159-595: Keezhattur is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala , India . Poonthanam illam, the birthplace of "bhakthakavi" Poonthanam namboothiri, famous ancient Malayalam poet, is located here. The poonthanam illam is now a popular cultural centre. Keezhattur is a moderately large panchayat.The major place in keezhattur panchayat is kizhattur.'kizhattur pooram' is the major festival in keezhattur. Its administrative offices are located in Akkaparambu, which
318-538: A 1999 study by the Centre for Socio-economic & Environmental Studies, dropout rates in primary schools were significantly low. However, the study found that dropout rates increased notably in the ninth and tenth grades in Kerala. This was particularly true of SC/ST students. Schools showed that only 73% of the students joining at 1st Standard reach the 10th Standard. In the case of scheduled caste students, only 59% reached
477-591: A 2-year Master in Clinical Psychology. The courses in the conversion certificate would typically be the prerequisite knowledge for being successful in the Master program, and it would be universally the same courses. Similarly, to pursue a 2-year Master in Computer Science, individuals with a bachelor's degree in any field can obtain a conversion certificate covering 4 to 6 essential courses from
636-558: A Keralite. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Malabar coast . It was first printed and published in Lisbon . A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University , Cairo . In 1532 with
795-568: A catchment area of 1,114 km (430 sq mi) and a total runoff of 2189 million cubic feet. Bharathappuzha has a total length of 209 km. It flows as its tributary Thuthapuzha River through Thootha, Elamkulam , Pulamanthole in Malappuram-Palakkad district border, and joins the main river at Pallippuram. Then it again reaches the district from Thiruvegappura reaching at Kuttippuram after flowing through some neighbouring districts. Then it entirely flows through
954-525: A centenary. In 1983, Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam was established and is today a recognised premier university in the country. The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology Kottayam (Government Engineering college) is one among the few elite engineering institutes of the state and Medical College Kottayam is a premier government medical institute in the state. The district also has its media college St Joseph College of Communication Changanasserry and
1113-409: A century, educated nurses and IT professionals were the regular sources of immigrants. However, the changes in demand for skilled workers in this sector have altered the situation. Nurses with just one year of experience can now permanently migrate to foreign countries. Similarly, computer science engineers are drawn to the workforce requirements of expanding contract companies in other states, as well as
1272-620: A clinical focus, such as PharmD in 3 to 4 years, with a conversion certificate containing 6 to 8 essential courses from the bachelor's program in pharmacy. These options are not only available in medical fields but also in various science-related programs. For example, someone with a Bachelor degree in English can obtain a conversion certificate for psychology, covering 4 to 6 courses from the Bachelor program in Psychology, and use it to pursue
1431-469: A coastal area (lowland) bounded by Arabian Sea on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by Western Ghats on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as
1590-547: A commentary on this work, called Tantrasangraha-vakhya , of unknown authorship. The theorems were stated without proof, but proofs for the series for sine, cosine, and inverse tangent were provided a century later in the work Yuktibhāṣā (c.1500–1610), written in Malayalam, by Jyesthadeva , and also in a commentary on Tantrasangraha . Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe , provided what
1749-631: A history of multiple subject failures during their education in Kerala or India. Such arrangements are designed to provide opportunities for students to excel academically and achieve a better quality of life through education, a support system that is not present in Kerala. At international universities and colleges, students have the opportunity to transition into new career fields through conversion certificates, which typically cover 6 to 8 core subjects. These certificates allow individuals to pursue certain bachelor's and master's degrees in fields unrelated to their previous education. It depends on which degree
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#17327809997771908-587: A listed manner. This type of disjointed format intimidates students and discourages engagement, and presents challenges for educators. Additionally, textbooks in Kerala often use convoluted language instead of Plain English, hindering comprehension and failing to accommodate students with varying levels of English proficiency. Another issue is the lack of rigour within Kerala's educational system, where students are not required to attain an internationally-accepted minimum percentage to progress to advanced courses. In contrast, international universities and colleges demand
2067-757: A lot of private educational and training institutes, career colleges, etc. that run with and without regulation of a authorizing body, and many with authorizing body names that sound similar to a government related accrediting body like "Rural Allied Healthcare Skill Council Of India" or of reputable universities to deceive students into believing programs run by them are accredited and recognized. Major differentiating characteristic of these programs are that they are not recognized for further academic pursuits. Many programs that are provided through parallel accrediting bodies like Bharat Sevak Samaj (BSS), National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence (KASE), Kerala State RUTRONIX, etc. are not run with
2226-520: A minimum of 60 to 72 percent in each course to advance, resulting in better student proficiency. Students in Kerala are subjected to competitive marking processes by professors, resulting in discriminatory oppression and obstructing opportunities for students and their families to improve their lives through investment in academic pursuits. The perpetuation of this counterproductive systemic attribute that sows and reaps inequality in Kerala has led to reduced accessibility to educational programs, even when there
2385-472: A steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km... The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate
2544-647: A surge in educational advancements. The rulers implemented grants-in-aid to extend elementary education, categorized schools from primary to specialized colleges, and introduced free primary education for backward classes. Maharaja Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma's reign saw the establishment of various educational institutions, including the Victoria Medical School, a Normal School for girls, and the Sanskrit College. Reformatory schools for juvenile offenders were established, and technical education
2703-403: A trend of students migrating from Kerala to other states due to a lack of accessibility and quality of education. Since the mid-2010s, a trend of students migrating from Kerala to other countries for studies with the aim of permanent immigration has been observed. This trend began to change in 2020, as students who complete their Plus Two or school education started migrating for studies. This shift
2862-590: A vast forest area of 758.87 km (293.00 sq mi). In this, 325.33 km (125.61 sq mi) is reserved forests and the rest is vested forests. Of these, 80% is deciduous whereas the rest is evergreen . The forest area is mainly concentrated in Nilambur subdistrict, which shares its boundary with the hilly district of Wayanad , Western Ghats , and the hilly areas ( Nilgiris ) of Tamil Nadu . Trees like teak , rosewood , and mahogany are seen in Nilambur forest area. Bamboo hills are widely seen in
3021-529: Is a government body responsible for overseeing medical education in the state of Kerala, India. The DME functions under the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala. The primary responsibility of the Directorate of Medical Education is to regulate and supervise the functioning of medical colleges, dental colleges, nursing schools, and other allied health institutions in Kerala. Some of
3180-513: Is about 12 km away from Perinthalmanna , the largest city of Malappuram district. As of 2011 India census , Keezhattur had a population of 20,457 with 9,787 males and 10,670 females. Keezhattoor village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna town. National highway No.66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai . The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum . Highway No.966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore . The nearest airport
