Misplaced Pages

#999

35-541: The Khabour Guards were originally set up by locals of the Khabur valley around late 2012 and early 2013. The group was supposed to act as pure self-defense force for the region's Assyrian villages, stay completely neutral in the Syrian civil war , and be independent of all parties and warring factions, regardless of their political or religious orientations. Although the militia initially managed to attract hundreds of recruits,

70-652: A lighter , can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense. Verbal self-defense is defined as using words "to prevent, de-escalate , or end an attempted assault." According to Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women". In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement , women's self-defense training emerged in

105-554: A 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time. In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38 gun-related deaths (which includes murders, suicides, and accidental deaths) was a justifiable killing, according to the Violence Policy Center . In Canada , self-defense, in

140-415: A knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use a combination of martial arts styles and techniques and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants. A wide variety of weapons can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on

175-415: A license or for certain professions. Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry. Everyday objects, such as flashlights , baseball bats , newspapers , keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools , and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with

210-448: A sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of Second-wave feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and Third-wave feminism in the 1990s. Today's Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore

245-399: Is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm . The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions . Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case,

280-411: Is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, tailored to

315-520: The Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian genocides ; the 1921 Koçgiri massacres ; "the mass violence against Kurds from the 1925 Sheikh Said conflict to the 1938 Dersim massacre "; the 1934 Thrace pogroms , through the 1955 Istanbul pogrom against Greek and Armenian Christians. Other scholars sometimes also include the earlier Hamidian massacres of Christian Armenians in the 1890s or the deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934 . According to

350-630: The Syriac Military Council (MFS). The Khabour Guards and the MFS consequently grew close, with some guards even wearing MFS insignia on their uniforms. The Khabour Guards were initially overrun by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during a major offensive in early 2015. Nevertheless, they managed to slow the advance of ISIL with support from the MFS and mostly Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG), though subsequent events led to

385-761: The Syrian Democratic Forces . On 20 September 2018, the Assyrian Democratic Party announced the formation of the "General Command of the Assyrian Forces" which was supposed to serve as umbrella organization for its affiliated paramilitaries including the Khabour Guards. The latter left the "Assyrian Forces" three months later, however, resulting in accusations that the SDF had influenced the Khabour Guards. In late 2019,

SECTION 10

#1732782800001

420-512: The 1910s–1920s as parts of a single event rather than separate events, which were initiated by the Young Turks . Although some sources, including The Thirty-Year Genocide (2019) written by the historians Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi , characterize this event as a genocide of Christians , others such as those written by the historians Dominik J. Schaller and Jürgen Zimmerer  [ de ] contend that such an approach "ignores

455-623: The Khabour Guards fought alongside other SDF groups against the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria , as Turkey and allied militias targeted the Khabur valley. In this context, the Khabour Guards' spokesman Nabil Warde declared that the Turks were "our long-time enemies", referencing the late Ottoman genocides of Christians in 1915–1918. Self-defense Self-defense ( self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English )

490-582: The Khabour Guards soon started to decline in military strength due to many locals migrating and the refusal of most Assyrian groups, such as the Assyrian Democratic Organization , to supply them with arms. In consequence, the Khabour Guards gave up their attempts to stay neutral and joined Sutoro , a security force formed by the Syriac Union Party . The latter started to supply the Khabour Guards through its armed wing,

525-720: The MFS and continuing to fight against ISIL with the YPG, while the rest of the militia aligned itself with the Assyrian Democratic Party , a rival of the Syriac Union Party. Meanwhile, ISIL forces were driven from the Khabur valley in course of the Western al-Hasakah offensive in May 2015. Following the reconquest, however, the various Christian militias including the Khabour Guards, looted local villages under

560-530: The Young Turks' massive violence against non-Christians", in particular against Muslim Kurds . Uğur Ümit Üngör , a Dutch–Turkish historian and professor of genocide studies , explains that the mass violence and enslavement which occurred in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor state includes, but is not limited to, the Adana massacre ; the persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction ;

595-411: The accused has autism (R v Kagan). Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force. Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one,

630-436: The accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it

665-431: The chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical preparedness of the defender. Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from

700-470: The context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense. First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force

735-408: The cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course] of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he

SECTION 20

#1732782800001

770-445: The defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that

805-494: The early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of violence against women . Women discovered

840-455: The guards distancing themselves from both. On the evening of 21 April 2015, two leading Khabour Guard commanders, David Gindo and Elias Nasser, were abducted, blindfolded, shot and left for dead in an area close to the village of Jumayla. Elias Nasser managed to survive the assassination attempt and crawled to a main road where a passerby picked him up and took him to a hospital in Qamishli . It

875-673: The guise of searching for ISIL holdouts. In the following years, the militia mostly stayed neutral, though some Khabour Guards fought with the YPG in the Manbij offensive . On 25 February 2017, the Assyrian Democratic Party agreed to join the Syrian Democratic Council , while the YPG handed over security in the Assyrian towns along the Khabur River to the Khabour Guards and Nattoreh . The two groups consequently joined

910-596: The journalist Thomas de Waal , there is a lack of a work similar to historian Timothy Snyder 's Bloodlands (2010) that attempts to cover all of the mass violence in Anatolia and the Caucasus between 1914 and 1921. De Waal suggests that while "the [Armenian] genocide of 1915–1916 would stand out as the biggest atrocity of this period... [such a work] would also establish a context that would allow others to come to terms with what happened and why, and also pay homage to

945-467: The multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves. Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence are systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education

980-402: The needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include: In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights. The Intermediate People's Court of Foshan , People's Republic of China in

1015-511: The relationship of the Khabour Guards with both YPG and the MFS worsened, and they broke ties with the Syriac Union Party over the incident. Thereafter, the militia's situation became difficult, allegedly due to pressure by the YPG to fully join the MFS. In response, the Khabour Guards' leadership announced in June 2015 that the group had decided to "lay down our weapons in the fight against ISIS". The guards then split, with many members staying close to

1050-590: The threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from. In some jurisdictions, firearms may be carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own. Knives , especially those categorized as switchblades , may also be controlled , as may batons , pepper spray and personal electroshock weapons —although some may be legal to carry with

1085-602: Was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships ( R v Lavallée ) and whether

Khabur Guards - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-502: Was initially believed that ISIL was behind the attempt to murder both of the Assyrian leaders, but Elias Nasser later revealed the assailants were members of the YPG . Four YPG fighters were subsequently arrested for their involvement in assassinating David Gindo and the assassination attempt on Elias Nasser, with two of the accused receiving a 20-year sentence while the other two received a four and one year sentence respectively. Nevertheless,

1155-414: Was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to

1190-477: Was reasonable. While a person is not expected to weigh to a nicety the measure of force used to respond to violence or a threat thereof, grossly disproportionate force will tend to be unreasonable (R v Kong). Armed self-defense Unarmed self-defense Legal and moral aspects Late Ottoman genocides The late Ottoman genocides is a historiographical theory which sees the concurrent Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian genocides that occurred during

1225-508: Was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about

#999