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51-633: Yazid II of Shirvan was accepted as the last of the Mazyadid dynasty and first of the Kasranids. He fathered eight children, five of which are named according to Persian customs. The Kasranids managed to establish alliances with the Bagrationi dynasty by marriage and with the Emirate of Derbent (whose line they would eventually absorb into the crown). They survived main powers in the region, notably

102-406: A fictional motor tanker after the city in his book The Tanker "Derbent" . Derbent has 3 state and 1 municipal theaters. Derbent resembles a huge museum and has magnificent mountains and shore nearby, and therefore possesses much touristic potential, further increased by UNESCO 's classification of the citadel, ancient city and fortress as a World Heritage Site in 2003; however, instability in

153-511: A population of 31,168 consisting of 7,919 Shia Muslims (25.4%), 7,567 Russians (24.3%), 6,879 Jews (22.1%), 5,138 Caucasian highlanders (16.5%), 2,604 Armenians (8.4%), and 1,061 Sunni Muslims (3.4%). According to the 2021 Census , the main ethnic groups in the city are: Jews began to settle in Derbent in ancient times. During the Khazars' reign, they played an important part in

204-524: A population of roughly 120,000 residents. Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia, with historical documentation dating to the 8th century BC , making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Due to its strategic location, over the course of history, the city changed ownership many times, particularly among the Persian , Arab , Mongol , Timurid , and Shirvan kingdoms. In

255-559: A seat of the arts and commerce. According to Arab historians, Derbent, with a population exceeding 50,000, was the largest city of the 9th century in the Caucasus. In the 10th century, with the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, Derbent became the capital of an emirate. Emirate of Derbent often fought losing wars with the neighboring Christian state of Sarir , allowing Sarir to manipulate Derbent's politics on occasion. Despite that,

306-718: Is a city in Dagestan , Russia , located on the Caspian Sea . It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian Steppe to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south; covering an area of 69.63 square kilometres (26.88 sq mi), with

357-473: Is home to machine building, food, textile, fishing, and fishery supplies, construction materials, and wood industries. It is the center of Russian brandy production. The educational infrastructure includes a university as well as several technical schools. On the cultural front, there is a Lezgin drama theater (named after S. Stalsky). About two kilometers (1.2 miles) from the city is the vacation colony of Chayka (Seagull). The Soviet novelist Yury Krymov named

408-630: Is little historical evidence for these claims. Kasranids are playable dynasty in Crusader Kings II . Yazid II of Shirvan Yazid ibn Ahmad or Yazid II ( Arabic : یزید ) was the tenth Shirvanshah . Yazid was second son of Shirvanshah Ahmad . He followed his brother Muhammad IV on throne of Shirvan c.  November 991 . Yazid on the other hand, had to deal with Abd al-Barr b. Anbasah, former ruler of Qabala who used death of Muhammad to attack Shirvan in 992 in alliance with Shaki (probably Hereti or Kakheti ). Battle

459-526: Is traditionally identified with Albana, the capital. The modern name is a Persian word ( دربند Darband ) meaning "gateway", which came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, however, Derbent was probably already into the Sasanian sphere of influence as a result of the victory over

510-713: The Caucasian wall (fifty metres long), otherwise known as Alexander's Wall , blocking the narrow pass of the Iron Gate or Caspian Gates ( Portae Athanae or Portae Caspiae ). When intact, the wall had a height of 9 m (29 ft) and a thickness of about 3 m (10 ft) and, with its iron gates and numerous watch-towers, defended Persia 's frontier. Derbent has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ). Winters are highly variable, with very cold nights interspersed with occasional bouts of sunshine and summerlike temperatures. Highest temperature

561-802: The Ottoman Turks such as in 1583 after the Battle of Torches and the Treaty of Constantinople , till the course of the 19th century, when the Russians occupied the city and wider Iranian-ruled swaths of Dagestan. Being briefly taken by the Russians as a result of the Persian expedition of 1722–23 by Peter the Great , the 1735 Treaty of Ganja , formed by Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran ( de facto ruled by Nader Shah ), forced Russia to return Derbent and its bastion to Iran. In 1747, Derbent became

