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73-678: Khorasani Arabs are Iranian Arabs who are descended from the Arabs who immigrated to the Khorasan area of Iran during the Abbasid Caliphate (750−1258). Unlike the Arabs of Iran's Khuzestan Province in the southwestern part of the country, who are direct descendants of the ancient population of the area, the Khorasani Arabs are descended from actual Arab migrants. According to a 2013 article in peer-reviewed journal Iran and

146-685: A frequency of 31.6% in Khuzestani Arabs. Sampling NRY diversity, it was determined that the Y-DNA haplogroups F and J2 such as haplogroup J1 are carried at high frequency among the Iranian Arabs, accounting for more than half of Iranian Arab haplogroups. The high ratio of haplogroup F genetically relates Iranian Arabs to Eastern Mediterraneans and the people of the Barbary Coast . An elevated frequency of haplogroup J-M172

219-678: A grand palace known as Apadana there in 521 BC. But this astonishing period of glory and splendor of the Achaemenian dynasty came to an end by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon . The Susa weddings was arranged by Alexander in 324 BC in Susa , where mass weddings took place between the Persians and the Macedonians . After Alexander, the Seleucid dynasty came to rule the area. As

292-747: A group of Tamim had been living since pre-Islamic times. However, following the fall of the Abbasid dynasty, the flow of Arab immigrants into Persia gradually diminished, but it nonetheless continued. In the latter part of the 16th century, the Bani Kaab (pronounced Chaub in the local Gulf dialect), from Kuwait , settled in Khuzestan. And during the succeeding centuries, more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to Khuzestan. According to C.E. Bosworth in Encyclopædia Iranica , under

365-538: A non-Persian Bakhtiari minority, while the southern section always had diverse minority groups known as Khuzis. Since the 1940s, a flood of job seekers from all over Iran to the oil and commerce centers on the Persian Gulf Coast has made the region more Persian-speaking. Presently, Khuzestan still maintains its diverse group, but does have Arabs, Persians, Bakhtiari and ethnic Qashqais and Lors. Khuzestan has great potential for agricultural expansion , which

438-542: A non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia" . The name Khuzestan is derived from the Elamite ( ʰŪvja ), likely pronounced /xuʒa/, later Middle Persian Hūzīg , Arabic al-Xūzīya . In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel , the Elamites were "the founders of the first 'Iranian' empire in the geographic sense." Hence the central geopolitical significance of Khuzestan,

511-509: A politically sensitive region, particularly given its history of foreign intervention, notably the Iraqi invasion of 1980. Some ethnic groups complain over the distribution of the revenue generated by oil resources with claims that the central government is failing to invest profits from the oil industry in employment generation, post-war reconstruction and welfare projects. Low human development indicators among local Khuzestanis are contrasted with

584-812: A third of the spoil. The Basrans purged the Nestorians—the Exegete of the city and the Bishop of Hormizd, and all their students—but kept Hormuzan alive. There followed the conquests of Gundeshapur and of many other districts along the Tigris. The Battle of Nahāvand finally secured Khuzestan for the Muslim armies. During the Muslim conquest the Sassanids were allied with non-Muslim Arab tribes, which implies that those wars were religious, rather than national. For instance in 633–634, Khaled ibn Walid leader of

657-601: A very few speak Arabic as their mother tongue. Khorasani-Arabs in the cities Birjand , Mashhad and Nishapur are a small ethnic group but most are Persianized. Elton Daniel in The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001), states that the Arabs of Iran "are concentrated in the province of Khuzistan and number about half a million" . The Historical Dictionary of Iran puts the number at 1 million. Iranian Arabs form 1-2% of Iran's population. Khuzestan province Khuzestan Province ( Persian : استان خوزستان )

730-505: Is Lur . During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2010 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Arabs was 33.6%, Persians 31.9%, Lurs 30%, Turkish speakers 2.5%, Kurds 1%, Other 0.7%. According to

