / 21.167°N 73.750°E / 21.167; 73.750 and 25°10′N 79°14′E / 25.167°N 79.233°E / 25.167; 79.233 ), with Gujarat in
595-552: A large population of them) migrated to present-day Rajasthan, possibly as a result of the Indo-Greek occupation of Punjab. They were probably headquartered at Malavanagara (present-day Nagar Fort), where several thousands of their coins have been discovered. These coins bear the legend Malavanam jayah ( lit. ' victory of the Malavas ' ), and have been dated between 250 BCE and 250 CE. Several inscriptions dated in
680-644: A large-scale factory that produces diesel engines. Pithampur , an industrial town 25 km from Indore, is known as the Detroit of India for its heavy concentration of automotive industry. Indore is recognised as the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, and is the main centre for trade in textiles and agro-based products. It has one of the six Indian Institutes of Management and one of sixteen Indian Institute of Technology . The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. Marathi influence
765-517: A major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including Bhāskara II . His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate . Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian Western Chalukya Empire . Dilawar Khan , previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after
850-592: A solid colour patch, and architecture painted in vibrant colours. The biggest festival of Malwa is the Simhastha mela , held every 12 years, in which more than 40 million pilgrims take a holy dip in river Shipra . The festival of Gana-gour is celebrated in honour of Shiva and Parvati . The history of the festival goes back to Rano Bai , whose parental home was in Malwa, but who was married in Rajasthan. Rano Bai
935-466: Is Indore Junction railway station and Harda railway station. The nearest airport is Bhopal and Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport , Indore. Malwa Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland north of the Vindhya Range . Politically and administratively, it
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#17327733405061020-397: Is kadhi made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called tapu , are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called thulli is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include mawa-bati (milk-based sweet similar to Gulab jamun ), khoprapak (coconut-based sweet), shreekhand (yogurt based) and malpua . Lavani
1105-587: Is a widely practised form of folk music in southern Malwa, which was brought to the region by the Marathas . The Nirguni Lavani (philosophical) and the Shringari Lavani (erotic) are two of the main genres. The Bhils have their own folk songs, which are always accompanied by dance. The folk musical modes of Malwa are of four or five notes, and in rare cases six. The devotional music of the Nirguni cult
1190-509: Is also synonymous with the former state of Madhya Bharat which was later merged with Madhya Pradesh . At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan . Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the Nimar region south of the Vindhyas . The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of
1275-785: Is also visible, because of recent rule by the Marathas . The main language of Malwa is Malvi , although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the Rajasthani branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, Pawari/Bhoyari in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts. Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in
1360-541: Is another nomadic tribe from Rajasthan that regularly visits the region. Religion in Malwa (2011) Malwa has a significant number of Dawoodi Bohras , a subsect of Shia Muslims from Gujarat, who are mostly businessmen by profession. Besides speaking the local languages, the Bohras have their own language, Lisan al-Dawat . The Patidars , who Migrated from Gujarat settle in the Malwa-nimar. The Whole Malwa-Nimar belt
1445-563: Is derived from the name of the ancient Indian tribe of Malavas . The name Malava is said to be derived from the Sanskrit term Malav , which means "part of the abode of Lakshmi ". The location of the Malwa or Moholo , mentioned by the 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang , is plausibly identified with present-day Gujarat. The region is cited as Malibah in Arabic records, such as Kamilu-t Tawarikh by Ibn Asir. The Malwa Culture
1530-405: Is dominated by Patidar's who are large landowner's. The most spoken language in Malwa region is Malvi which is the regional language and Hindi is spoken in cities. Also, Marathi is spoken considerably in the region of Indore , Dhar , Dewas and Ujjain . A significant number of Marathas , Jats , Rajputs and Banias also live in the region. The Sindhis , who settled in the region after
1615-469: Is headed by Mufti e Azam Malwa or Grand Mufti of Malwa, who follows Aala Hazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan (an important leader of Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat ). He is considered as the supreme fatwa issuing authority of the region. Mufti Rizwanur-Rahman Faruqi was succeeded by his son in law Mufti Habeeb yar Khan. The current incumbent is Mufti Noorul Haq. The main tourist destinations in Malwa are places of historical or religious significance. The river Shipra and