3339-675: Is also situated here and an Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram is also being set up. Trivandrum district holds the most number of colleges and schools in Kerala including 4 international schools, 30 professional colleges, and 38 vocational training institutes. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to most number of Research Centres in Kerala including ISRO , IISER , BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited , Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) etc. The Asian School of Business and IIITM-K are two of
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#17327809997773498-523: Is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The oldest Teak plantation in the world at Conolly's plot is situated at Chaliyar valley in Nilambur . The oldest Railway line in the state was laid from Tirur to Chaliyam in 1861, passing through Tanur , Parappanangadi , and Vallikkunnu . The second railway line in the state was also laid in the same year from Tirur to Kuttippuram via Tirunavaya . The Nilambur–Shoranur line , also laid in
3657-522: Is an education hub in Kerala. According to the 1991 census, Kottayam District of Kerala is the first district to achieve full literacy rate in the whole of India. One of the oldest colleges, CMS College Kottayam built by the CMS missionaries in 1815 and SB College Changanasserry built by Catholic Church clergies in 1922 were the first most reputed and noted institutions of higher education in central Travancore (now, Kottayam), that has now stood for more than
3816-513: Is at Kozhikode . The nearest railway station is at Pattikkad . This article related to a location in Malappuram district , Kerala , India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Malappuram district Malappuram ( Malayalam: [mɐlɐpːurɐm] ), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala , with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). The most populous district of Kerala, Malappuram
3975-526: Is at Malappuram . It is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. Local self-government institutions are divided into two categories: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats (Rural local bodies). The district comprises 12 municipalities established to administer urban areas ( statutory towns ). Each municipality has its own elected council and is responsible for local governance, urban planning, and providing essential services within its respective jurisdiction. A chairperson and vice chairperson, elected by
4134-581: Is at Mukurthi (2594 m), which lies east of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary on the border of Kerala with Tamil Nadu. The lowest point is located at Mampad (115 m). The hilly forested area of Nilambur forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, Palakkad Gap to
4293-622: Is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February. The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to
4452-1560: Is considered and given chances to achieve a better life through education. These adjustments aim to realign social design patterns and address counterproductive systems by aligning with the humanistic and self-expanding values of Keralites through meaningful nudges. They also plan to remove traditional cross-entry restrictions to higher education programs, enabling students to capture job sectors they can, and to restructure and match their program curriculum's and evaluation processes to popular study-abroad locations for increasing both opportunity and student caliber by international standards. Additionally, they aim to create internationally standardized (i.e., equating credits or credit hours and syllabi) accelerated bachelor's programs and short master's programs in professional education sectors to attract foreign investors looking for availability of quality manpower, develop industry-related, and modern programs with modern educational delivery structures for widening student population (K-Reap), and to regulate predatory study-abroad agencies and their advertisements. Kerala also aims to create emerging programs that can attract students to stay and pursue studies and find qualitative careers in Kerala, institute work-integrated learning (WIL) opportunities through memorandums of understanding (MOUs) with credible organizations, reduce class sizes, increase student well-being comforts, and services, and provide training to professors to increase competency in delivering educational services. The government stated that
4611-666: Is essential or considered possible in a standalone manner for practicing in the new field. For instance, a person with a Bachelor degree in English can obtain a conversion certificate for nursing, comprising 6 to 8 courses, and use it to complete a Bachelor degree in Nursing in two years, as a Bachelor degree is essential for practicing as a registered Nurse. Similarly, individuals interested in medical radiation and imaging technology can pursue related bachelor programs within 2 years. When considering Master's programs, individuals with any Bachelor degree can pursue integrated master's programs with
4770-570: Is found to be driven by the lack of international recognition of Kerala's higher educational qualifications as equivalent and the limited availability of quality job opportunities within Kerala. This has become prevalent due to the deteriorating social and polieconomical state of the country, lack of opportunity to make sustainable living, lack of state's ability to be inclusive of needs of families and individuals of all socioeconomic status , and ability to innovate and capture trends of modern higher education that meets its populations needs. Additionally,
4929-497: Is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km (1,372 sq mi). It is the third-largest district of Kerala by area. It is bounded by Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea on either side. The district is divided into seven Taluks : Eranad , Kondotty , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi . Malayalam
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5088-484: Is in overall charge of fishery education in the state. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development, is in overall charge of development and administration of fisheries institutions in the state. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU) is a state university dedicated to veterinary and animal sciences. It is headquartered in Pookode, Wayanad. There are many government agencies which support
5247-456: Is in overall charge of higher education in the state. The Higher Education Department is the administrative department responsible for higher education, university education, and collegiate education in the state. The Kerala Medical Council (KMC) is responsible for regulating and overseeing medical education in the state. It sets the guidelines and standards for medical colleges, courses, and examinations. The Directorate of Medical Education (DME)
5406-460: Is just 8 km long. It is connected to major rivers via Conolly Canal . Several larger and smaller tributaries and streams of the major rivers described above also flows through the district. Four estuaries are there – Padinjarekara Azhimukham at Purathur where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, Puthuponnani promontary where Conolly Canal flows into
5565-476: Is located at Kalpakanchery village (104 m) in Tirur Taluk. The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with Nadapuram - Mavur undulating plains to the north, Chaliyar river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, Pattambi undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and
5724-913: Is no genuine social or economic pressure for instituting such limitations geographically. Despite living in an era where digital delivery of education is possible, higher education systems in Kerala have failed to embrace this opportunity to implement changes that would make education accessible to the masses. Overall, this predicament, among other significant factors, has significantly contributed to students migrating for higher education to neighboring states and countries that are rooted in socialist and liberalistic principles in matters of education. Many international institutions are accommodating towards students with lower passing percentages in their previous academic pursuits, offering readiness or prerequisite courses that ensure their success in continuing education. This inclusivity extends to international students as well, such as for students from Kerala who may have lower marks or
