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60-523: The dam is in the northwestern province of Khūzestān , the closest city being Andimeshk to the east. It is 127 metres (417 ft) high and has a reservoir capacity of 5.9 billion cubic meters. The Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares (790,000 acres) of land, produce 520 MW of hydro-electricity and prevent downstream floods. Mean annual electricity generation is approximately 700 GWh. Based on IWPCO records, dam's power plant generated total of 4,941 GWh electricity during 2002–2008. In 2014

120-678: A grand palace known as Apadana there in 521 BC. But this astonishing period of glory and splendor of the Achaemenian dynasty came to an end by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon . The Susa weddings was arranged by Alexander in 324 BC in Susa , where mass weddings took place between the Persians and the Macedonians . After Alexander, the Seleucid dynasty came to rule the area. As

180-747: A group of Tamim had been living since pre-Islamic times. However, following the fall of the Abbasid dynasty, the flow of Arab immigrants into Persia gradually diminished, but it nonetheless continued. In the latter part of the 16th century, the Bani Kaab (pronounced Chaub in the local Gulf dialect), from Kuwait , settled in Khuzestan. And during the succeeding centuries, more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to Khuzestan. According to C.E. Bosworth in Encyclopædia Iranica , under

240-538: A non-Persian Bakhtiari minority, while the southern section always had diverse minority groups known as Khuzis. Since the 1940s, a flood of job seekers from all over Iran to the oil and commerce centers on the Persian Gulf Coast has made the region more Persian-speaking. Presently, Khuzestan still maintains its diverse group, but does have Arabs, Persians, Bakhtiari and ethnic Qashqais and Lors. Khuzestan has great potential for agricultural expansion , which

300-542: A non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia" . The name Khuzestan is derived from the Elamite ( ʰŪvja ), likely pronounced /xuʒa/, later Middle Persian Hūzīg , Arabic al-Xūzīya . In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel , the Elamites were "the founders of the first 'Iranian' empire in the geographic sense." Hence the central geopolitical significance of Khuzestan,

360-509: A politically sensitive region, particularly given its history of foreign intervention, notably the Iraqi invasion of 1980. Some ethnic groups complain over the distribution of the revenue generated by oil resources with claims that the central government is failing to invest profits from the oil industry in employment generation, post-war reconstruction and welfare projects. Low human development indicators among local Khuzestanis are contrasted with

420-812: A third of the spoil. The Basrans purged the Nestorians—the Exegete of the city and the Bishop of Hormizd, and all their students—but kept Hormuzan alive. There followed the conquests of Gundeshapur and of many other districts along the Tigris. The Battle of Nahāvand finally secured Khuzestan for the Muslim armies. During the Muslim conquest the Sassanids were allied with non-Muslim Arab tribes, which implies that those wars were religious, rather than national. For instance in 633–634, Khaled ibn Walid leader of

480-505: Is Lur . During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2010 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Arabs was 33.6%, Persians 31.9%, Lurs 30%, Turkish speakers 2.5%, Kurds 1%, Other 0.7%. According to

540-467: Is a chronicle covering the history of the early Safavid dynasty of Iran , particularly Shah Abbas I ( r.  1587–1629 ). Its author was his court historian and scribe Iskandar Beg Munshi , who completed it in 1629. The book is considered the most significant piece of Iranian historiography written about the Safavids. It has greatly influenced Safavid studies and serves as the foundation for

600-482: Is almost unrivaled by the country's other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the land. Karun , Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is hampered by the fact that their waters carry salt ,

660-655: Is also characterized by an overreliance on dam construction and large-scale diversion projects, primarily benefiting politically connected enterprises and urban elites. This has led to the drying of rivers, wetlands, and other vital ecosystems, intensifying dust storms and land subsidence in regions like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan . Such environmental degradation, combined with insufficient governmental oversight and transparency, worsens living conditions for marginalized communities, reinforcing cycles of poverty and socio-political marginalization. Historically, Khuzestan, one of Iran's most water-rich provinces, has been hit hard by