803-482: Is almost unrivaled by the country's other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the land. Karun , Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is hampered by the fact that their waters carry salt ,

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876-655: Is also characterized by an overreliance on dam construction and large-scale diversion projects, primarily benefiting politically connected enterprises and urban elites. This has led to the drying of rivers, wetlands, and other vital ecosystems, intensifying dust storms and land subsidence in regions like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan . Such environmental degradation, combined with insufficient governmental oversight and transparency, worsens living conditions for marginalized communities, reinforcing cycles of poverty and socio-political marginalization. Historically, Khuzestan, one of Iran's most water-rich provinces, has been hit hard by

949-572: Is one of the 31 provinces of Iran . Located in the southwest of the country, the province borders Iraq and the Persian Gulf , covering an area of 63,238 square kilometres (24,416 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Ahvaz . Since 2014, it has been part of Iran's Region 4 . Once one of the most important regions of the Ancient Near East , Khuzestan comprises much of what historians refer to as ancient Elam , whose capital

1022-1217: Is one of the hottest places on earth with maximum temperatures in summer exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) sometimes. Reliable measurements in the city range from −5 to 54.0 °C (23.0 to 129.2 °F). Khuzestan has desert conditions and experiences many sandstorms. Iran ranks among the most water stressed countries in the world. However, Khuzestan province suffers from major water problems that were aggravated by corruption in Iran's water supply sector, lack of transparency, neglect of marginalized communities, and political favoritism . The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and other politically connected entities control water resources, prioritizing projects for political and economic gain rather than public need. They divert supplies to favored regions, causing shortages in vulnerable provinces like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. For example, water diversion projects in Isfahan and Yazd provinces receive priority despite critical shortages in Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. Reports also indicate that certain agricultural and industrial enterprises with ties to

1095-406: Is one of the peculiarities of Iranian Arab society, results in cooperation between Arabs in hardships as well as the intensification of internecines between tribes. Iranian Arabs are well known for hospitality too. Women's scarves have various types including Aba that is a black Chador with long sleeves from which hands are only exposed from wrist. Another is called Asabe or a turban like scarf, and

1168-524: Is spoken by no more than a few dozen elderly Mandaeans . Khuzestan is known for its ethnic diversity; the population of Khuzestan consists of Lurs , Arabs , Qashqai people of the Afshar tribe , Persians ( Dezfuli-Shushtari , Mahshahrys, Behbahani ), Mandean , Kurds and Iranian Armenians . Khuzestan's population is predominantly Shia Muslim , but there are small Christian , Jewish , Sunni and Mandean minorities. Half of Khuzestan's population

1241-573: Is typical of Near Eastern people and reflective of the genetic legacy of early agriculturalists in the Neolithic Near East c . 8000–4000 BCE. Haplogroup R1a1 , and R1 , typical of Indo-Iranian groups, occurred in more than 11 percent of the sample and haplogroup G was present in more than 5 percent. Most Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan Province are bilingual speakers of Arabic and Persian . The Arabic spoken in

1314-779: The 1979 uprising . Initially it emerged the terrorists wanted autonomy for Khuzestan; later they demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Iranian jails. The group which claimed responsibility for the siege the Arab Popular Movement in Arabistan (See Arab separatism in Khuzestan ) gave a number of press conferences in the following months, referring to what it described as "the racist rule of Khomeini". It threatened further international action as part of its campaign to gain self-rule for Khuzestan. But its links with Baghdad served to undermine its argument that it

1387-589: The Assembly of Experts , including Ayatollahs Mousavi Jazayeri , Ka'bi , Heidari , Farhani , Shafi'i , and Ahmadi . The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided into two regions; the rolling hills and mountainous regions north of the Ahvaz Ridge , and the plains and marsh lands to its south. The area is irrigated by the Karoun , Karkheh , Jarahi and Maroun rivers. The northern section maintains

