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34-862: It is a member of the Fuyo Group and has its headquarters in Yokohama . The company changed its English name from Keihin Electric Express Railway Co., Ltd. to Keikyu Corporation on 21 October 2010. Trains on the Main Line have a maximum operating speed of 120 km/h (75 mph), making it the third fastest private railroad in the Tokyo region after the Keisei Skyliner and the Tsukuba Express . The track gauge

68-511: A growing corporate acquisition industry in Japan, as companies are no longer able to be easily "bailed out" by their banks, as well as rising derivative litigation by more independent shareholders. The keiretsu model is fairly unique to Japan. However, many diversified non-Japanese businesses groups have been described as keiretsu , such as the Virgin Group (UK), Tata Group (India),

102-536: A horizontal keiretsu (also known as financial keiretsu ) is that it is set up around a Japanese bank through cross-shareholding relationships with other companies. The bank assists these companies with a range of financial services. The leading horizontal Japanese keiretsu , also referred to as the "Big Six", include: Fuyo , Sanwa , Sumitomo , Mitsubishi , Mitsui , and DKB Group . Horizontal keiretsu may also have vertical relationships, called branches. Horizontal keiretsu peaked around 1988, when over half of

136-407: A mudslide, resulting in injuries to 28 people including the train driver. 7 men and women were seriously injured, including fractures, broken ribs and pelvises. The accident occurred between Oppama and Keikyu Taura stations, between Yokohama and Yokosuka, with approximately 700 passengers on board. Heavy rains caused the mudslide, sweeping away safety nets that had been installed in 1998, the year after

170-503: A number of larger companies. Harvard Law School professor J. Mark Ramseyer and University of Tokyo professor Yoshiro Miwa have argued that the postwar keiretsu are a "fable" created by Marxist thinkers in the 1960s so as to argue that monopoly capital dominated the Japanese economy. They point to the sparsity and tenuousness of cross-shareholding relationships within the keiretsu , the inconsistency in members' relationships with

204-636: A report by the train company to the Transportation Minister that there was little probability of such an occurrence in that area. 500 workers were mobilized as the train service was temporarily suspended between Kanazawa-Hakkei and Horinouchi Stations. On 24 November 2000, at about 5:20 am, the front car of a four-car train derailed after a truck collided with the first car of the train at a railroad crossing, resulting in 3 passengers being slightly injured. The accident occurred in Yokosuka and

238-502: A similar mudslide in the area. An area of soil about 12 meters high and 15 meters wide fell onto the tracks, bringing trees and fencing structures with it. The train was travelling 75 km/h before the driver applied the brakes, 30 to 40 meters before the mudslide. Train services were temporarily suspended between Kanazawa-Hakkei and Hemi stations and temporary bus services were provided by the train company until normal operations resumed approximately 55 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours later after

272-561: Is 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) ( Standard gauge ), differing from the more common Japanese track gauge of 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ). The Keikyu Main Line runs between south area of Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, and Yokosuka. Shinagawa Station is the terminal station in Tokyo of this line. Its Kaitoku ( 快特 ) limited-stop service competes with JR East 's Tōkaidō Main Line and Yokosuka Line . From Sengakuji station, Keikyu trains run into

306-468: Is Japanese for " hibiscus " and is also used as an alternative name for Mount Fuji , the tallest mountain in Japan and the namesake for Fuji Bank. Keiretsu A keiretsu ( Japanese : 系列 , literally system , series , grouping of enterprises , order of succession ) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings that dominated the Japanese economy in

340-448: Is often loose and often not something considered in day-to-day decision making by its members. Vertical keiretsu (also known as industrial or distribution keiretsu ) are used to link suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors of one industry. Banks have less influence on vertical keiretsu . Examples of this type include Toyota , Toshiba , and Nissan . One or more sub-companies, arranged in tiers of importance, are created to benefit

374-591: The Toei Asakusa Line and Keisei Electric Railway (to Narita Airport ) and Hokuso Railway (to Chiba newtown area) lines. There are a total of 73 “unique” stations (i.e., counting stations served by multiple lines only once) on the Keikyu network, or 77 total stations if each station on each line counts as one station. Keikyu currently has 802 vehicles available for passenger revenue service. Since 1997, Keikyu has had five accidents, all of which were on