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720-1217: Is one of the hottest places on earth with maximum temperatures in summer exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) sometimes. Reliable measurements in the city range from −5 to 54.0 °C (23.0 to 129.2 °F). Khuzestan has desert conditions and experiences many sandstorms. Iran ranks among the most water stressed countries in the world. However, Khuzestan province suffers from major water problems that were aggravated by corruption in Iran's water supply sector, lack of transparency, neglect of marginalized communities, and political favoritism . The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and other politically connected entities control water resources, prioritizing projects for political and economic gain rather than public need. They divert supplies to favored regions, causing shortages in vulnerable provinces like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. For example, water diversion projects in Isfahan and Yazd provinces receive priority despite critical shortages in Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. Reports also indicate that certain agricultural and industrial enterprises with ties to

780-524: Is spoken by no more than a few dozen elderly Mandaeans . Khuzestan is known for its ethnic diversity; the population of Khuzestan consists of Lurs , Arabs , Qashqai people of the Afshar tribe , Persians ( Dezfuli-Shushtari , Mahshahrys, Behbahani ), Mandean , Kurds and Iranian Armenians . Khuzestan's population is predominantly Shia Muslim , but there are small Christian , Jewish , Sunni and Mandean minorities. Half of Khuzestan's population

840-779: The 1979 uprising . Initially it emerged the terrorists wanted autonomy for Khuzestan; later they demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Iranian jails. The group which claimed responsibility for the siege the Arab Popular Movement in Arabistan (See Arab separatism in Khuzestan ) gave a number of press conferences in the following months, referring to what it described as "the racist rule of Khomeini". It threatened further international action as part of its campaign to gain self-rule for Khuzestan. But its links with Baghdad served to undermine its argument that it

900-589: The Assembly of Experts , including Ayatollahs Mousavi Jazayeri , Ka'bi , Heidari , Farhani , Shafi'i , and Ahmadi . The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided into two regions; the rolling hills and mountainous regions north of the Ahvaz Ridge , and the plains and marsh lands to its south. The area is irrigated by the Karoun , Karkheh , Jarahi and Maroun rivers. The northern section maintains

960-465: The Byzantine Empire , and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity of this region during this era. The Jondi-Shapur Medical School was founded by the order of Shapur I . It was repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a. Zol-Aktaf : "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan. The Muslim conquest of Khuzestan took place in 639 AD under

1020-717: The Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s, the Arabs of Khuzestan mostly resided in the rural regions along the Karkhe and Karun rivers in the southwest of the province and the number living in cities was very limited because the Arab tribes were still following a nomadic lifestyle. But after the end of the war, most of the refuged Arabs were relocated by the government to the urban centres and smaller towns. This conversion of lifestyle directly from nomadic to city life caused many problems and conflicts in

1080-502: The Jarahi and Karkheh in their lower reaches. Only the Marun is exempt from this. The climate of Khuzestan is generally very hot and occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while winters can be cold and dry. Summertime temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F) almost daily and in the winter it can drop below freezing, with occasional snowfall in mountains. Khuzestan

1140-749: The Persian Gulf from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in central Najd . The Sassanids resettled these tribes in Kerman and Ahvaz . Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur Dhul-aktāf" after this battle. The existence of prominent scientific and cultural centers such as Academy of Gundishapur which gathered distinguished medical scientists from Egypt ,

1200-670: The Qajar dynasty "the province was known, as in Safavid times, as Arabistan, and during the Qajar period was administratively a governor-generalate." Half of Khuzestan was not known as Arabistan. Khuzestan's northern, more populous parts, with the capital at Shushtar , retained the old name, but also occasionally was incorporated into the district of the Greater Lur due to the large Bakhtiari population in half of Khuzestan. In 1856, in

1260-565: The Seleucid dynasty weakened, Mehrdad I the Parthian (171–137 BC), gained ascendency over the region. During the Sassanid dynasty this area thrived tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was responsible for the many constructions that were erected in Ahvaz, Shushtar , and the north of Andimeshk . During the early years of the reign of Shapur II (AD 309 or 310–379), Arabs crossed

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1320-767: The Umayyad period, large groups of nomads from the Hanifa , Banu Tamim , and Abd al-Qays tribes crossed the Persian Gulf and occupied some of the richest Basran territories around Ahvaz and in Fars during the Second Fitna in 661–665 / 680–684 AD. During the Abbasid period, in the second half of the 10th century, the Assad tribe, taking advantage of quarrels under the Buwayhids , penetrated into Khuzestan, where