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612-623: The Russian Empire . (For background, see Russian conquest of the Caucasus#Caspian Coast .) In the 1886 census of Dagestan Oblast , as part of Russia's Caucasus Viceroyalty , people of Iranian descent (Russian: персы ) were still an absolute majority at 8,994 out of 15,265, or 58,9%. The modern city is built in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe ; near the western shores of the Caspian Sea , south of

663-677: The Seljuqs , the Ilkhanate , the Chupanids , and lastly, the Jalayirids as a vassal or tributary state. Shirvanshah Hushang was the last member of Kasranids. They were succeeded by House of Derbent , which was a junior branch of the Kasranids itself. Shervashidze is thought to be an early junior branch of Kasranids. Rulers are shown with crown. Notable dynastic alliances are shown. The Kasranid kings were patrons of arts. Malu castle

714-645: The administrative center of Derbentsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Derbent —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Derbent is incorporated as Derbent Urban Okrug . According to the 1897 census, Derbent had 14,649 inhabitants, 9,767 of whom were Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani ) speakers (66.7%) and 1,004 were Russian speakers (6.9%). In 1916, Derbent had

765-415: The 19th century, the city passed from Persian into Russian hands by the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813. Derbent is derived from Persian " Darband " ( Persian : دربند , lit.   'Door/opening in a Barrier', from dar "door/gate" + band "barrier/dam", lit., "gate in the barrier" ), referring to the eastern-most pass in the high Caucasus Mountains (whence the putative "barrier/dam") on

816-399: The 33rd Shirvanshah, managed to keep the kingdom of Shirvan independent. Ibrahim I revived Shirvan's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to continue without paying tribute. Furthermore, Ibrahim also greatly increased the limits of his state. He conquered the city of Derbend in 1437. The Shirvanshahs integrated the city so closely with their political structure that a new branch of

867-643: The Armenian community, which numbered about 3,000 in the census of 1913. Excavations on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea, opposite to Derbent, revealed the Great Wall of Gorgan , the eastern counterpart to the wall and fortifications of Derbent. Similar Sassanian defensive fortifications there—massive forts, garrison towns, long walls—also run from the sea to the mountains. The Caliph Harun al-Rashid lived in Derbent and brought it into great repute as

918-610: The Caucasus ridge was over the Darial Gorge . A traditionally and historically Iranian city, the first intensive settlement in the Derbent area dates from the 8th century BC; the site was intermittently controlled by the Persian monarchs, starting from the 6th century BC. Until the 4th century AD, it was part of Caucasian Albania which was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and

969-656: The Caucasus. The first Sasanian attempt to seal off the road along the Caspian seacoast at Darband by means of a mud-brick wall has been dated in the reign of Yazdegerd II (438–457 AD). Movses Kagankatvatsi left a graphic description of the sack of Derbent by the hordes of Tong Yabghu of the Western Turkic Khaganate in 627. His successor, As mentioned by the Encyclopedia Iranica , ancient Iranian language elements were absorbed into

1020-792: The Great Eastern Sea". Derbent became a strong military outpost and harbour of the Sassanid Empire . During the 5th and 6th centuries, Derbent also became an important center for spreading the Christian faith in the Caucasus. During periods when the Sasanians were distracted by war with the Byzantines or protracted battles with the Hephthalites in the eastern provinces, the northern tribes succeeded in advancing into

1071-539: The Key in 2012, which alluded to the lives of Shirvanshah Manuchehr III and his family. The novel was dedicated to Nizami Ganjavi 's 870th jubilee. Aliyev claimed that Majnun was a son of Akhsitan I and Layla, a daughter of a wali of Baku. The novel goes on to claim that Nizami wrote Layla and Majnun in their honor and that the Maiden Tower was built in memory of Majnun. The novel received criticism because there

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1122-560: The Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I , the second shah of the Sassanid Persians. In the 5th century Derbent also functioned as a border fortress and the seat of a Sassanid marzban . The 20-meter-high (66 ft) walls with thirty north-looking towers are believed to belong to the time of Kavadh's son, Khosrau I , who also directed the construction of Derbent's fortress. Some say that

