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45-701: On 17 May 1885, agreements were made between Germany and the United Kingdom over the islands of Bougainville and Buka in the area of the German sphere of interest. On 20 September 1905 a station was built with a post office and customs. Since 1902, there was a Catholic mission station in Kieta. Kieta was occupied by the Japanese during the Second World War. The majority of the town was destroyed in

90-427: A lingua franca . English and Tok Pisin are the languages of official business and government. Other Austronesian languages include Nehan , Petats , Solos , Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz , all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in

135-548: A majority Melanesian population, but the proportion has dropped to 43% in the face of modern immigration. The largest and most populous Melanesian country is Papua New Guinea . The largest city in Melanesia is Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea with about 318,000 people, mostly of Melanesian ancestry. The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia and is predominantly inhabited by indigenous Papuans , with

180-534: A very modest degree with the indigenous populations there". Nevertheless, the study still found a small Austronesian genetic signature (below 20%) in less than half of the Melanesian groups who speak Austronesian languages , and which was entirely absent in the Papuan -speaking groups. The study found a high rate of genetic differentiation and diversity among the groups living within the Melanesian islands, with

225-596: A wide variety of Pacific peoples. It found that neither Polynesians nor Micronesians have much genetic relation to Melanesians. Both groups are strongly related genetically to East Asians , particularly Taiwanese aborigines . It appeared that, having developed their sailing outrigger canoes, the ancestors of the Polynesians migrated from East Asia, moved through the Melanesian area quickly on their way, and kept going to eastern areas, where they settled. They left little genetic evidence in Melanesia, "and only intermixed to

270-587: Is estimated to have one billion tonnes of copper ore and 12 million ounces of gold. It was later shut down in a revolution against the Australian-run mine. The majority of people on Bougainville are Christian, an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. There are many indigenous languages in Bougainville Province, belonging to three language families. The languages of

315-963: Is generally associated with the first settlement of Australasia by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during the Initial Upper Paleolithic , which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" ( Ancient East Eurasians ), and sharing deep ancestry with modern East Asian peoples and other Asia-Pacific groups. It is estimated that people reached Sahul (the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Melanesians are more closely related to Papuans than to Aboriginal Australians. The eastern part of Melanesia that includes Vanuatu , New Caledonia , and Fiji ,

360-666: Is not the same gene that causes blond hair in the Northern European region. As with blond hair that arose in Northern Europe, incidence of blondness is more common in children than in adults, with hair tending to darken as the individual matures. The predominantly Melanesian areas of Oceania include New Guinea and surrounding islands, the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu and Fiji . New Caledonia and nearby Loyalty Islands for most of their history have had

405-524: Is serviced by PNG Air with flights to Rabaul and Buka . A number of Papuan languages are spoken in the Kieta district, such as Naasioi . Kieta has a mean maximum temperature of 32 °C (90 °F), mean minimum temperature of 23 °C (73 °F), and annual rainfall of 3,037 mm (119.6 in). This Autonomous Region of Bougainville geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bougainville Island Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin : Bogenvil )

450-697: Is the closest to Buka. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago . It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire —associated with the North Solomons . Most of the islands in this archipelago (which are primarily concentrated in the southern and eastern portions of it) are part of the politically independent Solomon Islands . Two of these islands—the closely connected Shortland Islands —are less than 9 km (5.6 mi) south or southeast of Bougainville, and about 30 km (19 mi) west of Choiseul , one of

495-588: Is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville , which is part of Papua New Guinea . Its land area is 9,300 km (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets , is approximately 300,000 (2019 census). The highest point is Mount Balbi , on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft). The much smaller Buka Island , c.  500 km (190 sq mi) , lies to

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540-582: Is visible for many kilometres. In 2013, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake was detected on the Bougainville Island; its epicenter was located 57 kilometers (35.4 miles) south of Panguna , a town on Bougainville Island. Bougainville Island is primarily forested. Copper mining on the island by a Rio Tinto -owned mining operation in Panguna was known for their environmental impacts due to heavy metals . More recently, deforestation in order to feed