1700-753: Is part of the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion , Narmada valley dry deciduous forests , and Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests . Vegetation : The natural vegetation is tropical dry forest , with scattered teak (Tectona grandis) forests. The main trees are Butea , Bombax , Anogeissus , Acacia , Buchanania and Boswellia . The shrubs or small trees include species of Grewia , Ziziphus mauritiana , Casearia , Prosopis , Capparis , Woodfordia , Phyllanthus , and Carissa . Wildlife : Sambhar (Cervus unicolor) , Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) , and Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are some common ungulates . During
1785-460: Is pin code of Kannod. As of the 2011 Census of India , Kannod had a population of 17,575. Males constitute 51.20% of the population and females 48.80%. Kannod has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 53%. In Kannod, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Mr Ashish sharma is the current MLA Kannod has no rail connectivity. The nearest important railway station
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#17327733405061870-451: Is popular throughout Malwa. Legends of Raja Bhoj and Bijori , the Kanjar girl, and the tale of Balabau are popular themes for folk songs. Insertions known as stobha are commonly used in Malwa music; this can occur in four ways: the matra stobha (syllable insertion), varna stobha (letter insertion), shabda stobha (word insertion) and vakya stobha (sentence insertion). Malwa was
1955-512: Is the bhutta ri kees (made with grated corn roasted in ghee and later cooked in milk with spices). Chakki ri shaak is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called baati/bafla , which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. Baati is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while baflas are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The amli ri kadhi
2040-435: Is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to Phalgun , i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily minimum temperature ranges from 6 °C to 9 °C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 3 °C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of Pausha and Maagha —known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops. The region
2125-545: Is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala temple (built-in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Tuesday. Dhar is also a birthplace of Raja Bhoj. Dhar people named as Dharwasi. Malava Kingdom The Malavas ( Brahmi script : 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 Mmālava ) or Malwas were an ancient Indian tribe. They are believed to have lived in
2210-654: The British East India Company , which was supplying Bengal opium to China. This led the British company to impose many restrictions on the production and trade of the drug; eventually, opium trading was pushed underground (see Opium Trading in Mumbai for more information). When smuggling became rife, the British eased the restrictions. Today, the region is one of the largest producers of legal opium in
2295-580: The Lata country (southern Gujarat) to check the advance of the Gurjara-Pratiharas into Malava. Although the region that ultimately came to be known as Malwa included Ujjain , the post-Gupta records distinguish between the territory of the Malavas and the region around Ujjain. Banabhatta 's Kadambari (7th century) describes Vidisha in present-day eastern Malwa as the capital of the Malavas, and Ujjayini (Ujjain) in present-day western Malwa as
2380-566: The Malava era have been found in various parts of Rajasthan, which suggests that the Malava influence extended to a wider part of Rajasthan. It is also said that the Malavas, originally residing in the Punjab region, migrated to Central India/Rajasthan due to the Huna invasion. The Malavas ultimately migrated to the Malwa region in central India: this region was named after them some time after
2465-617: The Mughal conqueror Timur attacked Delhi , causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the Malwa Sultanate and established a capital at Mandu , high in the Vindhya Range overlooking the Narmada River valley. His son and successor, Hoshang Shah (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by Mahmud Khalji (1436–69),
2550-723: The Punjab region at the time of Alexander 's invasion in the 4th century BCE. Later, the Malavas migrated southwards to present-day Rajasthan , and ultimately to Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . Their power gradually declined as a result of defeats against the Western Satraps (2nd century CE), the Gupta emperor Samudragupta (4th century), and the Chalukya emperor Pulakeshin II (7th century). The Malwa region in central India and
2635-711: The Rashtrakuta dynasty appointed the Paramara rulers as governors of Malwa. From the mid-tenth century, Kingdom of Malwa was ruled by the Paramaras , who established a capital at Dhar . King Bhoja , who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great polymath philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning , veterinary science , phonetics , yoga , and archery . Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to
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2720-762: The Third Anglo-Maratha War , and the Holkars of Indore became a princely state of the British Raj . After 1818 the British organised the numerous princely states of central India into the Central India Agency ; the Malwa Agency was a division of Central India , with an area of 23,100 km (8,900 sq mi) and a population of 1,054,753 in 1901. It comprised the states of Dewas State ( senior and junior branch ), Jaora , Ratlam , Sitamau and Sailana , together with
