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68-537: The Kells crozier or British Museum Crozier is an early medieval Irish Insular crozier . It is often known as the "Kells Crozier", indicating an associating with the Abbey of Kells , although no evidence of this exists, and most historians accept that it is of uncertain providence. The crozier is fully intact, although some of the ornamentation is in poor condition. Its origin before it appeared for sale in London in 1850

136-419: A ferrule and the crook. The drop is lined with decorations of glass and champlevé enamel. The drop contains a modern inscription, probably 18th or 19th century, recording that it was once owned by St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin , although there is no archival evidence to support this claim. The crest is decorated with profiles of birds at the top, and a human head at its lower end, just above the drop plate. It

204-539: A fire. In the aftermath, over 200 recovered objects, including stained glass windows by Harry Clarke and St. Mel's Crozier, were taken to the National Museum of Ireland for assessment and restoration, although such was the extent of devastation that many were "beyond help". Although somewhat corroded in parts, the River Laune Crozier (or Innisfallen ) is fully intact and considered one of

272-505: A large walking stick. Most have an inner wooden core onto which tubular copper alloy ( bronze ) plates were attached. The crooks tend to be highly decorated with elements such as openwork and animal designs. As of 2014, fewer than 20 surviving fully intact examples were known, in addition to 60 fragments in various states of completeness. The major extant examples include the Clonmacnoise Crozier (thought to be amongst

340-478: A number of examples retain their precious metal jewels, in general most of the Insular crozier have lost their drops, presumably through plunder. This led to theories in the 19th century that the drops acted as containers for smaller relics of saints while the metal casing held the saint's original wooden staffs. However, these claims have been in doubt since the mid-20th century, and there is no evidence to support

408-531: A possible origination in Dublin. The shaft has three richly decorated knopes, the largest of which contains a crest and measures 7.5 cm. The collar below the upper knope is made of copper alloy and contains relief designs of two large cat-like animals facing each other. The central knope is less decorated compared to the other two but has inlay bands and silver lining. The lower knope contains decorations, including blue glass studs. The monastery at Clonmacnoise

476-523: A talisman in a 918 battle between native picts and Viking invaders. In addition fragments have been found in Galloway , Loch Shiel and in a bishop's grave at Whithorn . Openwork The term is rather flexible, and used both for additive techniques that build up the design, as for example most large features in architecture, and those that take a plain material and make cuts or holes in it. Equally techniques such as casting using moulds create

544-501: Is "physical evidence for at least thirty-one Insular-type crosiers from Ireland", and around 20 other fragments composed of shafts, knops and base (ferrule). In addition there are fragments of four eighth-century Insular crosiers in Scandinavia. This late 9th or early 10 century crozier was found fully intact by turf cutters in 1831 near Prosperous, County Kildare , but did not receive attention from antiquarians until 1851. It

612-563: Is also the location where the 8th century Stowe Missal and 10th or 11th century Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque were discovered. While a number of Scottish Insular croziers ("quigrichs") survive, there are only six extant early Christian examples (the Bachul Mor fragment, the crosier of St Fillan, two drops found at Hoddom , Dumfriesshire , and two unidentified drops now in the British Museum. Their likeness to Irish examples

680-505: Is being imitated. In glass openwork is rather less common, but the spectacular Ancient Roman cage cups use it for a decorative outer layer. Some types of objects naturally suit or even require openwork, which allows a flow of air through screens, censers or incense burners , pomanders , sprinklers, ventilation grilles and panels, and various parts of heating systems. For exterior screens openwork designs allow looking out, but not looking in. For gates and other types of screens, security

748-450: Is built from 14 separate metallic parts, with the wooden core lined with silver, gilding, glass and coral . Today, the wooden core can be divided into three parts now lined with nail holes. The collar knope is designed to hold eight decorative stones, of which three survive: two red coral and one blue glass stone. The staff contains a number of secondary nail holes, indicating that it may have been "dismantled and repaired several times in

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816-529: Is dated to 1100 AD and was rediscovered, along with the 15th century Book of Lismore , in a blocked doorway in Lismore castle in 1814. It is 115 cm high and built from wood, silver, gold, niello and glass. It is almost fully intact and in good condition with little modern reworking. Its crest contains a procession of animals that continues to a head at the end of the crook. The crook has three small, probably secondary (i.e. added later) reliquaries located in

