Georg Friedrich Daumer (5 March 1800 – 14 December 1875) was a German poet and philosopher .
107-507: Kaspar Hauser (30 April 1812 – 17 December 1833) was a German youth who claimed to have grown up in the total isolation of a darkened cell. His claims, and his subsequent death from a stab wound, sparked much debate and controversy both in Nuremberg and abroad. Theories propounded at the time identified Hauser as a member of the grand ducal House of Baden , hidden away because of royal intrigue. However, there were also allegations that Hauser
214-427: A pogrom . They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter. The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520, and 1534. The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century. Charles IV 's Golden Bull of 1356 , naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of
321-433: A bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall. Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 50.1% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro). Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread ( Lebkuchen ) products, sausages, and handmade toys. Pocket watches — Nuremberg eggs — were made here in the 16th century by Peter Henlein . Only one of
428-463: A book in which he presented all known evidence against Hauser, taking it as his "duty openly to confess that I had been deceived." Some of Hauser's followers believed that Stanhope had ulterior motives in befriending him and had connections to the House of Baden. However, academic historiography defends Stanhope as a philanthropist, a pious man and a seeker of truth. Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Heidenreich ,
535-415: A brother of Josephine should be, if not identical, at least close to identical. The sequences were not identical, but the deviation observed is not large enough to exclude a relationship as the difference could be caused by a mutation during the previous generations. On the other hand, the relatively high similarity by no means proves the alleged relationship, as the "Hauser samples" showed a pattern amongst
642-492: A cavalryman "as his father was." The letter invited von Wessenig either to take in Hauser or hang him. The second letter was purportedly written by Hauser's mother to his former caretaker. It stated that the boy's name was Kaspar, that he was born on 30 April 1812 and that his deceased father had been a cavalryman of the 6th regiment. Writing analysts in later years concluded that the same person wrote both letters. The line from
749-595: A centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl , and made into a propaganda film called Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will ). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to convene at Nuremberg to pass the Nuremberg Laws which revoked German citizenship for all Jews and other non-Aryans. The Nazi Oberbürgermeister of the city, Willy Liebel , embarked upon
856-500: A continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach , which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch ). Nuremberg and Fürth were once connected by
963-401: A current of air seemed to proceed from him. The south pole affected him less powerfully; and he said that it blew upon him." On 17 October 1829, Hauser was found in the cellar of Daumer's house bleeding from a wound to his forehead. He claimed that while sitting in the outhouse , a hooded man attacked him, saying: "You still have to die before you leave the city of Nuremberg." Hauser recognised
1070-538: A dark cell. He claimed that he found rye bread and water next to his bed each morning. At times, the water would taste bitter and drinking it would cause him to sleep more deeply than usual. On such occasions, upon awakening, Hauser noticed that someone had changed his straw and cut his hair and nails. Hauser claimed that the person he met was a masked man who visited him shortly before his release. The visitor taught him to write his own name, stand and walk. The visitor then brought Hauser to Nuremberg, where he taught him to say
1177-543: A deep chest wound. He claimed to have been lured to the Ansbach Court Garden, where a stranger stabbed him while giving him a bag. He was eager for authorities to find a purse that he left at the Court Garden, although he did not mention the contents. As he progressively deteriorated, Hauser muttered incoherently about "writing with pencil." Hauser died of his wound three days later on 17 December. When
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#17327802066461284-462: A few weeks. When his father Charles died in 1818, he had no sons to succeed him. Charles' successor was his uncle, Louis I , who was succeeded in 1830 by Louis' half-brother, Leopold I . The rumour was that Louise Caroline of Hochberg , Leopold's mother, had been scheming to put her son on the throne in Baden. Disguising herself as a ghost, the so-called "White Lady", she sneaked into the nursery of
1391-530: A good laugh when they remembered Hauser and his histrionic behaviour. The failures of the two Hungarian trips led Stanhope to doubt Hauser's credibility. In December 1831 he transferred Hauser to a schoolmaster named Johann Georg Meyer in Ansbach , under the patronage of Anselm von Feuerbach. The last time that Stanhope saw Hauser was in January 1832, although he continued to pay Hauser's living expenses. Meyer
1498-418: A good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city. The Nuremberg International Toy Fair , held at the city's exhibition centre , is the largest of its kind in the world. Nuremberg is Bavaria 's second largest city after Munich , and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. It was a leading city 500 years ago, but 90% of the town was destroyed in 1945 during