1173-761: The Rubas River, on the slopes of the Tabasaran Mountains (part of the Bigger Caucasus range). Derbent is well served by public transport, with its own harbor, a railway going south to Baku , and the Baku to Rostov-on-Don road. To the north of the town is the monument of the Kirk-lar, or forty heroes, who fell defending Dagestan against the Arabs in 728. To the south lies the seaward extremity of

1224-518: The Russian conquest, many Jews of rural Dagestan fled to Derbent, which became the spiritual center of the Mountain Jews . The Jewish population numbered 2,200 in 1897 (15% of total population) and 3,500 in 1903. In the middle of the 20th century, Jews constituted about a third of the population of Derbent. In 1989, there were 13,000 Jews in the city, but most emigrated after the dissolution of

1275-604: The Shirvan dynasty emerged from Derbend, the Derbenid dynasty. The Derbenid dynasty, being a cadet dynasty of Shirvan, inherited the throne of Shirvan in the 15th century. In the early 16th century, the kingdom of Shirvan was conquered by Shah Ismail of the Safavid dynasty. As Shah Ismail incorporated all the Shirvan possessions, he also inherited Derbend. Derbent stayed under Iranian rule, while occasionally briefly taken by

1326-530: The Shirvanshahs, had attempted, and on numerous times, succeeded, to conquer Derbend since the 18th Shirvanshah king, Afridun I , was appointed as the governor of the city. Over the centuries the city changed hands often. The 21st Shirvanshah king, Akhsitan I , briefly reconquered the city. However, the city was lost once again to the northern Kipchaks . After the Timurid invasion, Ibrahim I of Shirvan ,

1377-589: The Soviet Union . In 2002, there were 2,000 Jews with an active synagogue and community center. The chief rabbi of Derbent, Obadiah Isakov, was badly injured in an assassination attempt on July 25, 2013, sparking concerns of further acts of antisemitism targeting the Jewish community. In 2016, the Jewish population was down to 1,345. In the 2024 Dagestan attacks , a synagogue in Derbent was set on fire by armed gunmen, possibly affiliated with ISIS . The city

1428-771: The beaches of the Caspian Sea . (The other pass, the Darial Pass , is in the Central Caucasus Mountains, and likewise carries a Persian name, standing for "the Alan Pass/gate" – with the Alans being the modern Iranic Ossetians .) It is often identified with the Gates of Alexander , a legendary barrier supposedly built by Alexander the Great in the Caucasus . The Persian name for

1479-646: The capital of the Derbent Khanate of the same name. During the Persian Expedition of 1796 , Derbent was stormed by Russian forces under General Valerian Zubov , but the Russians were forced to retreat due to internal political issues, making it fall under Persian rule again. As a consequence of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, Derbent and wider Dagestan were ceded by Qajar Iran to

1530-762: The city after 20 days of siege in November 1024. Yazid faced a revolt by saddlers' guild ( Arabic : سَرَّاج , romanized :  sarrāj , lit.   'saddler') in 1025. Yazid's son (also possibly his heir, since he was entrusted with governorship of Shamakhi ) Anushirvan staged a palace coup in Shamakhi while he was away hunting in Gurzūl in 1025. Supported by locals, Anushirvan imprisoned his father's vizier Abd al-Aziz and looted his belongings. However his supporters soon changed sides and invited shah back to city. Anushirvan fled to nearby castle of Gulistan but

1581-603: The city came into use at the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, but Derbent was probably already in the Sasanian sphere of influence as a result of the victory over the Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I , the second shah of the Sassanid Persians. The geographical treatise Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr written in Middle Persian mentions

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1632-464: The direction of the Sassanid emperor Khosrow (Chosroes) I . A large portion of the walls and several watchtowers still remain in reasonable shape. The walls, reaching to the sea, date from the 6th century, Sassanid dynasty period. The city has a well-preserved citadel (Narin-kala), enclosing an area of 4.5 hectares (11 acres), enclosed by strong walls. Historical attractions include the baths,