585-544: The Bougainville Civil War claimed over 15,000 lives. Peace talks brokered by New Zealand began in 1997 and led to autonomy. A multinational Peace Monitoring Group (PMG) under Australian leadership was deployed. In 2001, a peace agreement was signed, including the promise of a referendum on independence from Papua New Guinea. This referendum was held between 23 November and 7 December 2019, with results being declared on 11 December. The referendum question

630-688: The indigenous Australians . Dumont D'Urville combined the two peoples into one group. Soares et al. (2008) have argued for an older pre- Holocene Sundaland origin in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on mitochondrial DNA . The "out of Taiwan model" was challenged by a study from Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution . Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages shows that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of

675-640: The 1990 Civil Uprising on Bougainville. The airfield has a 5,400 feet (1,600 m) runway which was used by the Japanese in World War II, and was recently serviced by Air Niugini until 1990. For some time after that the only aircraft to service the area had been the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Forces ( C-130 Hercules ) in support of the Peace Monitoring Group . As of 2021, Kieta Airport

720-830: The Australian Territory of Papua , forming the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , a United Nations Trust Territory under Australian administration. On 9 September 1975, the Parliament of Australia passed the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 . On 11 September 1975, Bougainville declared itself the Republic of the North Solomons . Though it was later absorbed politically into Papua New Guinea. Between 1988 and 1998,

765-605: The Denisovans, indicating this exchange. The Denisovans are considered cousin to the Neanderthals. Both groups are now understood to have migrated out of Africa, with the Neanderthals going into Europe, and the Denisovans heading east about 400,000 years ago. This is based on genetic evidence from a fossil found in Siberia . The evidence from Melanesia suggests their territory extended into southeast Asia, where ancestors of

810-565: The Melanesian islands. Genetic links have been identified between the Oceanic peoples. Polynesians are dominated by a type of macro-haplogroup C y-DNA, which is a minority lineage in Melanesia, and have a very low frequency of the dominant Melanesian y-DNA K2b1. A significant minority of them also belongs to the typical East Asian male Haplogroup O-M175 . Some recent studies suggest that all humans outside of Sub-Saharan Africa have inherited some genes from Neanderthals, and that Melanesians are

855-613: The Melanesians developed. Melanesians of some islands are one of the few non-European peoples, and the only dark-skinned group of people outside Australia, known to have blond hair. The blond trait developed via the TYRP1 gene, which is not the same gene that causes blondness in European blonds. Early European explorers noted the physical differences among groups of Pacific Islanders. In 1756 Charles de Brosses theorized that there

900-882: The Polynesians arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. Paternal Y chromosome analysis by Kayser et al. (2000) also showed that Polynesians have significant Melanesian genetic admixture. A follow-up study by Kayser et al. (2008) discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin, with the rest (79%) being of East Asian origin. A study by Friedlaender et al. (2008) confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, and East Asians, than to Melanesians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians. Thus,

945-410: The area more than 3,000 years ago, came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan-speaking peoples. In the late 20th century, some scholars theorized a long period of interaction, which resulted in many complex changes in genetics, languages, and culture among the peoples. It was proposed that, from this area, a very small group of people (speaking an Austronesian language ) departed to

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990-442: The coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby Takuu Atoll , a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu . The Papuan languages are confined to the main island of Bougainville. These include Rotokas , a language with a very small inventory of phonemes, Eivo , Terei, Keriaka , Naasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi , Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (sometimes considered a dialect of Siwai), Uisai and several others. Cut off from

1035-582: The coastlines were more intermixed. Further DNA analysis has taken research into new directions, as more Homo erectus races or subspecies have been discovered since the late 20th century. Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin , an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Melanesians interbred in Asia with these humans . He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with