2805-414: The partition of India , are an important part of the business community. Like southern Rajasthan, the region has a significant number of Jains , who are mostly traders and business people. The region is home to smaller numbers of Goan Catholics , Anglo-Indians , Punjabis and Parsis or Zoroastrians. The Parsis are closely connected to the growth and evolution of Mhow , which has a Parsi fire temple and
2890-585: The region of Punjab with the same name are both named after them. The Malava era , which later came to be known as Vikram Samvat, was probably first used by them. The Malavas are mentioned in several ancient Indian texts, including the Mahabharata and Mahabhashya . According to the Mahabharata , the hundred sons of the Madra king Ashvapati, the father of Savitri were known as the Malava s, after
2975-612: The 10th century onward, historical records use the term "Malavas" to refer to the Paramaras , who ruled the present-day Malwa region. It is probable that the Paramaras were descended from the ancient Malavas. However, they came to be called "Malavas" after they started ruling the Malwa region, which was named after the ancient Malavas. In the Yadava-prakasha's Vijayanti (c. 11th century), Avanti (the area around Ujjain) and Malava are stated to be identical. Thus, it appears that
3060-527: The 19th century for their criminal activities, but have since been denotified. A nomadic tribe from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, the Gadia Lohars —who work as lohars (blacksmiths)—visit the region at the start of the agricultural season to repair and sell agricultural tools and implements, stopping temporarily on the outskirts of villages and towns and residing in their ornate metal carts. The Kalbelia
3145-721: The 2nd century CE. Around 120 CE, the Malavas are mentioned as besieging the king of the Uttamabhadras to the south, but the Uttamabhadras were finally rescued by the Western Satraps , and the Malvas were crushed. The account appears in an inscription at the Nashik Caves , made by Nahapana 's viceroy Ushavadata : ... And by order of the Lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for
3230-632: The Madhya Pradesh state. Traditional Malwa food has elements of Rajasthani , Gujarati and Maharashtrian cuisine. Traditionally, jowar was the staple cereal, but after the Green Revolution in India , wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are vegetarians . Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa
3315-572: The Malavas is not certain, but modern scholars generally connect them with the " Malli " or "Malloi" mentioned in the ancient Greek accounts, which describe Alexander 's war against them. At the time of Alexander's invasion in the 4th century BCE, the Malloi lived in present-day Punjab region , in the area to the north of the confluence of the Ravi and the Chenab rivers. Later, the Malavas (or at least
3400-496: The Malwa was conquered by Rana Sanga of Mewar who appointed one of his close allies Medini Rai as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. Chanderi was capital of his kingdom. After the defeat of Rajput confederation in Battle of Khanwa near Agra against Babur which was fought for Supremacy of Northern India between Rajputs and Mughals . Babur then siege Chanderi offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it
3485-531: The Mughal state weakened after 1700, the Marathas held sway over Malwa under leadership of Chimnaji Appa , Nemaji Shinde and Chimnaji Damodar were the first Maratha generals to cross the boundary of Maharashtra and to invade in Malwa in 1698. Subsequently, Malhar Rao Holkar (1694–1766) became leader of Maratha armies in Malwa in 1724, and in 1733 the Maratha Peshwa granted him control of most of
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3570-617: The Rajasthani school of miniature painting, known as Malwa painting , was centred largely in Malwa and Bundelkhand. The school preserved the style of the earliest examples, such as the Rasikapriya series dated 1636 (after a poem analysing the love sentiment) and the Amaru Sataka (a 17th-century Sanskrit poem). The paintings from this school are flat compositions on black and chocolate-brown backgrounds, with figures shown against
3655-877: The ancient Malava Kingdom . It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the Avanti Kingdom , The Mauryans , the Malavas , the Guptas , the Paramaras , The Rajputs , the Delhi Sultanate , the Malwa sultans , the Mughals and the Marathas . Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the Malwa Agency of British India was merged into Madhya Bharat (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India. Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history,
3740-420: The base material consisting of a mixture of red clay and cow dung. Peacocks, cats, lions, goojari, bawari, the swastika and chowk are some motifs of this style. Sanjhya is a ritual wall painting done by young girls during the annual period when Hindus remember and offer ritual oblation to their ancestors. Malwa miniature paintings are well known for their intricate brushwork. In the 17th century, an offshoot of