5883-488: Is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala. Before that, local schools were formed by wealthy families or by teachers known as kudipallikudam where children were taught language/literature, mathematics etc. Tamil and Sanskrit were given special status while Malayalam
6042-768: Is responsible for the overall governance and development of higher education in the state. It formulates policies, plans, and implements programs related to higher education. Specialized institutions of higher education specializes in fields such as engineering, medicine, agriculture, architecture, and pharmacy. Some notable institutions in this category include the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Kozhikode, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Calicut, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Mangalapuram, and College of Engineering, Trivandrum. Kerala has several universities that offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various disciplines. Some of
6201-681: Is situated in Manjeri. The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two Family Courts (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur . The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and
6360-625: Is situated opposite to Kuttippuram town while Sukapuram lies in Edappal . The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu
6519-656: Is the first community reserve in Kerala. It has now been declared as an eco-tourism centre. A bird sanctuary at Padinjarekkara estuary in Purathur was proposed in 2010. Tirunavaya is known for its lotus fields. The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill, Malappuram . The district administration is headed by the District collector . He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections. Additional District Magistrate in
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6678-542: Is the first government aided engineering institution after India's independence and is the first of its kind in the state. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham runs their Schools of Arts and Sciences, Ayurveda, Biotechnology, Business, Engineering, and Social Work institutions in Amritapuri in Kollam metropolitan area . There are several prominent arts and science, law, engineering, and management education institutions situated at
6837-407: Is the language of instruction in most private schools, but government-run schools offer both English and Malayalam as medium. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams— humanities , commerce or science . Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional degree programs. There are also
6996-672: Is the most spoken language. The district has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf during the Gulf Boom of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. Malappuram was the first e-literate as well as the first cyber literate district of India. The district has four major rivers, namely Bharathappuzha , Chaliyar , Kadalundippuzha , and Tirur Puzha , out of which
7155-433: Is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. Malappuram district shares its border with the following 12 Taluks of 5 districts. On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions: The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from Vallikkunnu at the north to Perumpadappu at the south. It makes its boundaries with
7314-727: The Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin. The Arabs had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages. The original headquarters of the Palakkad Raja s were also at Athavanad . The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean , reaching Calicut in May 1498. At
7473-712: The Government of Kerala . It was developed to support ICT enabled education for schools in the state. The erstwhile IT@School Project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017. Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools. Kerala was rated highly in the School Education Quality Index published by NITI Aayog in 2019. Schools in Kerala 2019–20 Total 5510 8062 1454 According to
7632-618: The Kingdom of Cochin , was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, Perumpadappu , which is located 10 km south to Puthuponnani , in Ponnani taluk . When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut , the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to Kodungallur , and later they moved to Kochi , where they established the Kingdom of Cochin . By 1250–1300 CE, almost whole of the district came under
7791-657: The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India . It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused
7950-511: The National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹ 41 (49¢ US) for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India. The schools and colleges in Kerala are run by the government or private trusts and individuals. All
8109-527: The Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east, Mannarkad -Palakkad forested hills to the south, and the Chaliyar river basin to the west. It is a part of the Western Ghats. Several peaks having an elevation of more than 1000m from the sea level are seen here. The highest altitude of this region
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#17327809997778268-616: The Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504) . However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut . Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan , who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature , was born at Tirur ( Vettathunadu ) during Portuguese period. The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics that flourished between
8427-509: The Vazhayur in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here. The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of Chaliyar and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills. The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as
8586-480: The Western Ghats . However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature. The remains of pre-historic symbols including Dolmens , Menhirs , and Rock-cut caves have found from various parts of district. Rock-cut caves have found from Puliyakkode , Thrikkulam , Oorakam , Melmuri , Ponmala , Vallikunnu , and Vengara . The ancient maritime port of Tyndis , which
8745-922: The 10th standard. 60% of Scheduled Tribe students drop out by the 10th standard. In March 2011, 91.37% students qualified for higher studies in the matriculation Examination. The grades in SSLC examination plays an important role in the admission procedure to colleges in Kerala. In Kerala, school education is divided into three stages, viz., VHSE offers job-oriented courses to students at the higher secondary level (11th and 12th grades) and aims to provide them with practical skills and training for employment. The VHSE courses are designed to equip students with specific vocational skills in various fields such as agriculture, commerce, engineering, health sciences, humanities, and technology. These courses are intended to prepare students for immediate employment after completing their higher secondary education. The Department of Higher Education
8904-689: The 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in Vettathunadu ( Tirur region ). In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy Francisco de Almeida raided Ponnani and started building a fortress there in 1585. The district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars , and the Portuguese for the monopoly in spice trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing
9063-488: The 14th and 16th centuries. The original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts. Their most important results—series expansion for trigonometric functions—were described in Sanskrit verse in a book by Neelakanta called Tantrasangraha , and again in
9222-449: The 1800s showed that Travancore , Cochin , and Kannur areas have many such schools. The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala mainly based at Vettathunadu (present-day Tirur region), which included among its members: Parameshvara , Neelakanta Somayaji , Jyeshtadeva , Achyuta Pisharati , Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , and Achyuta Panikkar . The school flourished between
9381-701: The 18th century, the de facto Mysore kingdom rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan unified all smaller feudal states in the Northern Kerala and they were made part of the Kingdom of Mysore . For a short span of time in 1766, Manjeri was the headquarters of Sultan Hyder Ali . When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Calicut was besieged by the Mysore Sultan Haidar 'Ali (18th century AD), the Zamorin sent his family members to Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani. The Battle of Tirurangadi