1080-471: The east to become the forebears of the Polynesian people . The indigenous Melanesian populations are thus often classified into two main groups based on differences in language, culture or genetic ancestry: the Papuan -speaking and Austronesian -speaking groups. This Polynesian theory was overturned by a 2010 study, which was based on genome scans and evaluation of more than 800 genetic markers among

1125-496: The growing population has affected the flow of many rivers on the island. The United Nations Environment Programme has offered to facilitate the cleanup of the Panguna mine and explore reopening it with more stringent environmental standards. Bougainville Island has a tropical rainforest climate ( Af on Köppen classification ). The driest month is February. Bougainville has one of the world's largest copper deposits, which has been under development since 1972. The Panguna mine

1170-498: The high frequencies of B4a1a1 are the result of drift and represent the descendants of a very few successful East Asian females. Austronesian languages and cultural traits were introduced along the north and south-east coasts of New Guinea and in some of the islands north and east of New Guinea by migrating Austronesians, probably starting over 3,500 years ago. This was followed by long periods of interaction that resulted in many complex changes in genetics, languages, and culture. It

1215-599: The ingenuity with which the Bougainvillean people survived for almost a decade (1989–1997) without trade or contact with the outside world because of the PNG military blockade. Mr. Pip (2012) is a film by New Zealand director Andrew Adamson based on the book Mister Pip by New Zealand author Lloyd Jones . 6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E  /  6.24444°S 155.38389°E  / -6.24444; 155.38389 Melanesian people Melanesians are

1260-490: The island in 1902. During World War I , Australia occupied German New Guinea, including Bougainville. It became part of the Australian Territory of New Guinea under a League of Nations mandate in 1920. In 1942, during World War II , Japan invaded the island, but Allied forces launched the Bougainville campaign to regain control of the island in 1943. Despite heavy bombardments, the Japanese garrisons remained on

1305-553: The island until 1945. Following the war, the Territory of New Guinea, including Bougainville, returned to Australian control. On 18 April 1943, in Bougainville Island, during the Pacific War , the Japanese admiral, commander-in-chief of Combined Fleet Isoroku Yamamoto , died after his plane was attacked by US fighter planes and crashed into the jungle. In 1949, the Territory of New Guinea , including Bougainville, merged with

1350-411: The nearby island of Buka are a single landmass separated by a deep 300-metre (980 ft) wide strait. The island has an area of 9,000 km (3,500 sq mi), and there are several active, dormant or inactive volcanoes that can rise to 2,400 m (7,900 ft). Bagana (1,750 metres [5,740 ft]) in the north central part of Bougainville is conspicuously active, spewing out smoke that

1395-413: The north, across the 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) wide Buka Strait . Even though the strait is narrow, there is no bridge across it, but there is a regular ferry service between the key settlements on either side. The main airstrip in the north is in the town of Buka. Buka has an outcropping that is 175 km (109 mi) from New Ireland . Among the large islands of Papua New Guinea, New Ireland

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1440-773: The northern end of the island, and some scattered around the coast, belong to the Austronesian family . The languages of the north-central and southern lobes of Bougainville Island belong to the North and South Bougainville families. The most widely spoken Austronesian language is Halia and its dialects, spoken on the island of Buka and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. The larger languages, such as Nasioi , Korokoro Motuna, Terei , and Halia, are split into dialects that are not always mutually understandable. For general communication, most Bougainvilleans use Tok Pisin as

1485-542: The northern tip of Buka Island to the Nggela Islands . The earliest evidence of human settlement is at Kilu Cave on Buka Island, where the earliest remains are from 26,700 to 18,100 BC. The first settlers were Melanesian people , likely related to modern Papuans and Indigenous Australians . In the 2nd millennium BC, Austronesian people arrived, bringing with them domesticated pigs, chickens, dogs, and obsidian tools. The first European contact with Bougainville