1460-744: The Bakr ben Wāʾel to Kermān, and several clans of the Hanzala to Tavvaz , near present-day Dālakī in Fārs . Although after the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Persian empire in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, it is the Arab tribes of Khuzestan that have retained their identity in language, culture, and Shia Islam to the present day. But ethno-linguistic characteristics of

1533-607: The Banu Ka'b at Dawraq , the later Fallāhīya and present-day Shadegan , the Musha'sha' at Hoveyzeh , Banu Tamim , and more from southern Iraq. The Bani Turuf tribe is settled in the Dasht e Azadegan (formerly Dasht-e Mīshān) around the town of Hūzagān (formerly Hoveyzeh ), and consists of seven tribes, the Sovārī, Marzaā, Shorfa, Banī Sāleh, Marvān, Qāṭeʿ, and Sayyed Nemat. North of

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1606-465: The Byzantine Empire , and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity of this region during this era. The Jondi-Shapur Medical School was founded by the order of Shapur I . It was repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a. Zol-Aktaf : "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan. The Muslim conquest of Khuzestan took place in 639 AD under

1679-715: The Hebrew sources). The name of the city of Ahvaz also has the same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic broken plural from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. The entire province was still known as "the Khudhi" or "the Khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) and in general

1752-614: The Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s, the Arabs of Khuzestan mostly resided in the rural regions along the Karkhe and Karun rivers in the southwest of the province and the number living in cities was very limited because the Arab tribes were still following a nomadic lifestyle. But after the end of the war, most of the refuged Arabs were relocated by the government to the urban centres and smaller towns. This conversion of lifestyle directly from nomadic to city life caused many problems and conflicts in

1825-502: The Jarahi and Karkheh in their lower reaches. Only the Marun is exempt from this. The climate of Khuzestan is generally very hot and occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while winters can be cold and dry. Summertime temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F) almost daily and in the winter it can drop below freezing, with occasional snowfall in mountains. Khuzestan

1898-587: The Lakhmids and Himyarites , and settled Arab tribesmen in various parts of the Iranian Plateau . The Arab expedition to Iran began before the Muslim conquests and continued with joint exertions of the civilized Arabs (ahl al-madar) and desert Arabs (ahl al-wabar). According to the Minorities at Risk Project 2001, about 40 percent of Arabs are unskilled workers living in urban areas. The Arabs in

1971-689: The Persian Gulf from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in central Najd . The Sassanids resettled these tribes in Kerman and Ahvaz . Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur Dhul-aktāf" after this battle. The existence of prominent scientific and cultural centers such as Academy of Gundishapur which gathered distinguished medical scientists from Egypt ,

2044-616: The Qajar dynasty "the province was known, as in Safavid times, as Arabistan, and during the Qajar period was administratively a governor-generalate." Half of Khuzestan was not known as Arabistan. Khuzestan's northern, more populous parts, with the capital at Shushtar , retained the old name, but also occasionally was incorporated into the district of the Greater Lur due to the large Bakhtiari population in half of Khuzestan. In 1856, in

2117-565: The Seleucid dynasty weakened, Mehrdad I the Parthian (171–137 BC), gained ascendency over the region. During the Sassanid dynasty this area thrived tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was responsible for the many constructions that were erected in Ahvaz, Shushtar , and the north of Andimeshk . During the early years of the reign of Shapur II (AD 309 or 310–379), Arabs crossed

2190-767: The Umayyad period, large groups of nomads from the Hanifa , Banu Tamim , and Abd al-Qays tribes crossed the Persian Gulf and occupied some of the richest Basran territories around Ahvaz and in Fars during the Second Fitna in 661–665 / 680–684 AD. During the Abbasid period, in the second half of the 10th century, the Assad tribe, taking advantage of quarrels under the Buwayhids , penetrated into Khuzestan, where