1605-513: A great change soon came over him. In 1858 at Mainz he publicly embraced the Catholic faith and thenceforth became its zealous defender. Among the works written after his conversion are: Meine Konversion (Mainz, 1859); Aus der Mansarde (1860–62); Das Christentum und sein Urheber (Mainz, 1864); Das Wunder, seine Bedeutung, Wahrheit und Notwendigkeit (Ratisbon, 1874). The last mentioned work
1712-536: A great deal of money attempting to clarify Hauser's origin. He promised Hauser that he would eventually bring him to England. Stanhope took Hauser to Hungary on two trips hoping to jog the boy's memory. He claimed to remember some Hungarian words and had once declared that a Hungarian Countess Maytheny was his mother. However, Hauser failed to recognise any buildings or monuments in Hungary. A Hungarian nobleman who had met Hauser later told Stanhope that he and his son had
1819-649: A gunshot. He had also been recently reproached by the Biberbach family for lying. Mrs. Biberbach commented on Hauser's "horrendous mendacity" and "art of dissimulation" and called him "full of vanity and spite." Having outstayed his welcome in the Biberbach household, the town of Nuremberg transferred Hauser in May 1830 to the house of Baron von Tucher . The baron later complained about Hauser's exorbitant vanity and lies. A British nobleman, Lord Stanhope , took an interest in Hauser and gained custody of him late in 1831. He spent
1926-494: A native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johannes Stabius . Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of
2033-516: A new religion "of love and peace", formulated in his work Religion des neuen Weltalters (Hamburg, 1850). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels joined in writing a critical review of Daumer's Die Religion des Neuen Weltalters in January through February 1850 which was published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung : Politisch-Ökonomische Revue . Marx and Engels criticized Daumer's theory of history from class point of view. Instead of
2140-487: A physician present at Hauser's autopsy , claimed that his brain was notable for its small cortical size and its few non-distinct cortical gyri , indicative to some that he suffered from cortical atrophy or, as G. Hesse argued, from epilepsy . Heidenreich may have been influenced by his phrenological ideas when examining Hauser's brain. Dr. Albert, who conducted the autopsy and wrote the official report, found no anomalies in Hauser's brain. A 1928 medical study supported
2247-581: A police station, where he wrote his name for the first time. While being examined by police, Hauser showed familiarity with money and the ability to say some prayers and a small measure of reading. However, he answered few of their questions and demonstrated a limited vocabulary. Authorities ultimately decided that Hauser was a vagrant and sent him to prison. Hauser spent the following two months in Luginsland Tower in Nuremberg Castle , in
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#17327802066462354-588: A policeman searched the Court Garden, he found a small violet purse containing a pencilled note in Spiegelschrift ( mirror writing ). The message read, in German: "Hauser will be able to tell you quite precisely how I look and from where I am. To save Hauser the effort, I want to tell you myself from where I come _ _ . I come from from _ _ _ the Bavarian border _ _ On the river _ _ _ _ _ I will even tell you
2461-481: A program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg . He felt that this "foreign" building with its Moorish revival architecture could not be reconciled with
2568-414: A strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials. The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but
2675-631: A struggle between economic classes in society, Daumer saw only a struggle between "coarseness" and "culture." Prior to writing Die Religion des Neuen Weltalters , Daumer had published a number of works, all of a distinctly anti-theological tendency, of which the more important are: Philosophie, Religion, und Altertum (Nuremberg, 1833); Züge zu einer neuen Philosophie der Religion und Religionsgeschichte (Nuremberg, 1835); Der Feuer- und Molochdienst der Hebräer (Brunswick, 1842); Die Geheimnisse des christlichen Altertums (Hamburg, 1847). Shortly after 1850 Daumer left Nuremberg and settled at Frankfurt , where
2782-505: A two Michelin Star -rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein. Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a pedestrian-only zone covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail, including year-round Christmas stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase Christmas ornaments , gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy Christmas villages . The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof,
2889-475: A vaccination site to get this shot, accompanied by an adult. This evidence further discredited Hauser's claim to have grown up without human contact. Hauser's various accounts of his incarceration include several contradictions. In 1970, psychiatrist Karl Leonhard stated that: "If he had been living since childhood under the conditions he describes, he would not have developed beyond the condition of an idiot; indeed he would not have remained alive long. His tale
2996-520: A violent but uncertain future." The philosopher Martin Heidegger cited this poem in his essay on poetry and language, Unterwegs zur Sprache . Nuremberg Nuremberg ( / ˈ nj ʊər ə m b ɜːr ɡ / NURE -əm-burg ; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk] ; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç] ) is the largest city in Franconia ,