9540-577: The 19th century was Archbishop Bernardine Baccinelli , who started a system called "A school along with every church" to make education available for both poor and rich. That system still continues in the present. His work has resulted in the promotion of education for girls. Mother Eliswa , a widow turned nun, started a school for girls in Kerala. Under reign of the Travancore rulers, Maharaja Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma (1880–1885) and Maharaja MoolamThirunal Rama Varma (1885–1924), Kerala experienced
9699-722: The Arabian Sea at Chaliyam . Several larger and smaller tributaries of Chaliyar are there in the valley of Nilambur Taluk. Karimpuzha , the largest tributary of Chaliyar, and Thuthapuzha , one of the largest tributaries of Bharathappuzha, and Olipuzha, one of the largest tributaries of the Kadalundi River, also flow through district. Kadalundi River passes through Melattur , Keezhattur , Pandikkad , Manjeri , Malappuram , Panakkad , Parappur , Vengara , Tirurangadi , Parappanangadi , Vallikkunnu , and empties itself into Arabian Sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in Vallikkunnu on
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#17327809997779858-856: The Bachelor program in Computer Science. However, such a flexible system empowering students is not present in Kerala. Political activities within Kerala colleges frequently disrupt education, leading to violence, intimidation, and sometimes fatalities. In international universities, political activities serve as opportunities for building teamwork and governance skills, focusing on advocacy causes rather than representing national parties or ideologies. Additionally, instances of sexual misconduct and harassment in Kerala institutions often go unpunished, with victims silenced, while international institutions swiftly dismiss perpetrators and provide health support for victims. Furthermore, discrimination based on socioeconomic status, religion, and skin colour remains prevalent in Kerala's higher education institutions, magnified by
10017-586: The Battle at Chaliyam fort of 1571. Chaliyam was the northern border of Vettathunadu . During that battle, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Mappilas of Ponnani , Tanur , and Parappanangadi . The Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by
10176-891: The British officials alone. The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in South Malabar during the British rule. The Malabar Special Police was headquartered at Malappuram . MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig Barracks on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the Kadalundi River , to station their forces. The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in British Malabar . That conference declared that
10335-514: The District Panchayat, and one Panchayat-nominated member besides a chairman and a Secretary. The chairman post is reserved for a District Panchayat ex-officio and the secretary post for a District Collector ex-officio. The judicial headquarters of the district is at Manjeri . 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, Malappuram , Tirur , Perinthalmanna , Parappanangadi , Ponnani , and Nilambur . After
10494-760: The Educational sector as in March 2020. Kerala is also one of the Indian states which spend a larger proportion of its revenue for human resource development including educational and healthcare uplifting. Kerala is mostly literate In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India. As of 2007 , enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity
10653-543: The Kozhikode coast to the north, Malappuram undulating plain to the east, the Thrissur coast to the south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. The region is drained by the major rivers like Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathappuzha, Tirurpuzha, etc. canals and backwaters. The region is coconut-fringed. The coastal plain slopes towards the west very gently. The major towns including Ponnani , Edappal , Tirur , Valanchery , Kuttippuram , Tanur , Tirurangadi , and Parappanangadi lies in this region. The maximum height of this region
10812-608: The Malabar region. In 1818, the British missionary Rev. J. Dawson initiated the establishment of an English School in Mattancherry with financial aid from the Cochin Government. Dr. Hermann Gundert , associated with the Basel Mission, significantly contributed to Malayalam language and literature by compiling the first Malayalam grammar book, Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam, and preparing the initial Malayalam-English dictionary in 1872. The Basel Mission, under W.T. Ringletaube , made strides in education, setting up schools in Nagercoil and nearby areas between 1806 and 1816. In 1824, Basel Mission
10971-478: The Malappuram district. The headquarters of these police sub-divisions are located in the following areas: Malappuram , Kondotty , Perinthalmanna , Tirur , Tanur , and Nilambur . Each police sub-division is headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police , and each police station is overseen by a Station House Officer with the rank of Inspector of Police . Malappuram Police District, along with Palakkad, Thrissur city, and Thrissur rural police districts, comes under
11130-433: The Malayalam fortnightly magazine Keralopakari in May 1874, covering world news, weather reports, and agricultural news. Gundert's efforts in introducing sophisticated printing technology and publishing textbooks were instrumental in boosting education in the region. His contribution to Malayalam language and literature remains a lasting legacy in Kerala's educational history. The 19th-century educational landscape of Kerala
11289-400: The Nilambur valley. Forests are protected by two divisions- Nilambur north and Nilambur south. The Kerala Forest Research Institute has a subcentre at Nilambur. Important types of fish found in the coastal and inland areas of the district include Prawn , Oil Sardine , Silver belly , Shark , Catfish , Mackerel , Skate , Chemba, Soll fish, Seer fish , and Ribbonfish . Nilambur Teak is
11448-451: The Portuguese. The rise of the Dutch monopoly caused the Portuguese dominance also to decline. The cultural renaissance followed by the unrest of the 16th century produced the poets such as Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan and Poonthanam Nambudiri , who were instrumental in the development of Malayalam literature into the current form, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , who was also a member of
11607-440: The Portuguese. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur , who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut , sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode . As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur ( Vettathunadu ) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin . Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from Vettom . However,
11766-535: The Samoothiri to strike at Tirunavaya . The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of Kottakkal , Malappuram , Manjeri , and Nilambur . It was thus that Perumpadappu and a larger portion of Valluvanad came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of Tirunavaya , neighbouring Triprangode , and Ponnani . Under
11925-430: The Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included Parappanangadi , Tanur , and Ponnani . Parappanangadi ( Barburankad ), Tirurangadi ( Tiruwarankad ), Tanur , and Ponnani ( Funan ) were also important among
12084-705: The Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at Mankada near Angadipuram was the seat of ruling family of the Valluvanad Rajas . Azhvanchery Mana , which was the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal , who was the supreme head of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is located at Athavanad near Kuttippuram , in Tirur Taluk . Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of Kalpakanchery in Kingdom of Tanur were usually present at
12243-715: The absence of protective guidelines or measures, and social education and ethical consciousness about those topics. Consequently, many students are discouraged from pursuing higher education in Kerala due to the growing and unaddressed soft infrastructure problems and perpetuation of inequalities within the state's higher education landscape. Thiruvananthapuram , the state's major academic hub, University of Kerala and several professional education colleges, including 15 engineering colleges, three medical colleges, three ayurveda colleges, two colleges of homeopathy , six other medical colleges, and several law colleges. Trivandrum Medical College , Kerala's premier health institute, one of