2263-507: The 1996 census, the province had an estimated population of 3.7 million people, of which approximately 62.5% were in the urban centres, 36.5% were rural dwellers and the remaining 1% were non-residents. According to the most recent census taken in 2016, the province had 4,710,509 inhabitants. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 4,192,598 in 862,491 households. The following census in 2011 counted 4,531,720 people in 1,112,664 households. The 2016 census measured

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2336-634: The Abbasids settled about 50,000 Arab families in Iranian Khorasan, modern day Northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan, but the number is definitely exaggerated. Iranian Arabs The presence of Arabs in Iran dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD, where under the Sasanian Empire , Mesopotamian Arabs were an important segment of the empire’s population along and west of the lower Euphrates river in southern Iraq and between

2409-506: The Caucasus , the Khorasani Arabs, numbering c.  50,000 , are "already almost totally Persianised ". Most Khorasani Arabs belong to the tribes of Shaybani , Zangooyi , Mishmast , Khozaima , and Azdi . Khorasan Arabs are Persian speakers, and only a few speak Khorasani Arabic as their native language. The cities of Birjand , Mashhad , and Nishapur are home to large groups of Khorasani Arabs. According to Ibn Al-Athir ,

2482-581: The Hebrew sources where they are recorded as "Hauja" or "Huja". In Middle Persian , the term evolved into "Khuz" and "Kuzi". The pre-Islamic Partho-Sasanian inscriptions give the name of the province as Khwuzestan. The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people ( Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" or "Husa" (the Shushan of

2555-639: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps have received significant amounts of water, while small farmers and rural communities struggle with severe shortages. Iran's central government prioritizes water allocation for industrial and urban centers, often at the expense of rural and minority populations. These groups face severe water shortages, ecological degradation, and a loss of livelihoods. This pattern of unequal development not only exacerbates regional disparities but also fuels social unrest and environmental crises. Iran's water policy

2628-521: The Muslim Army, defeated a force of the Sassanids' Arab auxiliaries from the tribes of Bakr, 'Ejl, Taghleb and Namer at 'Ayn Al-Tamr. The Muslim settlements by military garrisons in southern Iran was soon followed by other types of expansion. Some families, for example, took the opportunity to gain control of private estates. Like the rest of Iran, the Muslim conquest thus brought Khuzestan under

2701-525: The Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed at Shushtar, until the late Qajar period. With the increase in the international sea commerce, arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by

2774-588: The Tigris and Euphrates in northern Iraq. This stretch included Arvand Rud , which meets at the current Iran–Iraq border, down to its mouth, where it discharges into the Persian Gulf. The Arabs of the Sasanian empire included nomads, semi nomads, peasants, and townsmen. Some Arabs followed polytheistic religions, and a few adopted Judaism, but most appear to be Christians. The historian and Iranologist Elton L. Daniel explains that for centuries, Iranian rulers maintained contacts with Arabs outside their borders, dealt with Arab subjects and client states such as those of

2847-520: The amount of which increases as the rivers flow away from the source mountains and hills. In case of the Karun, a single tributary river, Rud-i Shur ("Salty River") that flows into the Karun above Shushtar contributes most of the salt that the river carries. As such, the freshness of the Karun waters could be greatly enhanced if the Rud-i Shur could be diverted away from the Karun. The same applies to

2920-541: The central Iranian government and the Arab nationalists of the province continued since. The name of 'Khuzistan' came to be applied to the entire territory by 1936. Over the next decades of the Pahlavi rule, the province of Khuzestan remained relatively quiet, gaining to hold an important economic and defensive strategic position. With the Iranian Revolution taking place in early 1979, local rebellions swept

2993-526: The command of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari from Basra , who drove the Persian satrap Hormuzan out of Ahvaz . Susa later fell, so Hormuzan fled to Shushtar . There his forces were besieged by Abu Musa for 18 months. Shushtar finally fell in 642 AD; the Khuzistan Chronicle records that an unknown Arab, living in the city, befriended a man in the army, and dug tunnels through the wall in return for