884-461: Is indicative of the close contact between Scottish and Irish craftsmen, and it is known that a number of Irish metalworkers settled in Scotland. The similarities include methods of construction and their style and decoration. The Scottish croziers are characterised by their angular crook shape with separate (attached) drops, with most dated to before the mid-11th century. The designs and patterns on

952-475: Is lost, and it has been part of the British Museum 's collection since 1859. The Kells Crozier was made by various craftsmen over three different phases between the late 9th and 11th century AD. While the core of the crozier is wooden, the crook is made of silver and the staff is covered in a copper alloy sheet which was later covered with silver mounts or knobs filled with animal interlace typical of

1020-406: Is made from copper, zinc , and tin alloy and contains traces of inscriptions, but they are too worn to read. The crozier is in relatively good condition but was split in half during the late Middle Ages and recombined in the nineteenth century. It is the longest intact example at a height of 1.34m. Its wooden core is supported by three tubular copper-alloy shaft casings, which hold four shaft knops,

1088-496: Is of especially fine workmanship and unusual in that its metalwork is mostly of silver rather than the more typical copper alloy. Four panels contain elaborate gilded filigree. It is 111.5 cm in length, while the hook is 17 cm wide. The crook is from a single casting, onto which the drop-plate and openwork crest were attached. The crest panels contain both zoomorphic and abstract patterns and are bordered by bands of niello with inlaid with gilt wire. The Lismore crozier

1156-462: Is one of the earliest known European croziers and was extensively cleaned and refurbished in the late 20th century. The remains of the badly damaged and incomplete St. Columba ’s (also known as St. Colmcille (d. 597)) Crozier consist of highly decorated four-foot wooden shaft, now broken in two, that is covered with sheet bronze tubes decorated with a bronze knope lined with silver and gilt. Its foot and crook are both missing. The staff originates from

1224-444: Is required, but visibility may also be wanted. The terms double-openwork and triple-openwork, also called reticulated, are typically associated with ceramic pieces that are created with two or three walls. Korean ceramist Kim Se-yong produces openwork pieces. In architecture openwork takes many forms, including tracery , balustrades and parapets , as well as screens of many kinds. A variety of screen types especially common in

1292-604: Is the Japanese term covering a number of openwork techniques, which have been very popular in Japanese art . In ceramics, if objects such as sieves are excluded (openwork bases for these existed in the West from classical times), decorative openwork long remained mainly a feature of East Asian ceramics, with Korean ceramics especially fond of the technique from an early date. Frequently, these ceramics are double walled allowing

1360-577: Is used for various types of objects. There has always been great use of openwork in jewellery , not least to save on expensive materials and weight. For example, opus interrasile is a type of decoration used in Ancient Roman and Byzantine jewellery, piercing thin strips of gold with punches. Other techniques used casting with moulds, or built up the design with wire or small strips of metal. Essentially flat objects are straightforward to cast using moulds of clay or other materials, and this technique

1428-597: The British Museum . It is unknown exactly what their function in Irish medieval society was, but they were probably of ceremonial use, and some may have held relics in their drops. As the art historian Anthony T. Lucas points out, at the time the "most prestigious of all Irish relics and the one most frequently mentioned down the years was ... the Bachall Iosa or Staff of Jesus ... [said ] to have been received directly from Heaven by St. Patrick ." Although

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1496-437: The 10th or 11th centuries. The shaft is 84 cm long. The crook is made from oak , while the drop has a willow core. The drop's metal casting is secondary and has an inset (or cavity) to hold a reliquary box, which is now filled with a small block of wood. However the reliquary box is slightly too small for the drop, and was probably also a later addition, likely to replace a similar, slightly larger fitting. The crozier

1564-413: The 11th century. The Kells Crozier, at 133 cm, is unusually long, however some of this is due to later additions. The art historian Rachel Moss suggests that because so many parts were replaced, the crozier may "have suffered 'profanation' ( sárugud ), which is sometimes reported of insignia." Rediscovered in London in 1851, it is associated with Kells, County Meath based on inscriptions under

1632-683: The 9th and 10th centuries during periods of political and religious upheaval in Ireland, when authority was often seen as needing to be made explicit, including during the Viking invasions. A number of examples, such as the Cath Bhuaidh, found in Iona , are known to have been carried into battle against the Vikings as talismans . Insular croziers tend to be around 1.2 meters in length, the same size as