3103-471: Is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a medieval village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from glass , wood , leather , pottery , and precious metals . The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens. The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being Christkindlesmarkt , Germany's largest Christmas market and
3210-674: Is directed expressly against the opinions of David Strauss . One of the most important parts of Daumer's work is his poetry. His Hafis (Hamburg, 1846; a second collection, 1852) contain graceful but very free imitations of the songs of the famous Persian poet. Some of them have become widely known through the musical settings of Brahms , such as the Liebeslieder and Neue Liebeslieder Waltzes. Other composers, including Elise Schmezer , have also set Daumer’s texts to music. This collection, as well as Mahomed und sein Werk (Hamburg, 1848),
3317-431: Is distinctly directed against the hypocrisy and asceticism which at that time Daumer believed to be inseparable from orthodox Christianity. Among other poems may be mentioned: Glorie der heiligen Jungfrau Maria (Nuremberg, 1841); Frauenbilder und Huldigungen (Leipzig, 1853); Marianische Legenden und Gedichte (Munster, 1859) and Schöne Seelen (Mainz, 1862). [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
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3424-417: Is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be
3531-441: Is presented as an example of a person with a primitive, yet virtuous, personality. In 1913, Georg Trakl wrote the poem "Kaspar Hauser Lied" ("Kaspar Hauser Song"). It alludes to the works by Verlaine and Wassermann, and has been called the "most striking" expression of a literary trope in which Kaspar Hauser "stood for the natural, poetic genius lost in a strange world, lacking a home, a sense of origin and attachment, and fearing
3638-487: Is so full of absurdities that it is astonishing that it was ever believed and is even today still believed by many people." Leonhard rejected the views of both Heidenreich and Hesse, contending that: "Kaspar Hauser was, as other authors already opined, a pathological swindler. In addition to his hysterical make-up he probably had the persistence of a paranoid personality since he was able to play his role so imperturbably. From many reports on his behaviour one can recognise
3745-529: The Großen Freiheitsbrief ('Great Charter of Freedom'), including town rights , Imperial immediacy ( Reichsfreiheit ), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy – almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg , one of the two great trade-centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of
3852-703: The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , the first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany (1835). Today, the U1 of the Nuremberg Subway runs along this route. Subway lines U2 and U3 are the first German driverless subway lines, automatically moving railcars. Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer" ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and
3959-520: The Fugger and Welser families from Augsburg , although on a slightly smaller scale. The state of affairs in the early 16th century , increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade. During the Thirty Years' War , frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and
4066-465: The House of Baden . Skeptics believed that Hauser had deliberately cut himself with a razor, then left it in his room on the first floor before hiding in the cellar. Hauser had recently quarrelled with Daumer, who had come to believe that he was an impostor . Hauser might have staged the attack to gain sympathy and avoid a reprimand from Daumer. On 3 April 1830, a pistol shot went off in Hauser's room at
4173-495: The Nuremberg rallies . The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the Nazi Party Rally Grounds , some of which were not finished, were designed by Albert Speer and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda events,
4280-651: The Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel . 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany . Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The first documentary mention of
4387-643: The War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures. The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore , appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of Succession , to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness,
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4494-469: The advance of French troops required their removal to Regensburg and thence to Vienna . In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a Handwerkeraufstand ('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe;
4601-537: The second Black Death pandemic in 1437, and the First Margrave War (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century. Siding with Albert IV , Duke of Bavaria-Munich , in the War of the Succession of Landshut of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km ), making it one of the largest imperial cities. During
4708-806: The second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria , and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz , which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards ( Pegnitz → Regnitz → Main → Rhine → North Sea ), and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal , that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea . Lying in