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3066-459: The country, with Khuzestan being no exception. In April 1979, an uprising broke out in the province, led by the Arab separatist group Arab Political and Cultural Organisation (APCO), seeking to gain independence from the new theocratic rule. The Iranian Embassy siege of 1980 in London was initiated by an Arab separatist group as an aftermath response to the regional crackdown in Khuzestan, after

3139-639: The course of the Anglo-Persian War over the city of Herat , the British naval forces sailed up the Karun river all the way to Ahvaz . However, in the settlement that followed, they evacuated the province. Some tribal forces, such as those led by Sheikh Jabir al-Kaabi , the Sheikh of Mohammerah , fared better in opposing the invading British forces than those dispatched by the central government, which

3212-469: The course of the 16th century. The southern half of the province—south, southwest of the Ahvaz Ridge , had come by the 17th century to be known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as Arabistan. The contemporaneous history, the Alam Ara-i Abbasi by Iskandar Beg Munshi , written during the reign of king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), regularly refers to the southern part of Khuzestan as "Arabistan". The northern half continued to be called Khuzestan. In 1925,

3285-473: The entire province regained the old name and the term Arabistan was dropped. There is also a very old folk etymology which maintains the word "khouz" stands for sugar and "Khouzi" for people who make raw sugar. The province has been a cane sugar-producing area since the late Sassanian times, such as the sugar cane fields of the Dez River side in Dezful . Khuzhestan has been the land of Khouzhies who cultivate sugar cane even today in Haft Tepe . The name of

3358-422: The factors that sparked high dissatisfaction among residents. The frustrations typically manifested in protests and rallies. In 2005, Ahvaz witnessed a number of terrorist attacks , which came following the violent Ahvaz riots . The first bombing came ahead of the presidential election on 12 June 2005. In 2011, another wave of protests by Arab tribes occurred mostly in the urban area of Ahvaz. Before

3431-429: The lands of the ʿAnāfeja of the Āl Katīr, in the area called Mīānāb, between the Kārūn and Karkheh Rivers , dwell several Arab tribes, of which the best known are the Kaab (probably an offshoot of the Banī Kaʿb of southern Khuzestan), the ʿAbd al khānī, the Mazraa, the Al Bū Rāwīya, and the Sādāt. These tribes gradually immigrated into Iran during and after the early years of the Qajar period. Strong blood relation which

3504-427: The last day of the war, this province was always the scene of Iran's various operations to recapture the areas occupied by the Iraqi army forces. At the beginning of the war, cities such as Abadan , Susangerd , Bostan , Dezful , Andimeshk , Khorramshahr , and Ahvaz , which were the capital of the province, were regularly targeted by Iraqi army rocket and artillery attacks. The long-term occupation of some areas of

3577-600: The migration of the Banu Kaab and Banu Lam . There were attempts by the Iraqi Hussein regime during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) to generate Arab nationalism in the area but without any palpable success. According to various genetic studies, Iranian Arabs are genetically similar to other Iranian citizens and their genetic affinity "might be the result of their common ancestry". Hajjej et al. found that Khuzestani Arabs have close relatedness with Gabesians . Haplogroup J1-M267 reaches 33.4% in samples from Khuzestan, slightly higher than in other parts of Iran. It also reaches

3650-529: The mismanagement of water resources. The drying of rivers, including the Karkheh and Karun , has made agriculture unsustainable in many parts of the province. In recent years, Khuzestan has witnessed a significant exodus of its rural population as people move to cities for work and better living conditions. The situation has been exacerbated by periodic dust storms, which further degrade the environment and make life untenable in affected regions. This environmental migration from Khuzestan has led to social tensions in

3723-445: The most important Iranian port prior to the war) was a turning point in the war, and is officially celebrated every year in Iran. The city of Khorramshahr was almost completely destroyed as a result of the scorched earth policy ordered by Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein. However, Iranian forces were able to prevent the Iraqis from attempting to spread the execution of this policy to other major urban centres. From 22 September 1980 to