1700-473: The 9th century, with a number further embellished between the 11th and 13th centuries. Croziers were symbols of office for bishops or abbots. Their form is based on the idea of the shepherd as pastor of his flock and was popular from the early days of Christianity. The first known mention of the attribute in relation to Ireland is from 431 CE, and in the context of the conversion of the Irish population to Christianity. The first Insular staffs were produced in

1768-714: The Coigreach are in the collection of the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh , where they are displayed in the Kingdom of the Scots gallery and described as an "object-pair". The Bachul Mor (English: "Great Staff", sometimes known as "The Crozier of St Moluagh ") dates from c. 730 and is in very poor condition having lost most of its metal casing and suffered damage to both its crook and ferrule. It remains in

1836-543: The Islamic world include stone jali and equivalents in wood such as mashrabiya . Belfries and bell towers normally include open or semi-open elements to allow the sound to be heard at distance, and these are often turned to decorative use. In Gothic architecture some entire spires are openwork. The later of the two spires on the West Front of Chartres Cathedral is very largely openwork. As well as stone and wood

1904-650: The South Kensington Museum) in 1869, on loan from Dr John Coffey , Bishop of Kerry . It is dated to the late 11th century and is not thought to have been reworked. Its origin is uncertain; it is likely to have been made at Aghadoe Cathedral (e. 939 AD by Finian Lobhar ( St. Finian the Leper )), but was held on the nearby abbey on Innisfallen ("Faithlinn's island"). The art historian Griffin Murray describes it as "probably broadly contemporary with

1972-573: The animal heads and in the drop. The crook is further decorated on both sides with blue glass studs set in set in gold collars, and holding white and red millefiori glass insets. It is now in the collection of the NMI. Inscriptions on the metalwork record that it was produced by "Nechtain the craftsman" and commissioned by Niall mac Meic Aeducain, a bishop of Lismore who died in 1113. The inscription read "OR DON IAL MC MEICC AEDUCAIN LASAN[D]ERNAD I GRESA" ("Pray for Nial Mc Meicc Aeducain for whom this

2040-495: The crest contains a series of "gripping dogs". The Lismore Crozier contains three open-mouthed animals "connected in an Urnes-style mesh." The majority of Insular crozier's crooks terminate with a flat drop, typically formed from an inserted and functional metal plaque, and a highly ornate openwork drop plate, studded with jewels, as with the Lismore Crook. The plaques often have an animal (or, less often human) head at

2108-535: The crest on the crook ( ordo conduilis ocius do mel finnen ), which, roughly translated, asks for prayers for Cúduilig (or Cū Duilig) and Maelfinnén (or Máel Finnén). However, as neither have been conclusively associated with historical figures, there is some doubt as to the location of origin. It is in the collection of the British Museum . Found in the mid-19th century on the grounds of an early medieval church in Ardagh, County Longford , Saint Mel's Crozier dates from

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2176-643: The crook, knop and ferrule being the most decorated elements. Only five croziers have inscriptions. Of these, only the Kells and Lismore Croziers have the lettering that is still legible. The Lismore Crozier contains both the name of the smith (Nechtan), and the name of the Bishop of Lismore who commissioned it, while the Kells Crozier names the smith as Conduilig, and its commissioner as Malfinnen, Archbishop of Leinster. The crooks are positioned on top of

2244-510: The crook. The Clonmacnoise Crozieris is often described as the finest of the surviving examples in both craftmanship and design. Thought to be associated with Saint Ciarán , it is dated to the late 11th century. It is 97 cm long, and is formed from wood, copper-alloy, silver, niello, glass and enamel . The crozier is 13.5 cm high and 15.5 cm wide, and decorated with round blue glass studs and white and red millefiori insets. Snake-like animals are arranged in interlocked rows along

2312-536: The crooks are typical of the Irish or West Highland type. St. Fillan's Crozier dates from the 8th century, with additions in the Romanesque period. It is s traditionally associated with the Irish monk St. Fillan (Gaelic: Fáelán or "little wolf"), who lived in the eighth century at Glendochart in Perthshire , central Scotland. Only the crook survives; the staff was lost at an unknown date. Sometime around