1380-507: The 1996 census, the province had an estimated population of 3.7 million people, of which approximately 62.5% were in the urban centres, 36.5% were rural dwellers and the remaining 1% were non-residents. According to the most recent census taken in 2016, the province had 4,710,509 inhabitants. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 4,192,598 in 862,491 households. The following census in 2011 counted 4,531,720 people in 1,112,664 households. The 2016 census measured

1440-639: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps have received significant amounts of water, while small farmers and rural communities struggle with severe shortages. Iran's central government prioritizes water allocation for industrial and urban centers, often at the expense of rural and minority populations. These groups face severe water shortages, ecological degradation, and a loss of livelihoods. This pattern of unequal development not only exacerbates regional disparities but also fuels social unrest and environmental crises. Iran's water policy

1500-708: The Karkheh Dam by the American company Development and Resources Corporation, which was headed by David E. Lilienthal , the former chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). In 1990, the final studies and design were completed by Mahab Ghodss Consulting Engineers, directed by master engineer Mohammad Soleymani. The engineering division of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) started construction on

1560-426: The Karkheh Dam in 1992 and the dam was complete in 2001. During construction, 120 contractual and over eight consultative companies worked on the dam; 5,000 workers constructed the dam and 40 were killed in the process. [REDACTED] Media related to Karkheh Dam at Wikimedia Commons Kh%C5%ABzest%C4%81n Khuzestan Province ( Persian : استان خوزستان ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran . Located in

1620-521: The Muslim Army, defeated a force of the Sassanids' Arab auxiliaries from the tribes of Bakr, 'Ejl, Taghleb and Namer at 'Ayn Al-Tamr. The Muslim settlements by military garrisons in southern Iran was soon followed by other types of expansion. Some families, for example, took the opportunity to gain control of private estates. Like the rest of Iran, the Muslim conquest thus brought Khuzestan under

1680-525: The Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed at Shushtar, until the late Qajar period. With the increase in the international sea commerce, arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by

1740-520: The amount of which increases as the rivers flow away from the source mountains and hills. In case of the Karun, a single tributary river, Rud-i Shur ("Salty River") that flows into the Karun above Shushtar contributes most of the salt that the river carries. As such, the freshness of the Karun waters could be greatly enhanced if the Rud-i Shur could be diverted away from the Karun. The same applies to

1800-541: The central Iranian government and the Arab nationalists of the province continued since. The name of 'Khuzistan' came to be applied to the entire territory by 1936. Over the next decades of the Pahlavi rule, the province of Khuzestan remained relatively quiet, gaining to hold an important economic and defensive strategic position. With the Iranian Revolution taking place in early 1979, local rebellions swept

1860-526: The command of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari from Basra , who drove the Persian satrap Hormuzan out of Ahvaz . Susa later fell, so Hormuzan fled to Shushtar . There his forces were besieged by Abu Musa for 18 months. Shushtar finally fell in 642 AD; the Khuzistan Chronicle records that an unknown Arab, living in the city, befriended a man in the army, and dug tunnels through the wall in return for

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1920-459: The country, with Khuzestan being no exception. In April 1979, an uprising broke out in the province, led by the Arab separatist group Arab Political and Cultural Organisation (APCO), seeking to gain independence from the new theocratic rule. The Iranian Embassy siege of 1980 in London was initiated by an Arab separatist group as an aftermath response to the regional crackdown in Khuzestan, after

1980-639: The course of the Anglo-Persian War over the city of Herat , the British naval forces sailed up the Karun river all the way to Ahvaz . However, in the settlement that followed, they evacuated the province. Some tribal forces, such as those led by Sheikh Jabir al-Kaabi , the Sheikh of Mohammerah , fared better in opposing the invading British forces than those dispatched by the central government, which

2040-637: The entire province regained the old name and the term Arabistan was dropped. There is also a very old folk etymology which maintains the word "khouz" stands for sugar and "Khouzi" for people who make raw sugar. The province has been a cane sugar-producing area since the late Sassanian times, such as the sugar cane fields of the Dez River side in Dezful . Khuzhestan has been the land of Khouzhies who cultivate sugar cane even today in Haft Tepe . The name of

2100-422: The factors that sparked high dissatisfaction among residents. The frustrations typically manifested in protests and rallies. In 2005, Ahvaz witnessed a number of terrorist attacks , which came following the violent Ahvaz riots . The first bombing came ahead of the presidential election on 12 June 2005. In 2011, another wave of protests by Arab tribes occurred mostly in the urban area of Ahvaz. Before