1683-527: The emirate outlived its rival and continued to flourish at the time of the Mongol invasion in 1239. In the 14th century, Derbent was occupied by Timur 's armies. The Shirvanshahs dynasty existed as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1538; longer than any other dynasty in the Islamic world . They were renowned for their cultural achievements and geopolitical pursuits. The rulers of Shirvan, called

1734-521: The everyday speech of the population of Dagestan and Derbent especially during the Sassanian era, and many remain current. In fact, a deliberate policy of “ Persianizing ” Derbent and the eastern Caucasus, in general, can be traced over many centuries, from Khosrow I to the Safavid shahs Ismail I , and ʿAbbās the Great . According to the account in the later "Darband-nāma", after construction of

1785-461: The fortifications Khosrow I “moved much folk here from Persia”, relocating about 3,000 families from the interior of Persia in the city of Derbent and neighboring villages. This account seems to be corroborated by the Spanish Arab Ḥamīd Moḥammad Ḡarnāṭī, who reported in 1130 that Derbent was populated by many ethnic groups, including a large Persian-speaking population. In 643, Derbent

1836-557: The invasion of the Čōl, at the boundary of the Georgian Guard.). -Wėrōy-pahr: "The Georgian Guard" The old name of the fortress at Darband;... In Arabic texts the city was known as " Bāb al-Abwāb " ( Arabic : بَاب ٱلْأَبْوَاب , lit.   'Gate of all Gates'), simply as " al-Bāb " ( Arabic : ٱلْبَاب , lit.   'The Gate') or as " Bāb al-Hadid " ( Arabic : بَاب ٱلْحَدِيد , lit.   'Gate of Iron'). A similar name meaning "Iron Gate"

1887-488: The level of the Caspian was formerly higher and that the lowering of the water level opened an invasion route that had to be fortified. The chronicler Movses Kaghankatvatsi wrote about "the wondrous walls, for whose construction the Persian kings exhausted our country, recruiting architects and collecting building materials with a view of constructing a great edifice stretching between the Caucasus Mountains and

1938-451: The life of the city. The Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela mentions Jews living in Derbent in the 12th century, and Christian traveler Wilhelm of Rubruquis writes about a Jewish community in the 13th century. The first mention of Jews in Derbent in modern times is by a German traveler, Adam Olearius, in the 17th century. Derbent's Jewry suffered during the wars in the 18th century. Nadir Shah of Persia forced many Jews to adopt Islam. After

1989-409: The old name of the fortress – Wērōy-pahr (The Georgian Guard): šahrestan [ī] kūmīs [ī] panj-burg až-i dahāg pad šabestān kard. māniš [ī] *pārsīgān ānōh būd. padxwadayīh [ī] yazdgird ī šabuhrān kard andar tāzišn ī čōl wērōy-pahr [ī] an ālag. (The city of Kūmīs of five towers Aži Dahag made it his own harem. The abode of the Parthians was there. In the reign of Yazdgird, the son of Šabuhr made it during

2040-532: The region at the end of the ninth century, the Armenians living there were able to establish a kingdom, which lasted until the early years of the thirteenth century. The Holy Saviour Armenian Church still rises up in the skyline, though it is used as the Museum of Carpet, Arts and Crafts today due to the decline in the Armenian population. There was also a second Armenian church and two Armenian schools which served

2091-478: The region has halted development. The current fortification and walls were built by the Persian Sassanian Empire as a defensive structure against hostile nomadic people in the north, and continuously repaired or improved by later Arab, Mongol, Timurid, Shirvan, and Iranian kingdoms until the early course of the 19th century, as long as its military function lasted. The fortress was built under

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2142-519: Was a disaster with 400 Shirvanese cavalries dead, with vizier Musaddin b. Habashi killed. Following this, Yazid focused on restructuring his army and entrusted this job to his new vizier Abd al-Aziz and Abd al-Samad, two sons of Abbas Bardawi in 998. Next year, he attacked Abd al-Barr and captured Gurzūl castle (modern Girdadul, Qabala) from him. Yazid continued to intervene in Derbent affairs during his reign. After his accession, Maymun I attacked Bab al-Abwab and recaptured Emirate of Derbent which