2380-407: The croziers (Irish: Baculus) were built in single phases, while others were first built in the 9th century and added to or reworked across the 10th and 11th centuries. Many of the croziers were held over the centuries by hereditary keepers, usually generations of a local family, until re-discovered by antiquarians in the early 19th century. The art historian Griffith Murray estimates that there

2448-643: The croziers are often associated with early Christian Irish saints from the 600-800 era, it is not thought that the wooden cores of the staffs date from that period, although some (but not all) historians think that the drops may have been constructed as containers for relics . As undoubted symbols of wealth and power, the croziers may have at times been used for solemnising treaties, swearing oaths, or even as battle talismans . The antiquarian George Petrie noted how, in Ireland, relics of saints "used to be carried to distant places on solemn occasions, in order that rival chieftains might be sworn upon them, so much that

2516-694: The drop as a separate attachment. The shaft gets progressively narrower after the lowest knope before tapering to spike or ferrule. The shafts of the extant croziers are lined with between three and five decorative knops; that is separately cast, protruding barrel-shaped metal fittings. They all cast in bronze and are either cylindrical or biconical and fully wrap around the shaft. Typical decorative elements include inserted triangular and rectangular plaques ornamented with inlaid silver, interlace, glass studs, and enamel. The individual knopes are usually placed equally distant from each other and separated by lengths of open, plain copper-alloy. Four seems to have been

2584-425: The earliest stone church on the island and obviously relates a period of wealth and investment in the monastery at the time. It was of great significance to the community, as...the staff of office of the abbot and handed on from one abbot to the next. It symbolised the power of the founding saint of the monastery, St Finian, and by association the power of the abbot and the monastery itself," The River Laune Crozier

2652-480: The early 11th and early 12th centuries. The first phase is represented by the wooden core, and copper lined tubing, four closing strips, three copper alloy knopes, the crook, openwork crest and zoomorphic ornamentation. Later embellishments include the silver plates lining the crook, the drop (10th century), and the semi-precious stones (since lost) and niello-inlaid spirals influenced by the Ringerike style added in

2720-538: The finest croziers, and a relic of one of Ireland's patron saints , it did not receive extensive scholarly examination until its inclusion in Column Burke's 1997 "Studies in the Cult of Saint Columba". The barrel shaped knope on the upper shaft is decorated with knotted interlace, and holds now empty settings that once contained studs, most likely of amber. Although this section is the earliest metalwork component, it

2788-685: The finest surviving Irish examples, alongside those found at Clonmacnoise and Lismore. It was discovered in 1867 deposited in the bed of the Launein the River Laune , one of the Lakes of Killarney in County Kerry by a fisherman who initially mistook it as either a salmon or a gun, before establishing it as a "curious handstick." It was first exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum (then

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2856-678: The first examples of Irish metalwork of the medieval period), the Kells Crozier (9th to 11th centuries), St Mel 's Crozier (10th and 12th century), the River Laune Crozier (late 10th century), the Lismore Crozier (c. 1100), and the Scottish Coigreach and St Fillan’s Crozier . The majority of surviving Insular croziers are held in the National Museum of Ireland , National Museum of Scotland and

2924-473: The hollow box-like extension at the end of the crook). By the end of the 12th century, production of Irish croziers had largely ended, but examples continued to be reworked and added to throughout the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Although many of the croziers are associated with 5th- and 6th-century saints, the objects were not made until long after the saints had died. A majority originate from around

2992-452: The late 13th century the crook was encased in the Coigreach (or Quigrich), a crosier-shrine of similar size and form built as a protective case for the crook, and made from silver, gold and rock crystal and dates from the late 13th century, with additions from the 14th or 15th centuries. The Coigreach was rediscovered in the mid-19th century by the archaeologist Daniel Wilson , who opened it and found St. Fillan’s Crozier inside. The crozier

3060-519: The later examples bear influence from both the Ringerike and later Urnes styles of Viking art . Some of the Ringerike style animals bear close resemblance to figures on the margins of ninth-century Insular brooches . The designs on the crook of the Clonmacnoise Crozier are in the Ringerike style and include snake-like animals with ribbon-shaped bodies arranged, according to art historian Patrick Wallace, "in tightly woven knots", while