1530-582: The only known modern humans whose prehistoric ancestors interbred with the Denisova hominin , sharing 4%–6% of their genome with this ancient cousin of the Neanderthal. Most people with blond hair are Northern European white European ethno-racial origins. It evolved independently in Melanesia, where Melanesians of some islands (along with some indigenous Australians ) are one of a few non-European ethnic groups who have blond hair. This has been traced to an allele of TYRP1 unique to these people, and

1575-441: The outside world for several years by a Papua New Guinean blockade during the civil war, the islanders suffered many deaths from a lack of medical resources. A 2013 United Nations survey of 843 men found that 62% (530 respondents) of those have raped a woman or girl at least once, with 26% (217 respondents) of the men reported having raped a non-partner, whereas 9% (74 respondents) reported having committed gang rape. Additionally,

1620-405: The peoples not only distinguished between the islands, but also by the languages, topography, and size of an island. Such diversity developed over the tens of thousands of years since initial settlement, as well as after the more recent arrival of Polynesian ancestors at the islands. Papuan-speaking groups in particular were found to be the most differentiated, while Austronesian-speaking groups along

1665-400: The peoples of Oceania into four racial groups: Malayans, Polynesians, Micronesians, and Melanesians. D'Urville's model differed from that of Bory de Saint-Vincent in referring to 'Melanesians' rather than 'Mélaniens.' He derived the name Melanesia from Greek μέλας , black , and νῆσος , island , to mean "islands of black people". Bory de Saint-Vincent had distinguished Mélaniens from

1710-576: The predominant and indigenous inhabitants of Melanesia , in an area stretching from New Guinea to the Fiji Islands . Most speak one of the many languages of the Austronesian language family (especially ones in the Oceanic branch) or one of the many unrelated families of Papuan languages . There are several creoles of the region, such as Tok Pisin , Hiri Motu , Solomon Islands Pijin , Bislama , and Papuan Malay . The origin of Melanesians

1755-545: The settlements of which, Poroporo, faces Bougainville. In a 2019 referendum , the citizens of Bougainville voted to become independent from Papua New Guinea by 2027, but the referendum was non-binding on the Papua New Guinea government, which has not committed to this. During the Last Ice Age , present-day Bougainville Island was part of a single landmass known as "Greater Bougainville", which spanned from

1800-413: The survey also found that 8% (67 respondents) of the men had raped other men or boys. The Coconut Revolution , a documentary about the struggle of the indigenous population to save their island from environmental destruction and gain independence, was made in 1999. An Evergreen Island (2000), a film by Australian documentary filmmakers Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films , showed

1845-534: Was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea or full independence. Of the valid votes, 98.31% were in favour of full independence. The vote is not binding; the Government of Papua New Guinea has the final say on the status of Bougainville. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago. It is part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion . Bougainville and

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1890-658: Was an 'old black race' in the Pacific who were conquered or defeated by the peoples of what is now called Polynesia , whom he distinguished as having lighter skin. By 1825 Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent developed a more elaborate, 15-race model of human diversity. He described the inhabitants of modern-day Melanesia as Mélaniens , a distinct racial group from the Australian and Neptunian (i.e. Polynesian) races surrounding them. In 1832 Dumont D'Urville expanded and simplified much of this earlier work. He classified

1935-556: Was first inhabited by Austronesian peoples , who created the Lapita culture, and later followed by Melanesian groups. They appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands , including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east. Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea, the Austronesian people, who had migrated into

1980-552: Was in 1768, when the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville arrived and named the main island after himself. British and American whaling ships visited the island for provisions, water, and wood in the 19th century. The first on record was the Roscoe in 1822, and the last was Palmetto in 1881. Later, the German Empire laid claim to Bougainville in 1899, annexing it into German New Guinea . Christian missionaries arrived on

2025-425: Was once postulated that from this area a very small group of people (speaking an Austronesian language ) departed to the east and became the forebears of the Polynesian people . This theory was, however, contradicted by a study published by Temple University finding that Polynesians and Micronesians have little genetic relation to Melanesians; instead, they found significant distinctions between groups living within

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