12402-558: The coastal region. Perinthalmanna , Eranad , and Kondotty lie in midland whereas the Nilambur subdistrict lies on the high range. Besides the Civil Station at Malappuram to coordinate the district-level administration, there are Mini-Civil Stations at Manjeri , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Tirurangadi , Tanur , Tirur , Kuttippuram , and Ponnani to coordinate the Taluk -level administrative activities. Revenue villages are
12561-535: The colonial era, is one among the shortest and picturesque Short Gauge Railway Lines in India. The term, Malappuram , which means "over the hill" in Malayalam , derives from geography of Malappuram , the administrative headquarters of the district. The midland area of district is characterised by several undulating hills such as Arimbra hills , Amminikkadan hills , Oorakam Hill , Cheriyam hills , Pandalur hills , and Chekkunnu hills , all of which lie away from
12720-620: The councilors, heads each municipality. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards, from each of which a councilor is elected for a term of five years. Education in Kerala The importance and antiquity of education in Kerala are underscored by the state's ranking as among the most literate in the country. The educational transformation of Kerala was triggered by the efforts of both Church Mission Society missionaries like Jon Munro and clergy of Catholic church like Fr Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Fr Charles Lavigne and were
12879-562: The declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the British Raj . The Wagon tragedy took place following the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921. The erstwhile Madras presidency became Madras State following the independence of India in 1947 . Malappuram revenue division was one of the five revenue divisions in the erstwhile Malabar District with
13038-411: The district. Bharathappuzha empties itself into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani . Tirunavaya , Kuttippuram , Triprangode , Irimbiliyam , Thavanur , and Ponnani are some important towns on the bank of Bharathappuzha. Tirur River is 48 km long. It joins with Bharathappuzha at Padinjarekara near Ponnani. Besides these large rivers, the district has a small river called Purapparamba River, which
13197-533: The district: Perinthalmanna and Tirur . The subdistricts of Ponnani , Tirur , Tirurangadi , and Kondotty are included in the Tirur revenue division whereas the remaining Nilambur , Eranad and Perinthalmanna combine to form the Perinthalmanna revenue division. The revenue divisional office is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer / Sub Collector (RDO), who is also the sub-divisional magistrate of
13356-525: The districts bordering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also offer instruction in Kannada or Tamil languages . A handful of Government Sanskrit Schools provide instruction in Sanskrit supplemented by Malayalam, English, Tamil or Kannada. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams— liberal arts , commerce or science . Upon completing
13515-521: The education sector. Prominent among these entities were Nair Service Samajam (NSS) , Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam), and the Muslim Education Society (MES) . The level of government support for these organizations fluctuated over time, reflecting a noteworthy evolution in the government's perspective on these developments over the years. The establishment of Karukachal English School in 1915 marked entry of NSS into
13674-701: The establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex. Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna , Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram
13833-408: The field of education. The major leaders in the education field at that time were Catholic churches, Nair Service Society, SNDP Yogam, Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sabha, Muslim Education Society (MES), and a few individuals. The Kerala Education Act of 1958 provided for the better organization and development of educational institutions. According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of
13992-455: The finest in the country, is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). The College of Engineering, Trivandrum , is one of the prominent engineering institutions in the state. The Asian School of Business and IIITM-K are two of the other premier management study institutions in the city, both situated inside Technopark . The Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , first of its kind in India,
14151-501: The first forest produce to get its own GI tag. Tirur Vettila , a type of Betel found in Tirur , has also obtained GI tag. About 50 Acre of Mangroves forest is found in Vallikkunnu , located in coastal area of the district. Mangroves are widely seen in the other coastal regions too. Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary lies in Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat of the district. Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve
14310-554: The first girls' school, Baker Memorial Girls’ School in Kottayam in 1819, marking a historic milestone in female education. CMS's emphasis on education brought about a radical change in the social structure of Kerala, challenging traditional norms. The split between the Syrian church and CMS in 1835–40 led to the founding of the Marthoma Church , which independently established numerous English schools. A significant figure in
14469-491: The first naval defense of the Indian coast. Tanur town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. The towns of Ponnani and Parappanangadi were burnt by the Portuguese in the years 1525 and 1573–74 respectively. Some of the kings of Kingdom of Cochin in the 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar coast, were usually selected from the royal family of Kingdom of Tanur . Portuguese were expelled from Kingdom of Tanur with
14628-413: The first three are also among the five longest rivers in Kerala . Malappuram metropolitan area is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi, Calicut, and Thrissur urban areas and the 25th largest in India with a total population of 1.7 million. 44.2% of the district's population reside in the urban areas according to the 2011 census of India. Being home to 4 universities in
14787-484: The forest. Karimpuzha wildlife sanctuary in the district is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state. The New Amarambalam Reserved Forest , which is a part of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary , has a variety of fauna. A variety of animals including elephants, deer, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, boars, rabbits, birds, and reptiles are found in forests. Forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected from here. Nedumkayam Rainforest also exists in
14946-424: The freedom to design their own curriculum, conduct examinations, and award degrees. These colleges often have a reputation for academic excellence and offer a variety of courses. Kerala has a network of polytechnic colleges that offer diploma and certificate courses in engineering, technology, and allied disciplines. These colleges focus on practical and technical education. From the mid-2000s onward, there has been
15105-778: The general term kalaris , some of which taught martial arts , but other village schools run by Ezhuthachans were for imparting general education. Christian missionaries and British rule brought the modern school education system to Kerala. Ezhuthu palli was the name used in earlier times. The word was derived from the schools run by the Buddhist monasteries. For centuries, villages used to set up an ezhuthupally or ashan pallikoodam with one or two teachers. Students used to go this school from nearby areas and learn languages, literature, mathematics, grammar etc. After completing this, students may continue study about specific subjects such as ayurveda , astrology , accounting etc. Censuses during
15264-551: The government, private trusts, or individuals. Each school is affiliated with either the Kerala Board of Public Examination (KBPE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most private schools, while government run schools offer English or Malayalam as the medium of instruction. Government-run schools in