3128-472: The master craftsman behind the Clonmacnoise Crozier may also be responsible for two other extant examples. The croziers vary in size, material, and amount and quality of decoration. A typical length is 1.2 meters, with the Prosperous Crozier from County Kildare being both the oldest and 1.33 meters the longest. The major components are the shaft or staff and attached base, crook, and knop, with

3196-643: The ninth century and a number of (often poor and crude) refurbishments date from the 12th century onwards. It is associated with Durrow Abbey in County Meath , founded by Columba in the 6th century, and following the dissolution of the abbey, was kept by its hereditary keepers, the Mac Geoghegan family, until the mid-19th century, and was in the ownership of the Royal Irish Academy before 1850. Although considered to have once been one of

3264-405: The old Irish language : ordo conduilis ocius do mel finnen , which, roughly translated, asks supplicants to pray for Cúduilig and Maelfinnén who were involved in its refurbishment. Scholars have identified these names with individuals who were connected with the important Irish monastic settlement at Kells, County Meath . However, recent research has cast doubts about this connection. The crozier

3332-403: The past". St. Mel's Crozier is dated based on the style of the zoomorphic designs, which are similar to those on the Kells Crozier. While well preserved (a number of the plates were damaged, and its last major cleaning and refurbishment was carried out between 1971 and 1972) and studied to that point, the crozier was "almost entirely destroyed" in 2009 when St Mel's Cathedral was decimated in

3400-415: The period. The curved crest of the crook is elaborately decorated with interlinking birds; while a human head is placed on the drop at the end of the crook. This is where the crozier would have once held some holy relics. The drop-plate once held semi-precious stones that are now lost. Its full length measures about 133 cm. Underneath the crest of the crook is engraved an inscription in mixed Latin and

3468-630: The possession of the Duke of Argyll, its hereditary keeper, on the Isle of Lismore , and is thus understudied. Other well-preserved Scottish Insular croziers include the St. Donnan's crozier ( Eigg ), and the Kilvarie Bar-a-Goan ( Kilmore, Skye ). The Cath Bhuaidh ("Yellow Battler" or "battle victory") found in Iona , is traditionally associated with St. Colmcille and thought to have been used as

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3536-512: The range of materials includes brick , which may be used for windows, normally unglazed, and screens. Constructions such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris are also described as openwork. Here an openwork structure was crucial for the engineering, reducing not only weight but wind resistance . Beginning with the early fourteenth-century spire at Freiburg Minster , in which the pierced stonework

3604-482: The shaft and are typically highly decorated with silver, gold, glass, and niello -style inlay and openwork crests, while the crook of the Aghadoe crozier is crafted from walrus ivory . They ornamented may include interlace designs, geometric patterns and zoomorphic (portraying humans as non-human animals) figures. The animal designs in the earliest example are depicted in a naturalistic manner, while many of

3672-554: The sides, and there are large animal heads in high relief at either side of the base of the crook. The openwork crest was cast and contains a row of five crouched dog-like animals. The zoomorphic and interlace patterns are in the Irish Ringerike style and bear a strong resemblance to late 11th century additions to the Bearnan Chulain bell shrine, and the early 12th century Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm , suggesting

3740-533: The solid inner surface to still hold liquid. There was little use of it in European ceramics before the 18th century, when designs, mostly using lattice panels, were popular in rococo ceramic "baskets", and later in English silver trays. Openwork sections can be made either by cutting into a conventional solid body before firing, or by building up using strips of clay, the latter often used when loose wickerwork

3808-432: The theories. An exception is the Lismore Crozier , where two small relics and a linen cloth were found inside the crook during a 1966 refurbishment. The shaft is generally formed from a wooden core, usually of yew wood , sheeted with metal tubing, and often millefiori discs and inlaid glass bosses. This core was used to support the weight of the hook, given that the metal casing is usually comparatively thin. The tubing

3876-505: The top, below which a separate structure (known as the drop-plate) was attached. Based on carvings on a number of high crosses, including that at Ahenny, County Tipperary , it can be assumed that the clerics held the staffs with both hands at chest height, with the drop facing outward. As thus the most visible portion of the crozier, the drops were the obvious focus point for figurative art , an element that is, apart from zoomorphism, otherwise almost entirely absent in Insular metalwork. While