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3796-412: The northern reaches of the land, first at Susa ( Shush ) and then at Shushtar . During a short spell in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the ancient Hoorpahir by Ardashir I , the founder of the Sasanian Dynasty in the 3rd century CE. This town is now known as Ahvaz. However, later in

3869-515: The order of the Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Nâseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahvaz/ Nâseri prospered to the present day. Since the early 1920s, tensions on religious and ethnic grounds have often resulted in separatist violence , including an insurgency in 1979 , an embassy siege , unrest in 2005 , bombings in 2005–06 and protests in 2011 . The Iranian regime has drawn harsh criticism from international human rights organizations for its repressive measures against

3942-404: The population of Arab citizens in Khuzestan between 4-7 million. Shapur II the Great (309–379 A.D.) of the Sasanian Empire , after a punitive expedition across the Persian Gulf early in his reign, transplanted several clans of the Taghleb to Dārzīn (Daharzīn) near Bam , several clans of the Abd al-Qays and Tamīm to Haǰar (the Kūh-e Hazār region) southeast of Kermān , several clans of

4015-445: The population of the province as 4,710,509 in 1,280,645 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Khuzestan Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. According to the 2016 census, 3,554,205 people (over 75% of the population of Khuzestan Province) live in the following cities: The seat of the province has for most of its history been in

4088-401: The province in Syriac is Beth Huzaye. The province of Khuzestan is one of the centres of ancient civilization, and one of the most important regions of the Ancient Near East , based around Susa . The first large scale empire based here was that of the powerful 4th millennium BC Elamites . Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization,

4161-408: The province is Khuzestani Arabic , a mixture of Gulf Arabic and South Mesopotamian Arabic . Hamid Ahmadi noted that the Arabs of Khuzestan Province are direct descendants of the ancient population of the area, having adopted the Arabic language and identity with the spread of Islam , although there are numerous immigrant Arab tribes of Khuzestan with origins from the Arabian Peninsula , such as

4234-495: The province's residents. As a result, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the war. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein felt confident that the Arab population of the Khuzestan would react enthusiastically to the prospect of union with Iraq. However, resistance to the invasion was fierce, stalling the Iraqi military's advance, and ultimately opening a window of opportunity for an Iranian counter-offensive. What used to be Iran's largest refinery at Abadan

4307-438: The province, further contributed to the damage to natural and human capital in the province. Since the war, the speed of growth and development of the province has been very slow. Khuzestan, despite benefiting from abundant natural resources including oil, has many economic, environmental, social, and construction problems, among others. High unemployment rate, water crisis, high dust, and lack of civil infrastructure are among

4380-498: The quality of the used cloth denotes the social rank of the woman. Pooshie is a mask-like silk cloth that covers the face. Dresses are of different types too. Nefnef is a long loose dress and Thoub is a gauzy loose dress that is worn on the Nefnef. Ne'al and Kabkab or Karkab are two kinds of footwear. Khamseh Arab nomads live in eastern Fars Province (From Lar and close surrounding areas to Khorrambid and Bavanat). Arabs that live in eastern Fars Province and Hormozgan mostly belong to

4453-424: The region must be studied against the long and turbulent history of the province, with its own local language khuzi , which may have been of Elamite origin and which gradually disappeared in the early medieval period. The immigration of Arab tribes from outside the province was also a long-term process. There was a great influx of Arab-speaking immigrants into the province from the 16th to the 19th century, including

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4526-403: The region, as local communities face declining living standards and heightened unemployment. Khuzestan is ethnically diverse, home to many different ethnic groups. This has a bearing on Khuzestan's electoral politics, with ethnic minority rights playing a significant role in the province's political culture. The province's geographical location bordering Iraq and its oil resources also make it