2160-427: The last day of the war, this province was always the scene of Iran's various operations to recapture the areas occupied by the Iraqi army forces. At the beginning of the war, cities such as Abadan , Susangerd , Bostan , Dezful , Andimeshk , Khorramshahr , and Ahvaz , which were the capital of the province, were regularly targeted by Iraqi army rocket and artillery attacks. The long-term occupation of some areas of

2220-512: The maximum water in the reservoir of the dam reached 1,900,000,000 m (1,500,000 acre⋅ft) and it is estimated that this number will be even less in 2015. Hawizeh Marshes is affected by the torrential sediments of rivers such as Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq and Karkheh in Iran. Karkheh dam caused to decline the quantity of entering water to the wetland and following it, the wetland extend has been reduced remarkably. In 1956, studies began on

2280-583: The mismanagement of water resources. The drying of rivers, including the Karkheh and Karun , has made agriculture unsustainable in many parts of the province. In recent years, Khuzestan has witnessed a significant exodus of its rural population as people move to cities for work and better living conditions. The situation has been exacerbated by periodic dust storms, which further degrade the environment and make life untenable in affected regions. This environmental migration from Khuzestan has led to social tensions in

2340-498: The most important Iranian port prior to the war) was a turning point in the war, and is officially celebrated every year in Iran. The city of Khorramshahr was almost completely destroyed as a result of the scorched earth policy ordered by Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein. However, Iranian forces were able to prevent the Iraqis from attempting to spread the execution of this policy to other major urban centres. From 22 September 1980 to

2400-534: The northern reaches of the land, first at Susa ( Shush ) and then at Shushtar . During a short spell in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the ancient Hoorpahir by Ardashir I , the founder of the Sasanian Dynasty in the 3rd century CE. This town is now known as Ahvaz. However, later in

2460-566: The order of the Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Nâseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahvaz/ Nâseri prospered to the present day. Since the early 1920s, tensions on religious and ethnic grounds have often resulted in separatist violence , including an insurgency in 1979 , an embassy siege , unrest in 2005 , bombings in 2005–06 and protests in 2011 . The Iranian regime has drawn harsh criticism from international human rights organizations for its repressive measures against

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2520-445: The population of the province as 4,710,509 in 1,280,645 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Khuzestan Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. According to the 2016 census, 3,554,205 people (over 75% of the population of Khuzestan Province) live in the following cities: The seat of the province has for most of its history been in

2580-574: The province in Syriac is Beth Huzaye. The province of Khuzestan is one of the centres of ancient civilization, and one of the most important regions of the Ancient Near East , based around Susa . The first large scale empire based here was that of the powerful 4th millennium BC Elamites . Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization,

2640-495: The province's residents. As a result, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the war. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein felt confident that the Arab population of the Khuzestan would react enthusiastically to the prospect of union with Iraq. However, resistance to the invasion was fierce, stalling the Iraqi military's advance, and ultimately opening a window of opportunity for an Iranian counter-offensive. What used to be Iran's largest refinery at Abadan

2700-438: The province, further contributed to the damage to natural and human capital in the province. Since the war, the speed of growth and development of the province has been very slow. Khuzestan, despite benefiting from abundant natural resources including oil, has many economic, environmental, social, and construction problems, among others. High unemployment rate, water crisis, high dust, and lack of civil infrastructure are among

2760-482: The province—south, southwest of the Ahvaz Ridge , had come by the 17th century to be known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as Arabistan. The contemporaneous history, the Alam Ara-i Abbasi by Iskandar Beg Munshi , written during the reign of king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), regularly refers to the southern part of Khuzestan as "Arabistan". The northern half continued to be called Khuzestan. In 1925,

2820-403: The region, as local communities face declining living standards and heightened unemployment. Khuzestan is ethnically diverse, home to many different ethnic groups. This has a bearing on Khuzestan's electoral politics, with ethnic minority rights playing a significant role in the province's political culture. The province's geographical location bordering Iraq and its oil resources also make it

2880-482: The religious and ethnic minorities in the region. However, the internal conflict was brought to a temporary halt in 1980 when Khuzestan was invaded by Ba'athist Iraq , leading to the Iran–Iraq War where Khuzestanis of all backgrounds fought alongside the Iranian military in resisting the Iraqi offensive. Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's parliament, the Majlis . Meanwhile, it has six representatives in