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408-433: The keiretsu and acted as a monitoring and emergency bail-out entity. One effect of this structure was to minimize the presence of hostile takeovers in Japan, because no entities could challenge the power of the banks. Although the divisions between them have blurred in recent years, there have been eight major postwar keiretsu . Toyota is considered the biggest of the vertically integrated keiretsu groups, although

442-600: The keiretsu that developed from the Mitsubishi , Mitsui and Sumitomo zaibatsu remnants, the Fuyo Group was intended to be open to other businesses as well as legacy zaibatsu businesses. Fuji Bank merged with Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank and Industrial Bank of Japan in 2000 to form Mizuho Financial Group . Following the merger, the Fuyo Group became centered on Marubeni, Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance and Yasuda Fire & Marine Insurance (now Sompo Japan ). Fuyo

476-692: The surrender of Japan the Allied occupation forces partially attempted to dissolve the zaibatsu which had worked closely with the militarists during the first half of the 20th century and during the war. However, the United States government later rescinded those orders in an effort to reindustrialize Japan as a bulwark against communism in Asia, so the zaibatsu were never completely dissolved. The two types of keiretsu , horizontal and vertical , can be further categorized as: The primary aspect of

510-429: The "main banks" of each keiretsu , and the lack of power and reach of the zaibatsu alumni "lunch clubs" which are often argued to form a core of keiretsu governance. By April 2015, U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman and Japanese Economy Minister Akira Amari, representing the two largest economies of the 12-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership , were involved in bilateral talks regarding agriculture and auto parts,

544-606: The "two largest obstacles for Japan." These bilateral accords would open each other's markets for products such as rice, pork and automobiles. During the two-day ministerial TPP negotiating session held in Singapore in May 2015, veteran US negotiator Wendy Cutler and Oe Hiroshi of the Japanese Gaimusho held bilateral trade talks regarding one of the most contentious trade issues, automobiles. American negotiators wanted

578-441: The 2000s. For instance, many troubled Japanese companies are faced with a new reality in which receiving financial support from their main banks are getting harder and unlikelier than ever before. The companies include Sharp Corporation and Toshiba , both the iconic Japanese corporations that were forced to accept foreign investment in their aftermath of financial difficulties in 2010s. This changed environment, in turn, has led to

612-604: The Colombian Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño and the Venezuelan Grupo Cisneros . The automotive and banking industries have created broad cross-ownership networks across nations, but the national companies are normally independently managed. Banks cited as being central to keiretsu -like systems include Deutsche Bank and some keiretsu -like systems, generally referred to as trusts , were created by investment banks in

646-684: The United States such as JP Morgan and Mellon Financial / Mellon family beginning in the late 19th century (roughly the same period they were created in Japan), but they were largely curtailed through anti-trust legislation championed by Theodore Roosevelt in the early part of the 20th century. A form of keiretsu can also be found in the cross-shareholdings of the large media companies throughout most developed nations. These are largely designed to link content producers to particular distribution channels, and larger content projects, such as expensive movies, are often incorporated with ownership spread across

680-415: The alliances vertically integrated, as well. In this period, official government policy promoted the creation of robust trade corporations that could withstand heavy pressures from intensified trade competition. The major keiretsu were each centered on one bank, which lent money to the keiretsu member companies and held equity positions in the companies. Each bank had great control over the companies in

714-458: The approximately 100 commuters on board later walked about 200 m to the nearest station to continue their commute via bus. The driver of the truck reported his foot became stuck between the accelerator and brake pedals, sending him through the crossing bar and into the crossing. Normal operations continued about 4 hours later that morning. On 24 September 2012, at about 11:58 pm, the first three cars of an eight-car train derailed after colliding with

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748-474: The assessment and clean-up process. On 18 April 2013, at about 4:30 pm, two window panes shattered in the front car of a local commuter train while passing an express train going the opposite direction, resulting in minor cuts to two high school students sitting with their backs to the windows. One window pane was also cracked on the passing train with no injuries. The accident occurred between Taura and Anjinzuka stations, with approximately 30 people in that car at

782-454: The company is rather considered as a "emerged" keiretsu , along with Softbank , Seven & I Holdings Co. The banks at the top are not as large as normally required, so it is actually considered to be more horizontally integrated than other keiretsu . The Japanese recession in the 1990s had profound effects on the keiretsu . Many of the largest banks were hit hard by bad loan portfolios and forced to merge or go out of business. This had