15423-853: The heart of the city namely Fatima Mata National College , SN College, SN Law College , Bishop Jerome Institute etc. The Kollam Government Medical College in Parippally , Travancore Medical College Hospital in Mevaram , and Azeezia Medical College in Meeyannoor are the 3 medical institutions in the district. Sree Narayanaguru Open University , the state's own open university named after Narayana Guru , has its headquarters at Kollam city. State-owned institutions namely Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction , Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala , Kerala Maritime Institute , and Kerala State Institute of Design are located at
15582-525: The help of the ruler of Tanur , a chapel was built at Chaliyam , together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels. The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce
15741-693: The jurisdiction of Thrissur Range Police . The District Police Office, District Special Branch, District Crime Records Bureau, District 'C' Branch, Narcotic Cell, District Police Control Room, Cyber Cell, Women Cell, and Telecommunication Unit are at Malappuram . The coastal police station is at Ponnani whereas the District Armed Reserve Camp is situated at Padinhattummuri. The traffic Units of Malappuram police are centered at Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty , Perinthalmanna, and Tirur. The headquarters of Malabar Special Police (formed in 1884), an armed police battalion under Kerala Police ,
15900-449: The jurisdiction of Eranad (Manjeri) and Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) Taluks. The other four revenue divisions in the Malabar district were Thalassery , Kozhikode , Palakkad , and Fort Cochin . On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed on linguistic basis. The district of Malappuram was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 Gram panchayats at
16059-567: The leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class. Malabar Rebellion was the last and important among the revolts. The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in Eranad , Valluvanad , Ponnani , and Kozhikode taluks by 28 August 1921. However less than six months after
16218-439: The lifestyle opportunities available in such areas. Those who are unable to achieve these milestones are opting to study abroad to re-educate in their fields, improve their chances, and to avoid in an extend of being in the growing opo sedae generation in Kerala. In 2019, it was estimated that around 30,000 Keralite students annually migrated from India alone for higher education. In 2023, one study abroad agency, among many others,
16377-484: The local Nair and Mappila forces on the other side, ultimately led to the decline of Arab monopoly of foreign trade in the coastal towns. Unmindful of Portuguese opposition, the Zamorin entered into a treaty with the Dutch East India Company on 11 November 1604. This was followed by another treaty in 1608, which confirmed the earlier treaty and the Dutch assured assistance to Zamorin in expelling
16536-498: The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics . By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at Ponnani and Kozhikode . Though the arrival of William Keeling in 1650 was a beginning for the monopoly of the British East India Company in the region, they weren't able to establish supremacy until 1792. During
16695-402: The months of February/April, thousands of migratory birds arrive here. Located close to Ponnani is Biyyam Kayal, a placid, green-fringed waterway with a water sports facility. The Conolly Canal meets with Arabian Sea at Puthuponnani . The coastal town of Tanur was the capital of the Kingdom of Vettathunad in the early medieval period, and is known for Keraladeshpuram Temple . Parappanangadi
16854-775: The name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty . The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur . Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal , which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE). The Zamorin of Calicut originally belonged to Nediyiruppu at Kondotty in Eranad before he shifted his seat to
17013-550: The neighbouring Kozhikode . Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis , similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad . The rulers of Eranad were known by the title Eralppad / Eradi . It was the ruler of Eranad ( Eradi of Nediyiruppu ) who established the kingdom of Calicut and developed Kozhikode as a major port city in the Malabar Coast . Just after that,
17172-473: The northeast, Nilgiri hills to the east, Palakkad district to the southeast, Thrissur district to the southwest, and Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km , which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E – 77°E longitude and 10°N – 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has
17331-670: The northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi River originates from the Western Ghats at the western border of the Silent Valley and flows through the district. Olippuzha and Veliyar merge to form Kadalundi River in Keezhattur . Kadalundi River passes through Eranad and Valluvanad regions. It has a length of 130 km, with
17490-608: The offer. In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of Beypore , Chaliyam , Tanur , and Kodungallur , and the Koya of Kozhikode. As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at Ponnani became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to
17649-525: The old administrative records of the Madras Presidency , it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844. Out of the 3,554 km area of district, 1,034 km (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense. The northeastern part of district has
17808-541: The other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts functioning in Malappuram District. The Malappuram District Police, a division of Kerala Police , is entrusted with law enforcement and investigations within the district. The District Police Office is situated in Malappuram, and headed by a District Police Chief with the rank of Superintendent of Police (SP). There are six police sub-divisions and 36 police stations in
17967-1428: The other premier management study institutions in the city, both situated inside Technopark . The Indian Institute of Space Technology, the unique and first of its kind in India, is situated in the state capital. Thiruvananthapuram is a Research and Development hub in the fields of space science , information technology , bio-technology , and medicine . It is home to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute , ER&DC – CDAC , CSIR – National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Free Software Foundation of India (FSFI), Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Priyadarsini Planetarium, The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library , Chief Disease Investigation Office(CDIO) Palode, Kerala Highway Research Institute, Kerala Fisheries Research Institute, etc. A scientific institution named National centre for molecular materials, for
18126-485: The outskirts of Kollam city. Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam city. Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district. Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , and Madhya Pradesh arrive at Kollam for coaching. Kottayam is the first pioneer of higher education and
18285-524: The overall objective of these changes is to improve citizens' potential for better lifetime earnings and to provide realistic agency in a globalized labor market, benefiting both individuals and the nation as a whole. Kerala's higher education system grapples with numerous challenges, especially when compared internationally. There are significant shortcomings within the educational framework, where courses are diluted and often structured in an ambiguous manner, impeding students' ability to grasp and engage with
18444-569: The pioneers that promoted mass education in Kerala, in the early decades of the 19th century. The local dynastic precursors of modern-day Kerala , primarily the Travancore Royal Family, the Nair Service Society , Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam), and Muslim Educational Society (MES), also made significant contributions to the progress on education in Kerala. Local schools were known by
18603-663: The port at Tyndis , was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with
18762-444: The prominent universities in the state include: Kerala has numerous government and private colleges affiliated with universities. College level education started in the 1860s, however the first university was established in 1937. These colleges offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in arts, science, commerce, engineering, medicine, law, management, and other disciplines. There are several autonomous colleges in Kerala that have