4815-506: The 6th cavalry regiment in Nuremberg. Its heading read: daß Orte ist unbenant 1828 "From the Bavarian border The place is unnamed The anonymous author of this letter said that he had assumed custody of Hauser as an infant on 7 October 1812. The author said he had taught him reading, writing and the Christian religion, but never let him "take a single step out of my house." The letter stated that Hauser would like to become
4922-608: The Austrian House of Raabs . With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law, Frederick I of the House of Hohenzollern , inherited the burgraviate in 1193. From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254–1573), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and
5029-488: The Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia . The city is surrounded on three sides by the Nürnberger Reichswald [ de ] , a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland [ de ] ( garlic land ), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape. The city forms
5136-543: The Biberbachs' house. His escort hurriedly entered the room and found him unconscious, bleeding from a head wound. Quickly reviving, Hauser stated that he had climbed on a chair to get some books from a shelf. The chair had fallen and he reached to grab something to stop his fall. By mistake, he grabbed a pistol hanging on the wall, which then discharged and wounded him. Again, people were dubious of Hauser's story. His head wound seemed too superficial to have been caused by
5243-740: The German magazine Der Spiegel reported an attempt to genetically match a blood sample from underwear thought to have been Hauser's. This analysis was performed in laboratories at the Forensic Science Service in Birmingham, England, and the LMU Institute of Legal Medicine at the University of Munich in Germany. Comparisons with descendants of the princely family proved that the blood examined could not have come from
5350-476: The German population. In 2024, a new study corroborating previous analysis ruled out royal descent by demonstrating that the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in all samples attributed to Hauser including the previous disputed blood sample were identical and different from the mitochondrial lineage of the House of Baden. A passing reference to Hauser is made in Herman Melville 's novella Billy Budd . He
5457-865: The Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture. The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the German Renaissance . In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation , and in 1532 the Nuremberg Religious Peace was signed there, preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics for 15 years. During the Princes' 1552 revolution against Charles V , Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave Albert Alcibiades , one of
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#17327802066465564-578: The Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of public transportation and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period. Notable foods available in the city include lebkuchen , gingerbread , local beer , Schäufele , and Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen , or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional Franconian restaurants and beer gardens . It also has vegan , vegetarian and organic restaurants. Nuremberg boasts
5671-598: The White Lady's plot." Historian Fritz Trautz went so far as to write that, "The silly fairytale, which to this day moves many pens and has found much belief, was fully disproved in Otto Mittelstädt's book." Letters of the Grand Duke's mother, published in 1951, give detailed accounts of the infant prince's birth, illness and death, which would also disprove the hereditary prince theory. In November 1996,
5778-497: The anti-Jewish pogrom known as Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of Kristallnacht , 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1.800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various extermination camps where they were killed. At
5885-462: The authenticity of which was therefore questioned. The new DNA samples were compared to a mitochondrial DNA segment from Astrid von Medinger née von Zallinger zu Stillendorf (1954–2002), a female line descendant of Kaspar's supposed younger sister, Princess Josephine of Baden , through her granddaughter, Princess Joséphine Caroline of Belgium . Since mitochondrial DNA passes only through the female line, it cannot change except through mutation and so
5992-492: The care of Friedrich Daumer , a schoolmaster and speculative philosopher. Daumer taught Hauser various subjects and uncovered his talent for drawing. Hauser appeared to flourish with Daumer, who subjected him to homeopathy and magnetic experiments . As Feuerbach told the story, "When Professor Daumer held the north pole [of a magnet] towards him, Kaspar put his hand to the pit of his stomach, and, drawing his waistcoat in an outward direction, said that it drew him thus; and that
6099-430: The care of jailer Andreas Hiltel. Contrary to many later accounts, observers described Hauser as being in good physical condition and able to walk well; for example, he could climb over ninety steps by himself to his room. He had a "healthy facial complexion" and was judged to be approximately sixteen years old but appeared to be intellectually impaired . Mayor Binder, however, claimed that Hauser had an excellent memory and
6206-485: The cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population. In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden , was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein . The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there