2940-462: The rule of the Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, until Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar , from southeastern Iran, raised the flag of independence once more, and ultimately regained control over Khuzestan, among other parts of Iran, founding the short-lived Saffarid dynasty. From that point on, Iranian dynasties would continue to rule the region in succession as an important part of Iran. In

3000-665: The same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic broken plural from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. The entire province was still known as "the Khudhi" or "the Khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) and in general the course of the 16th century. The southern half of

3060-571: The seat of Iran's first empire. In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by Ashurbanipal , coming under the rule of the Assyrians who brought destruction upon Susa and Chogha Zanbil. But in 538 BC, Cyrus the Great was able to re-conquer the Elamite lands after nearly 80 years of Median rule. The city of Susa was then proclaimed as one of the Achaemenid capitals. Darius the Great then erected

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3120-456: The southwest of the country, the province borders Iraq and the Persian Gulf , covering an area of 63,238 square kilometres (24,416 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Ahvaz . Since 2014, it has been part of Iran's Region 4 . Once one of the most important regions of the Ancient Near East , Khuzestan comprises much of what historians refer to as ancient Elam , whose capital was in Susa . The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam

3180-622: The structure of their societies and ultimately has led to some unrest. An unfinished building collapsed in Khuzestan province in June 2022. It was reported that thirteen people were arrested over the collapse. The incident also caused demonstrations in the region. Apart from Persian , other languages and dialects are also spoken in Khuzestan. For instance, a portion of Khuzestan's populace speaks Arabic ( Khuzestani Arabic ). Another part of Khuzestanis speak in Bakhtiari dialect . Neo-Mandaic

3240-558: The term evolved into "Khuz" and "Kuzi". The pre-Islamic Partho-Sasanian inscriptions give the name of the province as Khwuzestan. The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people ( Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" or "Husa" (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources). The name of the city of Ahvaz also has

3300-592: The wealth generation of the local oil industry. Minority rights are frequently identified with strategic concerns, with ethnic unrest perceived by the Iranian government as being generated by foreign governments to undermine the country's oil industry and its internal stability. The politics of Khuzestan therefore have international significance and go beyond the realm of electoral politics. History of Alam Aray Abbasi The Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi ( Persian : تاریخ عالم‌آرای عباسی , romanized :  World Adorning History of Abbas ), written in Persian,

3360-436: Was Hujiyā when they conquered it from the Elamites. This element is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz", refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or Huja , as in the inscription on the tomb of Darius the Great at Naqsh-e Rostam ). They are the Shushan of the Hebrew sources where they are recorded as "Hauja" or "Huja". In Middle Persian ,

3420-415: Was a purely Iranian opposition group; there were allegations that it was backed by Iran's regional rival, Iraq . Their leader ("Salim" - Awn Ali Mohammed) along with four other members of the group were killed and the fifth member, Fowzi Badavi Nejad, was sentenced to life imprisonment. During the Iran–Iraq War , Khuzestan was the focus of the Iraqi invasion of Iran, leading to the flight of thousands of

3480-512: Was destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous nakhlestans (palm groves) were annihilated, cities were destroyed, historical sites were demolished, and nearly half the province captured by the invading Iraqi army. This created a mass exodus into other provinces that did not have the logistical capability of taking in such a large number of refugees. However, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push Iraqi forces out of Iran . The Battle of Khorramshahr (one of Khuzestan's largest cities and

3540-432: Was governed by Bakhtiari khans. Following Sheikh Khazal's rebellion , the western part of Khuzestan's emirate was dissolved by Reza Shah government in 1925, along with other autonomous regions of Persia , in a bid to centralize the state. In response Sheikh Khaz'al of Muhammerah initiated a rebellion , which was quickly crushed by the newly installed Pahlavi dynasty with minimal casualties. A low level conflict between

3600-452: Was quite feeble. But, the point of the invasion of the province and other coastal regions of southern Persia / Iran were to force the evacuation of Herat by the Persians and not the permanent occupation of these regions. In the two decades before 1925, although nominally part of Persian territory, the western part of Khuzestan functioned for many years effectively as an autonomous emirate known as "Arabistan". The eastern part of Khuzestan

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