3944-686: The upper and middle knopes are separately cast, while (excepting the Clonmacnoise Crosier) the lower knope is fused with the ferrule. The designs on the upper knop of the Clonmacnoise and River Laune croziers are similar to those at the lower portion of their crooks. Both the Clonmacnoise and St. Columba’s croziers have decorative collars below their upper knopes. Knops are not unique to Insular croziers and can be found in many contemporary and later European examples. Like many Irish medieval religious objects, particularly shrines, some of

4012-495: The usual number, while those, such as the Clonmacnoise crozier, that have three are usually shorter overall and may have lost some of their length at some stage (probably when they were broken apart to make them easier to fold and thus hide from Viking and later Norman invaders). Knops were some times reused and attached to other croziers, the usual case for those that have five. Examples containing re-used knops include St. Dympna’s and St. Columba’s croziers. In all Insular examples,

4080-411: The whole design in a single stage, and are common in openwork. Though much openwork relies for its effect on the viewer seeing right through the object, some pieces place a different material behind the openwork as a background. Techniques or styles that normally use openwork include all the family of lace and cutwork types in textiles, including broderie anglaise and many others. Fretwork in wood

4148-693: The word mionna , which means enshrined relics, came to denote both a relic and an oath." The annuals recounting the life of St. Finnchu of Brigown , County Cork , mentions a battle against a king of Ulaid where the saint approaches the field with a crozier as a talisman. The earliest known Irish crozier, dating to 596 AD and entirely made of wood, was found in a bog at Lemanaghan , County Offaly . Representations of croziers appear in multiple other Insular art formats, including manuscripts, high crosses and stone carvings. Insular croziers were probably made in workshops specialising in metal inlay techniques. The art historian Griffin Murray speculates that

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4216-529: Was an important feature of religious life in early medieval Ireland. Other reliquaries common to Ireland in this period were the bell shrines, such as St Patrick 's Bell in the National Museum of Ireland and St Conall Cael's Bell in the British Museum. Insular crozier An Insular crozier is a type of processional bishop 's staff ( crozier ) produced in Ireland and Scotland between 800 and 1200. Such items can be distinguished from mainland European types by their curved and open crooks, and drop (that is,

4284-554: Was at first used for blessings and as a talisman or battle standard: it is recorded as having been brought onto the field at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Later it was thought to be able to heal people and animals, and under the ownership of its hereditary keepers the Dewars of Glendochart, acted as a ceremonial object for oaths of loyalty and dispute settlement, mostly related to the recovery of stolen cattle. Both St. Fillan’s and

4352-435: Was found without explanation in the cupboard of a London solicitor's office in the middle of the nineteenth century. It belonged to several owners, including Cardinal Wiseman (1802–1865), before being purchased by the British Museum. A key role of the Kells Crozier was to act as a repository for holy relics. Enshrining items that had once belonged to saints or church leaders, such as their bones or fragments of their clothing,

4420-474: Was known in ancient China since before the Shang dynasty of c.  1600 to 1046 BC. On a larger scale in metal, wrought iron and cast iron decoration more often than not have involved openwork. Scythian metalwork , which was typically worn on the person, or at least carried about by wagon, uses openwork heavily, probably partly to save weight. Sukashibori (roughly translating to "see-through work")

4488-432: Was later filed down to accommodate both later embellishments and repair work. Later additions include the remnants of downwards farcing animal head on the crest positioned as a protruding wing from the main shaft. Formed from copper-alloy, silver, gilding and niello, the Kells Crozier was built in three phases. The earliest metalwork occurred during the late 9th or early 10 century, with further adornment occurring during

4556-429: Was made"), and OR DO NECTAICERD DO RIGNE I GRESA" ("Pray for Nechtain, craftsman, who made this object"). Nechtain placed the inscriptions in a very narrow space and so had to use abbreviations, and in some instances omitted a letter (for example "Niall" is spelled with only one "l", and the central "d" is missing from "Lasandernad"). During a 1966 refurbishment, two small relics and a linen cloth were found inside

4624-408: Was typically fitted with metal plating, usually of copper - alloy or silver, and attached by nails and rivets . In earlier examples, the hook was formed from two separate plates fastened by a crest ( coat of arms ) and a binding strip, while the drop (the plate at the front end of the hook) was attached separately. In some Romanesque crosiers, the crest is on the same plate as the crook, with only

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