3825-652: The capital of the distinct Avanti kingdom. This Malava king was defeated by the Pushyabhuti king Rajyavardhana around 605 CE, as attested by Banabhatta's Harshacharita as well as the Pushyabhuti inscriptions. The distinction between these Malava and Ujjain regions is also found in the writings of the 9th century Muslim historian Al-Baladhuri , who states that Junayd , the Arab governor of Sindh , raided Uzain (Ujjain) and al-Malibah (Malava) around 725 CE. From
3910-516: The centre of Sanskrit literature during and after the Gupta period. The region's most famous playwright, Kalidasa , is considered to be the greatest Indian writer ever. His first surviving play is Malavikagnimitra (Malavika and Agnimitra). Kalidasa's second play, his masterpiece, is the Abhijñānaśākuntalam , which tells the story of king Dushyanta, who falls in love with a girl of lowly birth,
3995-489: The city of Ujjain have been regarded as sacred for thousands of years. The Mahakal Temple of Ujjain is one of the 12 jyotirlingas , literally meaning “pillars of light" . Ujjain has over 100 other ancient temples, including Harsidhhi , Chintaman Ganesh , Gadh Kalika , Kaal Bhairava and Mangalnath . The Kalideh Palace, on the outskirts of the city, is a fine example of ancient Indian architecture. The Bhartrihari caves are associated with interesting legends. Since
4080-632: The designers of the Taj Mahal centuries later. Baz Bahadur built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are Rewa Kund , Rupmati 's Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan's Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit is Mosque and Jali Mahal. Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of Narmada River that served as the capital of the Indore state under Ahilyabai Holkar . The Maratha rajwada (fort)
4165-456: The districts of Ujjain , Indore , Dewas , Dhar , Agar Malwa and Sehore ), Rajawari ( Ratlam , Mandsaur and Neemuch ), Umathwari ( Rajgarh ) and Sondhwari ( Jhalawar ) and Bhoyari / Pawari (in the districts of Betul , Chhindwara , Pandhurna and Wardha ). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of
4250-587: The evenings, carrying earthen pots with holes for the light from oil lamps inside to escape. In front of every house, the girls recite songs connected with the Ghadlya and receive food or money in return. The Gordhan festival is celebrated on the 16th day in the month of Kartika. The Bhils of the region sing Heeda , anecdotal songs to the cattle, while the women sing the Chandrawali song, associated with Krishna 's romance. The most popular fairs are held in
4335-415: The first millennium BC. Since women did not participate in the dance-drama form, men enacted their roles. Swang incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry, accompanied alternately by song and dialogue. The genre is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented. Mandana (literally painting) wall and floor paintings are the best-known painting traditions of Malwa. White drawings stand out in contrast to
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#17327733405064420-694: The first of the Khalji sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the Deccan . The Muslim sultans invited the Rajputs to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the Sesodia Rajput kings of Mewar .During that time Much of
4505-404: The fourth century BC, Ujjain has enjoyed the reputation of being India's Greenwich , as the Prime Meridian of the Hindu geographers. The observatory built by Jai Singh II is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices. The Simhastha mela , celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until
4590-423: The great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and Magadha . The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious. In 756 AD Gurjara-Pratiharas advanced into Malwa. In 786 the region was captured by the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of Kannauj until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of
4675-429: The high iron content of the basalt from which it formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand. The average elevation of the plateau is 500 m. Some of the peaks over 800 m high are at Sigar (881 m), Janapav (854 m) and Ghajari (810 m). The plateau generally slopes towards
4760-425: The last century, deforestation has happened at a fast rate, leading to environmental problems such as acute water scarcity and the danger that the region is being desertified. The population of the Malwa region was 22,773,993 in 2011, with a population density of a moderate 270/km . The annual birth rate in the region was 31.6 per 1000, and the death rate 10.3. The infant mortality rate was 93.8, slightly higher than
4845-430: The lovely Shakuntala. The last of Kalidasa's surviving plays is Vikramuurvashiiya ("Urvashi conquered by valour"). Kalidasa also wrote the epic poems Raghuvamsha ("Dynasty of Raghu"), Ritusamhāra and Kumarasambhava ("Birth of the war god"), as well as the lyric Meghaduuta ("The cloud messenger"). Swang is a popular dance form in Malwa; its roots go back to the origins of the Indian theatre tradition in
4930-509: The main crops are jowar, rice, wheat, coarse millet, peanuts and pulses, soya bean, cotton, linseed, sesame and sugarcane. Sugar mills are located in numerous small towns. The black, volcanic soil is ideal for the cultivation of cotton, and textile manufacture is an important industry. Large centres of textile production include Indore, Ujjain and Nagda. Maheshwar is known for its fine Maheshwari saris, and Mandsaur for its coarse woollen blankets. Handicrafts are an important source of income for