6313-619: The city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused, fearing to offend Austria, Russia and France. At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the amortisation of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt. After
6420-407: The city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings. Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation ' Old Town Friends Nuremberg '. Today 25% of Nürnbergs buildings date to before World War II and the old town is a declared protected area, so the northeastern half of
6527-427: The city, for example Grossgründlach , Kraftshof , Thon , and Neunhof in the north-west; Ziegelstein in the northeast, Altenfurt and Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang , Kornburg in the south. Langwasser is a modern suburb. Nuremberg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) with a certain humid continental influence ( Dfb ), categorized in the latter by the 0 °C isotherm. The city's climate
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#17327802066466634-594: The city, in 1050, mentions Nuremberg as the location of an imperial castle between East Francia and the Margraviate of the Nordgau of Bavaria . From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes. King Conrad III , reigning as King of Germany from 1137 to 1152, established the Burgraviate of Nuremberg , with the first burgraves coming from
6741-484: The city, including historic tours, those that are Nazi -focused, underground and night tours, walking tours , sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as bowling , rock wall climbing , escape rooms , cart racing , and mini golf , theaters and cinemas, pools and thermal spas . There are also six nearby amusement parks . The city's tourism board sells
6848-418: The city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between Frederick IV (from 1417, Margrave of Brandenburg ) and the duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt , the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory. The Hussite Wars (1419–1434),
6955-541: The coming years. There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from hostels to luxury hotels , bed and breakfasts , to multi-hundred room properties. Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of astronomy . In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus , built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer ,
7062-713: The day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles , also known as the World Chronicles ( Schedelsche Weltchronik ), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth , Wilhelm Pleydenwurff , and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these
7169-492: The district of Rezatkreis (named for the river Franconian Rezat ), which was renamed to Middle Franconia ( German : Mittelfranken ) on 1 January 1838. The first German railway, the Bavarian Ludwigsbahn , from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth , was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened
7276-433: The districts in the 1797–1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers. In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with
7383-502: The end of his life. He wrote a note saying, "Caspar Hauser is a smart scheming codger, a rogue, a good-for-nothing that ought to be killed." However, there is no indication that von Feuerbach, already seriously ill, let Hauser know these feelings. On 9 December 1833, Hauser and Meyer had a serious argument. Stanhope was expected to visit Ansbach at Christmas , and Meyer stated that he did not know how he would face him. Five days later, on 14 December, Hauser came back to Meyer's house with
7490-564: The end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many Stolpersteine installed in the streets of the city; these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime. During the Second World War , Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp
7597-417: The fall of Napoleon , the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from
7704-458: The gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and nutcrackers while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional Glühwein . In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism anticipated in
7811-461: The hereditary prince of Baden. In 2002, the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the University of Münster analysed hair and body cells from locks of hair and items of clothing that also belonged to Hauser. The analysts took from the items used in the test six different DNA samples, all of which turned out to be identical. All, however, differed substantially from the blood sample examined in 1996,
7918-461: The hysterical as well as the paranoid trend of his personality." According to contemporary rumours, circa 1829, Hauser was the hereditary prince of Baden, who had been switched at birth with a commoner. The infant prince of Baden was born on 29 September 1812. His parents were Charles, Grand Duke of Baden and Stéphanie de Beauharnais , a cousin by marriage and the adopted daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte . The infant prince died on 16 October 1812 after
8025-598: The image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938. Many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher , the Nazi Party Gauleiter of Franconia , a vicious antisemite and the publisher of Der Stürmer . During
8132-494: The infant prince's emergency baptism, autopsy and burial. In his Historical Mysteries , Andrew Lang summarises the results: "It is true that the Grand Duchess was too ill to be permitted to see her dead baby, in 1812, but the baby's father, grandmother, and aunt, with the ten Court physicians, the nurses and others, must have seen it, in death, and it is too absurd to suppose, on no authority, that they were all parties to