816-498: The early 21st century. The members' companies own small portions of the shares in each other's companies, centered on a core bank; this system helps insulate each company from stock market fluctuations and takeover attempts, thus enabling long-term planning in projects. The prototypical keiretsu appeared during the Japanese economic miracle which followed World War II, amid the dissolution of family-controlled vertical monopolies called zaibatsu . The zaibatsu had been at

850-644: The effect of blurring the lines between the individual keiretsu : Sumitomo Bank and Mitsui Bank , for instance, became Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation in 2001, while Sanwa Bank (the banker for the Hankyu-Toho Group) became part of Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ . Generally, these causes gave rise to a strong notion in the Japanese business community that the old keiretsu system was not an effective business model, and led to an overall loosening of keiretsu alliances. While they still exist, they are not as centralized or integrated as they were before

884-667: The heart of economic and industrial activity within the Empire of Japan since Japanese industrialization accelerated during the Meiji Era . They held great influence over Japanese national and foreign policies which only increased following the Japanese victories in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I . During the inter-war period the zaibatsu aided Japanese militarism and benefited from their conquest of East Asia by receiving lucrative contracts. After

918-405: The main line, in the vicinity of Yokosuka and Yokohama. On 7 April 1997, at about 2:47 pm, the first three cars of a four-car train derailed after colliding with a mudslide, resulting in 22 people injured. The accident occurred between Keikyu-Taura(In Japanese:京急田浦) and Anjinzuka (In Japanese:安針塚 or 按針塚) stations, with approximately 60 people on board. Heavy rains caused the mudslide, 7 months after

952-610: The parent company. Major suppliers form the second tier beneath the parent, and smaller manufacturing companies make up the third and fourth tiers. Those at the highest levels are most profitable, and most insulated from fluctuations in the market. Some vertical keiretsu may belong to one or another horizontal keiretsu . Some vertical keiretsu are family businesses , such as the Hitotsubashi/Shogakukan , Otowa/Kodansha and APA groups. Studies have found these vertical keiretsus, particularly those that belong to

986-542: The same horizontal keiretsu , are more likely to form alliances than the other types or even those companies where one or two have keiretsu affiliations. Vertical keiretsu is considered an effective and competitive organizational model in the car industry. During the occupation of Japan , under the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , General Douglas MacArthur , a partially successful attempt

1020-482: The second half of the 20th century. In the legal sense, it is a type of business group that is in a loosely organized alliance within Japan's business community. It rose up to replace the zaibatsu system that was dissolved in the occupation of Japan following the Second World War . Though their influence has shrunk since the late 20th century, they continue to be important forces in Japan's economy in

1054-489: The time of the accident. On 5 September 2019 a limited express train crashed into a truck in nearby Kanagawa-Shinmachi Station. There were 33 injuries and 1 death (truck driver). Fuyo Group Fuyo Group ( 芙蓉グループ , Fuyō Gurūpu ) is a Japanese keiretsu descended from the Yasuda zaibatsu , Asano zaibatsu and Okura zaibatsu . They were a major business grouping in Japan up to World War II . In 1948, Yasuda

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1088-666: The value in the Japanese stock market consisted of cross-shareholdings. Since then, banks have gradually reduced their cross-shareholdings. The Japanese corporate governance code, effective from June 2015, requires listed companies to disclose a rationale for their cross-shareholdings. Partly as a result of this requirement, the four Japanese "megabanks" descended from the six major keiretsu banks (namely Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group , Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group , Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Group and Mizuho Financial Group ) have indicated plans to further reduce their balance of cross-shareholding investments. Membership in horizontal keiretsu

1122-502: Was dismantled, with its key financial arm Yasuda Bank becoming Fuji Bank . The modern Fuyo Group was first developed in the early 1960s around Marubeni and Fuji Bank, paralleling the development of the DKB Group and Sanwa Group . Fuji Bank orchestrated the merger of Marubeni with Takashimaya in 1955 in order to create a strong trading company partner for Fuji's customers. Group presidents began meeting regularly in 1964. Unlike

1156-473: Was made to dissolve the zaibatsu in the late 1940s. Sixteen zaibatsu were targeted for complete dissolution, and 26 more for reorganization after dissolution. However, the companies formed from the dismantling of the zaibatsu were later reintegrated. The dispersed corporations were reinterlinked through share purchases to form horizontally integrated alliances across many industries. Where possible, keiretsu companies would also supply one another, making

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