5015-426: The middle of Ashvin (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest monsoon spell, and ranges from about 80 cm in the west to about 10.5 cm in the east. Indore and the immediately surrounding areas receive an average of 90 cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30 °C, but seldom falls below 20 °C. Winter
5100-439: The months of Phalguna , Chaitra , Bhadra , Ashvin and Kartik . The Chaitra fair, held at Biaora, and the Gal yatras , held at more than two dozen villages in Malwa are remarkable. Many fairs are held in the tenth day of the month of Bhadra to mark the birth of Tejaji . The Triveni mela is held at Ratlam, and other fairs take place in Kartika at Ujjain, Mandhata (Nimad), among others. Muslim community of Malwa
5185-414: The name of their mother, Malavi. Although Malavas are not specifically mentioned by Panini, his sutra V.3.117 mentions a group of tribes called ayudhajivi samgha s (those who live by the profession of arms) and the Kashika includes the Malavas and the Kshudrakas in this group of tribes. The Malavas are also mentioned in the Mahabhashya (IV.1.68) of Patanjali . The location of the original homeland of
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#17327733405065270-450: The next full moon day. Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami Masjid and Hoshang Shah's tomb provided inspiration to
5355-455: The north. The western part of the region is drained by the Mahi River , while the Chambal River drains the central part, and the Betwa River and the headwaters of the Dhasan and Ken rivers drain the east. The Shipra River is of historical importance because of the Simhasth mela , held every 12 years. Other notable rivers are Parbati , Gambhir and Choti Kali Sindh . Due to its altitude of about 550 to 600 meters above mean sea level,
5440-427: The overall rate for the Madhya Pradesh state. There are numerous tribes in the region, such as the Bhils —and their allied groups, the Meos the Bhilalas , Barelas and Patelias —and the Meenas , who all differ to a remarkable degree from the regional population in their dialects and social life. They encompass a variety of languages and cultures. Some tribes of the region, notably the Kanjars , were notified in
5525-471: The rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors. In the 4th century CE, during the reign of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta , the Malavas most probably lived in Rajasthan and western Malwa. The Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta names the Malavas among the tribes subjugated by him: (Lines 22–23) ( Samudragupta , whose) formidable rule
5610-477: The region has comparatively cool evenings against the hot days during the summer season. Even if the day temperature reaches 42 to 43 degrees Celsius, the night temperatures are always in range of 20 to 22 degrees making the climate much cooler than the other areas of the region. The cool morning wind, the karaman , and an evening breeze, the Shab-e-Malwa , make the summers less harsh. The term Shab-e-Malwa , meaning dusk in Malwa (from shab , Urdu for night),
5695-421: The region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several prominent people in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist Kalidasa , the author Bhartrihari , the mathematicians and astronomers Varahamihira and Brahmagupta , and the polymath king Bhoja . Ujjain had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of
5780-501: The region in ancient times, and Indore is now the largest city and commercial center. Overall, agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of opium in the world. Wheat and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry. Malwi is a demonym given to people from the Malwa region. Several early Stone Age or Lower Paleolithic habitations have been excavated in eastern Malwa. The name Malwa
5865-430: The region is particularly suitable for the cultivation of such unalu (early summer) crops as wheat, gram ( Cicer arietinum ) and til ( Sesamum indicum ). Relatively poor soil is used for the cultivation of such syalu (early winter) crops as millet ( Andropogon sorghum ), maize ( Zea mays ), mung bean ( Vigna radiata ), urad ( Vigna mungo ), batla ( Pisum sativum ) and peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea ). Overall,
5950-418: The region was the subject of dispute between the Western Kshatrapas and the Satavahanas during the first three centuries AD. Ujjain emerged a major trading centre during the 1st century AD. Malwa became part of the Gupta Empire during the reign of Chandragupta II (375–413), also known as Vikramaditya , who conquered the region, driving out the Western Kshatrapas . The Gupta period is widely regarded as
6035-425: The region, which was formally ceded by the Mughals in 1738. Ranoji Scindia , noted Maratha commander, established his headquarters at Ujjain in 1721. . This capital was later moved to Gwalior State by Daulatrao Scindia . Another Maratha general, Anand Rao Pawar , established himself as the Raja of Dhar in 1742, and the two Pawar brothers became Rajas of Dewas State . At the end of the 18th century, Malwa became
6120-536: The seventh century, the region became part of Harsha 's empire, who disputed the region with the Chalukya king Pulakesin II of Badami in the Deccan . During his reign the Buddhist pilgrim monk Xuanzang had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of Pashupata Shaivism making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for