8239-426: The infant prince, kidnapped him and replaced him with a dying baby. The infant prince was then incarcerated for 16 years, until he emerged as Hauser in Nuremberg in 1828. The rumour also linked Hauser's stabbing death in 1833 with a conspiracy to prevent him from challenging the legitimacy of Leopold I. In 1876, Otto Mittelstädt presented evidence against the hereditary prince theory, with official documents concerning
8346-697: The leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace. At the 1555 Peace of Augsburg , the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved. Families like the Tucher , Imhoff or Haller ran trading businesses across Europe, similar to
8453-407: The letter "he writes my handwriting exactly as I do" led them to assume that Hauser wrote both of them. A shoemaker named Weickmann brought Hauser to von Wessenig's house. Once there, Hauser only repeated the words, "I want to be a cavalryman, as my father was" and, "Horse! Horse!" Any attempts at gaining more information caused Hauser to cry or simply repeat, "Don't know." Von Wessenig sent Hauser to
8560-587: The most frequent sites of the Imperial Diet (after Regensburg and Frankfurt ), the Diets of Nuremberg from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected Frederick II as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial capital ' of the Empire. In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted
8667-413: The municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: Reichsschultheiß ) from 1173/74. The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city. The city and particularly Nuremberg Castle would become one of
8774-796: The name: M. L. Ö." Inconsistencies in Hauser's account led the Ansbach court of enquiry to suspect that he had stabbed himself and then invented a tale about being attacked. The note in the purse contained a spelling error and a grammatical error, both of which were typical for Hauser. The note itself was folded into a specific triangular form, in the way in which Hauser typically folded his letters, according to Mrs. Meyer. Forensic examiners agreed that Hauser's chest wound might have been self-inflicted. Many authors believe that he had wounded himself again to revive public interest in his story and to persuade Stanhope to take him to England. However, this time Hauser fatally injured himself by mistake. Hauser
8881-633: The newly founded University of Technology Nuremberg . The Nuremberg exhibition centre ( Messe Nürnberg ) is one of the biggest convention center companies in Germany and operates worldwide. Nuremberg Castle , its medieval old town and the city's walls , with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres, showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets (main venue: Nuremberg Opera House ), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ), as well as concerts (main venue: Meistersingerhalle ). Its orchestra,
8988-649: The old Imperial Free City had to be largely reconstructed. Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in war crimes and crimes against humanity were brought before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place in Berlin . However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons: Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were executed in Nuremberg . The same courtroom in Nuremberg
9095-466: The phrase, "I want to be a cavalryman, as my father was" (in Old Bavarian dialect ). Hauser claimed not to understand its meaning at the time. Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach , president of the Bavarian court of appeals , began to investigate the case. Hauser was formally adopted by the town of Nuremberg and its citizens donated money for his upkeep and education. The town placed him into
9202-593: The rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the Teutonic Order , often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people. In 1817, the city was incorporated into
9309-449: The speaker as the man who had brought him to Nuremberg in 1828. As was obvious from his blood trail, Hauser at first fled into the house to the first floor, then went downstairs and climbed through a trap door into the cellar. Alarmed officials called for a police escort and transferred Hauser to the care of Johann Biberbach, a municipal authority. The alleged attack on fueled rumours about Hauser's possible ancestry from Hungary, England or
9416-494: The tenth-busiest airport in the country. Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm , Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg and
9523-587: The three most important cities of the Empire. Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche , built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler ), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when
9630-403: The town were accused of host desecration and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch massacres . Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz . The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague pandemic of the mid-14th century. In 1349, Nuremberg's Jews suffered
9737-399: The unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city (until the early-19th century). Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the Empire . Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon
9844-624: The view that Hauser had self-inflicted the wound and accidentally stabbed himself too deeply. A 2005 forensic analysis argued that it seems "unlikely that the stab to the chest was inflicted exclusively for the purpose of self-damage, but both a suicidal stab and a homicidal act ( assassination ) cannot be definitely ruled out." A 2023 study indicated that Hauser had the markings of a cowpox vaccination to prevent smallpox when he showed up in Nuremburg. These vaccinations had been mandatory in Bavaria since 1807. The young Hauser would have had to visit
9951-550: The war. After World War II , many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt. Beyond its main attractions of the Imperial Castle , St. Lorenz Church , and Nazi Trial grounds , there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories, where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art. There are several types of tours offered in
10058-506: The way to greater prosperity. In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the Austro-Prussian War it was given to Prussia as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs,
10165-606: Was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions. The Fränkischer Kurier was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg. Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi German era. Because of the city's relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the Nazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions:
10272-403: Was a heavily fortified city that was captured in a fierce battle lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division , 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division , which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings. Despite this intense degree of destruction,
10379-564: Was a late flowering of architecture and culture; secular Baroque architecture is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of St. Egidien church , destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia. After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for
10486-459: Was a quick learner. Various curious people visited Hauser to his apparent delight. He refused all food except bread and water. At first, most assumed that Hauser was a developmentally disabled person from the forests. During the course of many conversations with Binder, Hauser told a different version of his past life, which he later wrote down in more detail. According to Hauser's account, he had spent his youth living in solitary confinement in
10593-400: Was a strict and pedantic man who disliked Hauser's excuses and apparent lies. By late 1832, Hauser was employed as a copyist in the local law office. Still hoping that Stanhope would take him to England, Hauser was dissatisfied with his life in Ansbach. When von Feuerbach died in May 1833, Hauser mourned his loss. However, some authors point out that von Feuerbach had lost faith in Hauser by
10700-447: Was also known as host and teacher of the mysterious foundling Kaspar Hauser in 1828-30 and wrote several books about the case. While at Erlangen he came strongly under the influence of Pietism . Soon, however, he became sceptical and exhibited decided leanings towards pantheism . From an orthodox Protestant he gradually became a bitter enemy of Christianity, which he attacked in a number of writings and for which he strove to substitute
10807-459: Was an impostor . In 2024, a scientific study ruled out Hauser's royal descent by comparing mitochondrial DNA haplotypes with the House of Baden. On 26 May 1828, Kaspar Hauser, then a teenage boy, was found wandering the streets of Nuremberg , then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria , carrying two letters. The first letter was addressed to a Captain von Wessenig, commander of the 4th squadron of
10914-450: Was born here and was organist of St. Sebaldus Church . The academy of fine arts situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education. Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt (Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. Georg Friedrich Daumer Daumer
11021-537: Was buried in the Stadtfriedhof (city cemetery) in Ansbach. His headstone reads, in Latin , "Here lies Kaspar Hauser, riddle of his time. His birth was unknown, his death mysterious. 1833." A monument to Hauser was later erected in the Court Garden which reads Hic occultus occulto occisus est , meaning, "Here lies a mysterious one who was killed in a mysterious manner." After Hauser's death, Stanhope published
11128-470: Was educated at the gymnasium of his native city, at that time directed by the famous philosopher Hegel . In 1817 he entered the University of Erlangen as a student of theology, but abandoned that study for philosophy. For a number of years Daumer was professor at the gymnasium of Nuremberg; owing to ill-health he was pensioned in 1832 and henceforth devoted himself entirely to literary work. Daumer
11235-520: Was located here, and extensively used slave labour . On 2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Nuremberg
11342-538: Was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim , who made the first world globe. Sculptors such as Veit Stoss , Adam Kraft and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg. Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs , the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg . Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel
11449-706: Was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals , organized by the United States as occupying power in the area. In order to come to terms with the role Nuremberg played during the Third Reich , the city established the Nuremberg International Human Rights Award in 1995, awarded every two years to individuals or groups defending human rights worldwide. Several old villages now belong to
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