2193-435: Was also responsible for changing the capital from Shamakhy to Baku after a devastating earthquake in 1192 (it has remained a prominent city in the region and is now the capital of Azerbaijan ). Many poets, including Nizami , Khaqani , Arif Ardabili , Falaki Shirvani , Jamal Khalil Shirvani , lived in the court of Kasranids. Ilgar Aliyev , an Azerbaijani writer, published an historical fiction novel The Secret and

2244-912: Was captured by freed vizier. Anushirvan died in prison not later. Yazid II was probably married to a daughter of a ruler of Shabaran who traced their descent from Sassanids . Most notably, starting after him Shirvanshahs took up Persian names and thus he is known as the progenitor of Kasranid branch of the dynasty. Yazid died in 1027 and was buried in Shabaran . He was succeeded by Manuchihr I . Two coins of him has been found and kept in Museum of History of Azerbaijan . These coins describe him with laqabs of al-Malik al-Muwaffaq al-Muzaffar Abu-Nasr. Derbent Derbent ( Russian : Дербе́нт ; Avar : Дербенд ; Azerbaijani : Дәрбәнд , romanized :  Dərbənd ; Lezgian : Кьвевар, Цал ; Rutul : Derbend ), formerly romanized as Derbend ,

2295-527: Was captured by the Arab Muslims, who called it the Gate of Gates ( Bab al-Abwab ), following their invasion of Persia . They transformed it into an important administrative center and introduced Islam to the area. The impression of antiquity evoked by these fortifications led many Arab historians to connect them with Khosrow I and to include them among the seven wonders of the world. The Darband fortress

2346-620: Was certainly the most prominent Sasanian defensive construction in the Caucasus and could have been erected only by an extremely powerful central government. Because of its strategic position on the northern branch of the Silk Route , the fortress was contested by the Khazars in the course of the Khazar-Arab Wars . The Sassanids had also brought Armenians from Syunik to help protect the pass from invaders; as Arab rule weakened in

2397-523: Was erected by order of Shirvanshah Salar . Siniggala mosque was one of the major works completed during the reign of Shirvanshah Fariburz . Pir Husayn Khanqah , one of the most unusual buildings of Shirvan architecture, was built under order of Shirvanshah Afridun I . The Gates of Baku were constructed during the reign of Shirvanshah Manuchehr III . His son, Akhsitan I continued building several castles and making reforms among Round tower of Mardakan , Quadrangular tower of Mardakan , Ramana Tower . He

2448-423: Was recorded 38.8°C (101.8°F) on August 29, 1995 and August 13, 1974 and lowest temperature was recorded -19.0°C (-2.2°F) on February 14, 1988 and February 3, 1994, and the highest lowest temperature recorded was 28.9°C (84.0°F) on July 6, 1990, July 12, 2010 and June 7, 1984, lowest high was -6.1°C (21.0°F) on January 15, 1993 and December 7, 2005. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Derbent serves as

2499-402: Was refused. Disagreement ended with execution of Abu Nasr. New emir of Derbent, Mansur I continued war with Shirvan with varying degree of success until 1019 when a revolt in Derbent deposed Mansur in favor of Shirvanshah. This state of affairs lasted only until 1021 when Mansur recaptured the citadel with help of Sarir . Just 2 years later Mansur was deposed again but he managed to recapture

2550-536: Was under dominion of Shirvan during reign of Muhammad. Later in 998/999, new emir Lashkari I (son of Maymun I) defeated Yazid who contested ownership of an estate near Derbent. Emir marched on Shabaran, however was defeated by Shirvan forces. Following the battle, captured brother of emir Abu Nasr was kept as hostage. Following a period of peace, Lashkari died in 1001/1002 and nobles of emirate asked for Abu Nasr to be succeeded. Yazid agreed to this on condition of marriage alliance and having suzerainty over Derbent, which

2601-415: Was used by Turkic peoples, in the form " Demirkapi ". Derbent's location on a narrow, three-kilometer strip of land in the North Caucasus between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains is strategic in the entire Caucasus region. Historically, this position allowed the rulers of Derbent to control land traffic between the Eurasian Steppe and the Middle East . The only other practicable crossing of

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