18921-481: The purpose of permanently immigrating there. Kerala is planning to bring changes in higher education to attract and retain students who pass higher secondary schools and immigrate as it has a deleterious effect on the income of the state's educational institutions and achieving national growth. Among these changes, the state plans to primarily relax its entry baseline for programs to 50% and the required minimum passing percentage from programs to 60%, ensuring that everyone
19080-467: The quality of school education in Kerala. The Directorate of General Education is the topmost administrative wing of School Education. The other agencies are SCERT (State Council for Educational Research and Training), SSK (Samagra Shiksha Kerala), Kite, SIEMAT (State Institute for Educational management and Training), and SIET (State Institute for Educational Technology). The KITE Kerala is a state owned special purpose company under education department of
19239-648: The rank of Deputy Collector (General) provides support to District Collector in all the administrative activities. Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts (taluks). For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 municipalities are there. There are two revenue divisions in
19398-788: The rapidly-changing pace of the globalised world. Publishers recognised by international academia provide students with online learning websites, which professors can use to track student progress and as assessment tools. They teaching aids and review classes to enhance the student learning experience and empower the teaching staff. In contrast, textbooks prescribed and available in Kerala lack international recognition and are of inferior quality compared to those used in international universities, lacking details, conceptual connections, and grammatical correctness. For instance, mathematics-related textbooks available in Kerala for higher education often lack explanatory content for equations and solutions, with portions of solutions missing, and are generally presented in
19557-782: The region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. The river Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st–4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland. The Kurumathur inscription found near Areekode dates back to 871 CE. Three inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya ), Kottakkal , and Chaliyar , mention
19716-592: The renowned medical colleges in Kerala include Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram; Calicut Medical College, Kozhikode; Government Medical College, Manjeri; Government Medical College, Pathanamthitta, among others. Kerala has a dedicated fishery university known as Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS). Established in 2010, KUFOS is the first fishery university in India. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in fisheries science, aquaculture, fishery biology, fishing technology, and related disciplines. The Department of Fisheries
19875-430: The required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional degree programmes. Kerala topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007. In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam. Around 18% of the total employees in the organized sector of state, both public and private, are employed in
20034-510: The required integrity, and hence courses taken through such programs are not transferrable. The Minister of General Education, who is a member of the state legislature, is in overall charge of school education in the state. The following Directorates implement those education aspects which are under the control of the General Education Department . The Minister of Higher Education, who is a member of state legislator,
20193-744: The research and development of biomedical devices and space electronics is to be established in Thiruvananthapuram. College of Architecture Trivandrum(CAT), which specialise only on the architecture course, is another institution proposed to set up in the suburbs of the city. The city of Kollam and its suburbs have plenty of educational institutes including medical colleges, engineering colleges, business management institutions, architectural institutes, state institutes dealing with fashion, design, construction studies, and marine studies. The Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering in Karikode
20352-562: The rest are either un-aided or technical schools. Each school is affiliated with either the State Council of Educational Research and Training, Kerala (SCERT Kerala), Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), though some schools in the state do offer Cambridge International Examination's IGCSE curriculum. English
20511-464: The revenue division. The revenue divisional offices are at Tirur and Perinthalmanna respectively. A taluk (sub-district) is an administrative division within a district. There are 7 taluks in Malappuram district, and each taluk is headed by a Tahsildar, who is responsible for land revenue administration and executive magisterial functions. Nilambur is the largest subdistrict ( Taluk ) in Kerala. Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi subdistricts lie in
20670-655: The rise of unregulated and predatory study abroad agencies that have mushroomed in every major town's and cities offering qualitative and competent benefits that are often untrue exacerbates the situation. In 2024, it was estimated that students from Kerala had migrated to 54 countries. Experts opine that while in the past, migration of individuals in their adulthood was due to economic distress, resulting in inbound money transfers. Now, it has become migration of young adults (18 to 24 years old) as students due to socioeconomic distress and cultural factors, resulting in outbound transfers of funds and drainage of wealth. For more than half
20829-526: The rule of Zamorin. The Mamankam festival , which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at Tirunavaya , which lies on the northern bank of the river Bharathappuzha , in the district. The rivalry that existed between the Nambudiris in the Nambudiri villages of Panniyoor and Chowwara (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala. Panniyoor
20988-403: The ruler of Parappanangadi , Caramanlii (King of Beypore ?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them ) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort . The continuous wars led by the Portuguese on one side and the Zamorin who had the support of the Arab merchants, and
21147-545: The rulers of Parappanad ( Parappanangadi ) and the Vettathunadu ( Tanur ) became vassals of Zamorin. The Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of Travancore royal family . Besides, a larger portion of Valluvanad Kovilakams (Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakkal, and Ponnani) also became vassals of the Zamorin. The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam , who later became
21306-562: The schools in Kerala are under the administrative control of General Education Department and under which the Directorate of General Education is the biggest administrative umbrella. The Director of General Education (erstwhile Director of Public Instruction) is the administrative head of the school administration. Majority of public schools are affiliated with the SCERT Kerala . There are 15,892 schools affiliated to SCERT, of which 5,986 are government schools , 8,183 are aided schools, and
21465-525: The sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at Tanur , and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at Vallikkunnu in the northwestern border of the district. The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks. Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station during British Raj . Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Kodakkal . ...nowadays
21624-743: The south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. Kodikuthimala is one among them. The Kadalundi River drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at Makkaraparamba . Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state). The coastal belt of Malappuram lies in three municipal towns, namely Tanur , Ponnani , and Parappanangadi , and eight Gram panchayats namely Vallikkunnu , Tanalur , Niramaruthur , Vettom , Mangalam , Purathur , Veliyankode , and Perumbadappu . Ponnani, Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Padinjarekkara Beach , all of which lie in
21783-597: The state started its function from Tirur to Chaliyam on 12 March 1861, with the oldest railway station at Tirur . The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolts against