4599-430: The religious and ethnic minorities in the region. However, the internal conflict was brought to a temporary halt in 1980 when Khuzestan was invaded by Ba'athist Iraq , leading to the Iran–Iraq War where Khuzestanis of all backgrounds fought alongside the Iranian military in resisting the Iraqi offensive. Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's parliament, the Majlis . Meanwhile, it has six representatives in

4672-410: The rule of the Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, until Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar , from southeastern Iran, raised the flag of independence once more, and ultimately regained control over Khuzestan, among other parts of Iran, founding the short-lived Saffarid dynasty. From that point on, Iranian dynasties would continue to rule the region in succession as an important part of Iran. In

4745-419: The rural areas are primarily farmers and fishermen. The Arabs living along the Persian Gulf coastal plains are mostly pastoral nomads. Tribal loyalties are strong among rural Arabs, but also have an influence in urban areas, impacting Arab socialization and politicization. Multiple human rights groups including Minority Rights Group International and Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization have listed

4818-404: The seat of Iran's first empire. In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by Ashurbanipal , coming under the rule of the Assyrians who brought destruction upon Susa and Chogha Zanbil. But in 538 BC, Cyrus the Great was able to re-conquer the Elamite lands after nearly 80 years of Median rule. The city of Susa was then proclaimed as one of the Achaemenid capitals. Darius the Great then erected

4891-515: The structure of their societies and ultimately has led to some unrest. An unfinished building collapsed in Khuzestan province in June 2022. It was reported that thirteen people were arrested over the collapse. The incident also caused demonstrations in the region. Apart from Persian , other languages and dialects are also spoken in Khuzestan. For instance, a portion of Khuzestan's populace speaks Arabic ( Khuzestani Arabic ). Another part of Khuzestanis speak in Bakhtiari dialect . Neo-Mandaic

4964-413: The tribes of Banu Tamim , Banu Kaab and Banu Hammed . Khorasani Arabs are descended from Arab migrants from Arabia. Most Khorasani-Arabs belong to the tribes of Sheybani , Zangooyi , Mishmast , Khozaima and Azdi . According to a 2013 article in peer-reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus , the Khorasani Arabs, numbering c.  50,000 , are "already almost totally Persianised ". Only

5037-415: Was a purely Iranian opposition group; there were allegations that it was backed by Iran's regional rival, Iraq . Their leader ("Salim" - Awn Ali Mohammed) along with four other members of the group were killed and the fifth member, Fowzi Badavi Nejad, was sentenced to life imprisonment. During the Iran–Iraq War , Khuzestan was the focus of the Iraqi invasion of Iran, leading to the flight of thousands of

5110-512: Was destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous nakhlestans (palm groves) were annihilated, cities were destroyed, historical sites were demolished, and nearly half the province captured by the invading Iraqi army. This created a mass exodus into other provinces that did not have the logistical capability of taking in such a large number of refugees. However, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push Iraqi forces out of Iran . The Battle of Khorramshahr (one of Khuzestan's largest cities and

5183-432: Was governed by Bakhtiari khans. Following Sheikh Khazal's rebellion , the western part of Khuzestan's emirate was dissolved by Reza Shah government in 1925, along with other autonomous regions of Persia , in a bid to centralize the state. In response Sheikh Khaz'al of Muhammerah initiated a rebellion , which was quickly crushed by the newly installed Pahlavi dynasty with minimal casualties. A low level conflict between

5256-564: Was in Susa . The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiyā when they conquered it from the Elamites. This element is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz", refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or Huja , as in the inscription on the tomb of Darius the Great at Naqsh-e Rostam ). They are the Shushan of

5329-452: Was quite feeble. But, the point of the invasion of the province and other coastal regions of southern Persia / Iran were to force the evacuation of Herat by the Persians and not the permanent occupation of these regions. In the two decades before 1925, although nominally part of Persian territory, the western part of Khuzestan functioned for many years effectively as an autonomous emirate known as "Arabistan". The eastern part of Khuzestan

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