6205-625: The tribal population. Coloured lacquerware from Ratlam, rag dolls from Indore , and papier-mâché articles from Indore, Ujjain and several other centres are well known. Mandsaur district is the sole producer in India of white- and red-coloured slate , used in the district's 110 slate pencil factories. There is a cement factory in Neemuch. Apart from this, the region lacks mineral resources. The region's industries mainly produce consumer goods—but there are now many centres of large- and medium-scale industries, including Indore, Nagda and Ujjain. Indore has
6290-576: The venue of fighting between the rival Maratha powers and the headquarters of the Pindaris , who were irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were rooted out in a campaign by the British general Lord Hastings , and further order was established under Sir John Malcolm . The Holkar dynasty ruled Malwa from Indore and Maheshwar on the Narmada until 1818, when the Marathas were defeated by the British in
6375-721: The west by the Vagad region and Gujarat . To the south and east is the Vindhya Range and to the north is the Bundelkhand upland. The plateau is an extension of the Deccan Traps , formed between 60 and 68 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period . In this region the main classes of soil are black , brown and bhatori (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to
6460-506: The west. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of Agar , Dewas , Dhar , Indore , Jhabua , Mandsaur , Neemuch , Rajgarh , Ratlam , Shajapur , Ujjain , and parts of Guna and Sehore , and the Rajasthan districts of Jhalawar and parts of Kota , Banswara and Pratapgarh . Malwa is bounded in the north-east by the Hadoti region, in the north-west by the Mewar region, in
6545-470: The world. There is a central, government-owned opium and alkaloid factory in the city of Neemuch. Nevertheless, there is a still a significant amount of illicit opium production, which is channelled into the black market. The headquarters of India's Central Bureau of Narcotics is in Gwalior . The Rajputana-Malwa Railway was opened in 1876. The region is predominantly agricultural. The brown soil in parts of
6630-519: Was a Chalcolithic archaeological culture which existed in the Malwa region, as well as nearby parts of Maharashtra to the south, during the 2nd millennium BCE. Ujjain , also known historically as Ujjaiyini and Avanti , emerged as the first major centre in the Malwa region during India's second wave of urbanisation in the 7th century BC (the first wave was the Indus Valley Civilization ). Around 600 BC an earthen rampart
6715-492: Was a part of the Maitraka kingdom. Like Banabhatta, he describes Ujjayini ("Wu-she-yen-na") as a distinct territory, but unlike Banabhatta, he locates Malava to the west of Ujjayini. The 7th century Aihole inscription of the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II , who defeated the Malavas, also locates them in present-day Gujarat. The 9th century Rashtrakuta records state that their emperor Govinda III stationed governor Kakka in
6800-507: Was built around Ujjain, enclosing a city of considerable size. Ujjain was the capital city of the Avanti kingdom, one of the prominent mahajanapadas of ancient India. In the post- Mahabharata period—around 500 BC— Avanti was an important kingdom in western India; it was ruled by the Haihayas , a people who were responsible for the destruction of Naga power in western India . The region
6885-494: Was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused Babur offer and choose to die. He was defeated by Babur in January 1528 at Battle of Chanderi and Babur conquer the fort. Gujarat stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat , captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed. The Mughal emperor Akbar captured Malwa in 1562 and made it
6970-782: Was conquered by the Nanda Empire in the mid-4th century BC, and subsequently became part of the Maurya Empire . Ashoka , who was later a Mauryan emperor, was governor of Ujjain in his youth. After the death of Ashoka in 232 BC, the Maurya Empire began to collapse. Although evidence is sparse, Malwa was probably ruled by the Kushanas , the Shakas and the Satavahana dynasty during the 1st and 2nd century CE. Ownership of
7055-414: Was introduced by the Mughals . The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of Chaitra to Jyestha (mid-March to mid-May). The average maximum temperature during the summer months is 37 °C, which typically rises to around 40 °C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of Aashaadha (mid-June) and extends to
7140-457: Was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa , Ḍavāka , Kāmarūpa , Nēpāla , and Kartṛipura , and, by the Mālavas, Ārjunāyanas , Yaudhēyas , Mādrakas , Ābhīras , Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other ( tribes )." The Aulikaras who ruled in the Malwa region may have been
7225-435: Was strongly attached to Malwa, and did not want to stay in Rajasthan. After marriage, she was allowed to visit Malwa only once a year; Gana-gour symbolises these annual return visits. The festival is observed by women in the region once in the month of Chaitra (mid-March) and Bhadra (mid-August). The Ghadlya (earthen pot) festival is celebrated by the girls of the region, who gather to visit every house in their village in
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