21942-620: The state, including the University of Calicut , Malappuram is a hub of higher education in Kerala. The district comprises 2 revenue divisions , 7 taluks , 12 municipalities , 15 blocks , 94 Grama Panchayats , and 16 Kerala Legislative Assembly constituencies in it. During British Raj , Malappuram became the headquarters of European and British troops and later of the Malabar Special Police (M.S.P), formerly known as Malappuram Special Force formed in 1885, which
22101-409: The subdivision of the taluks, and the lowest institution of revenue administration of the district. Each taluk consists several villages in its jurisdiction. There are 138 revenue villages in the Malappuram district. The revenue villages are further divided into desoms for land revenue matters. The District Planning Committee of Malappuram consists of two members from municipalities, 10 members from
22260-741: The subject matter. Teaching is often substandard, with professors resorting to fear tactics to discourage students from seeking assistance, thereby masking their own inadequacies and gaining recognition or respect through negative reputation. The courses offered in Kerala universities fall short in comparison to their international counterparts, placing students at a disadvantage. While international students delve deeply into course content, covering up to 14 chapters or modules in just 4 months, their counterparts in Kerala are limited to 5 to 6 modules, stretched over 6 months, resulting in lesser depth of knowledge. Textbooks relied upon by international institutes feature standardised and well-researched topics relevant to
22419-557: The third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district . The 2,383 high Anginda peak , which is located closer to Malappuram- Palakkad - Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala , a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad , and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts,
22578-416: The time of the arrival of Vasco da Gama and his Portuguese fleet at Calicut, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Ponnani. The Zamorin had provided the Portuguese all facilities for trade. However, the Portuguese provocations on the Arab properties led to a conflict between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Furthermore, Ponnani , which was the second headquarters of the Zamorin, was an important target of
22737-491: The time. Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty. The University of Calicut , which is also the second-oldest existing university in Kerala, and the Calicut International Airport , which is also the second-oldest existing airport in the state, started functioning at Tenhipalam and Karipur , in
22896-680: The trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen . Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom. Malappuram was the headquarters of Para Nambi , who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin. Other Kovilakams of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at Kottakkal , Manjeri Kovilakam at Manjeri , and Nilambur Kovilakam at Nilambur . Parappanad Kovilakam at Parappanangadi and Tanur Kovilakam at Tanur were vassal royal houses of
23055-427: The villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), 98.6% had a middle school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognized as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%. Schools and colleges are mostly run by
23214-554: The west, backwaters and paddy , areca nut , cashew nut , pepper , ginger , pulses , coconut , banana , tapioca , tea , and rubber plantations. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation, is located at Nilambur . Nilambur is also known for Teak Museum . Bamboo trees are widely seen near to the Nilambur Teak Plantations. A bioresource natural park is associated with the Teak Museum. In
23373-493: The western part of the district, are the major fishing centres. The sea coast of the district is filled with marine wealth. Apart from being a favourite destination of the Arab traders earlier, Ponnani was also a captivating destination for many Muslim spiritual leaders, who were instrumental in the propagation of Islam here. The port city is also known as The Little Mecca of Malabar as well as The City of Gold coins . During
23532-493: The years 1968 and 1988, respectively. In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf countries were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained First World health standards and near-universal literacy. Bounded by Kozhikode district to the northwest, Wayanad district to
23691-598: Was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi , during the Third Anglo-Mysore War . In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the Malabar Region , including the present-day Malappuram district,
23850-415: Was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions. According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%. In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme. Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala, according to the 61st round of
24009-505: Was encouraged with the institution of scholarships for studies in European countries. Christian organizations played a significant role in channeling substantial investments into educational institutions during this era. However, these endeavors resulted in tensions with other communities in terms of accessibility, impeding the monopoly on education. However, such conflicts made other religious organizations to reconsider their involvement in
24168-590: Was integrated into the English East India Company. The Koyi Thampurans of Travancore belongs to Parappanad Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's Travancore family were usually selected. The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from Nilambur town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly , the then district collector of Malabar. The first railway line in
24327-428: Was not given that respect. Almost all communities had members who were well educated. Artisan/trade/medical communities like Vishwakarma , Ezhava , etc., gave special interest in acquiring education. In the 19th century, Kerala underwent transformative changes in its educational landscape, driven largely by missionary activities. The Basel German Evangelical Mission played a pivotal role by establishing schools across
24486-417: Was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of Ponnani , where the river Bharathappuzha merges with Arabian Sea , to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted
24645-872: Was profoundly shaped by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the London Missionary Society (LMS). Rev. Mead of LMS, active from 1817 to 1873, played a crucial role by initiating vocational schools in southern Thiruvithamkur. In 1816, Thomas Dawson, the first CMS missionary, opened a school in Mattancherry. CMS missionaries, including Thomas Norton and Henry Baker, were instrumental in promoting education for oppressed and lower castes, establishing schools in Mavelikkara, Tiruvalla, Mallapalli, Mundakkayam, and Melukavu. Dorothea Baker , wife of Rev. Henry Baker from CMS, launched
24804-544: Was running 56 while CMS managed 47 schools. By the end of the century, the schools increased to 257 and 351 respectively. Hermann Gundert associated with the Basel Mission, played a pivotal role in the 19th-century educational landscape of Kerala. In February 1846, Gundert opened a lithographic press and bookbinding establishment at Nettur near Tellicherry, contributing significantly to the development of education in Malabar. The Basel Mission's printing press published
24963-401: Was solely able to facilitate the migration of more than 7,000 students from Kerala in one international intake session. The number of Keralites immigrating to foreign countries is also significant. Studies have found that most of the students are not migrating for quality education, they are choosing education from parallel colleges and state-accredited colleges in these foreign countries with
25122-494: Was the seat of the ruling families of Parappanad kingdom in the early medieval period. Major rivers flowing through the district are Chaliyar , Kadalundi River , Bharathappuzha , and Tirur River . Chaliyar has a total length of about 168 km. and a drainage area of 2,818 km (1,088 sq mi). It passes through Nilambur , Mampad , Edavanna , Areekode , and Vazhakkad in district and then flows through Kozhikode-Malappuram district border and empties itself into
25281-545: Was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome , is roughly identified with Ponnani , Tanur , and Kadalundi - Vallikkunnu - Chaliyam - Beypore region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The region, which lies north of
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