A backstory , background story , background , or legend is a set of events invented for a plot , preceding and leading up to that plot. In acting , it is the history of the character before the drama begins, and is created during the actor's preparation. These terms are also used in espionage. [1]
112-418: Kinnikuman ( キン肉マン , lit. transl. "Muscle Man") is a Japanese manga series created by the duo Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada, known as Yudetamago . It follows Suguru Kinniku, a superhero who must win a wrestling tournament to retain the title of prince of Planet Kinniku. Nakai and Takashi planned the series when they were attending high school originally as a parody to Ultraman . The manga
224-470: A literary device , backstory is often employed to lend depth or believability to the main story . The usefulness of having a dramatic revelation was recognized by Aristotle , in Poetics . Backstories are usually revealed, partially or in full, chronologically or otherwise, as the main narrative unfolds. However, a story creator may also create portions of a backstory or even an entire backstory that
336-740: A Kinnikumania 2009 wrestling event, scheduled at the JCB Hall in Tokyo Dome City on May 29, 2009, for the manga's 30th anniversary. Kinnikuman's enduring popularity is also shown by it being used to co-promote Green Lantern in 2011 for the Japanese release of the film, and other characters of it appearing other merchandise, such as a series-themed onigiri , and a pollen mask advertisement. Manga Manga ( 漫画 , IPA: [maŋga] ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan . Most manga conform to
448-421: A commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or during its run. Sometimes, manga are based on previous live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese (" manhua "), Korean (" manhwa "), English (" OEL manga "), and French (" manfra "), as well as in
560-499: A decrease over time, digital manga have been growing in sales each year. The Research Institute for Publications reports that sales of digital manga books excluding magazines jumped 27.1 percent to ¥146 billion in 2016 from the year before while sales of paper manga saw a record year-on-year decline of 7.4 percent to ¥194.7 billion. They have also said that if the digital and paper keep the same growth and drop rates, web manga would exceed their paper counterparts. In 2020 manga sales topped
672-544: A few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life. After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the chapters and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon . These can be hardcover, or more usually softcover books, and are the equivalent of U.S. trade paperbacks or graphic novels . These volumes often use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with
784-549: A film was released on July, and a video game on August. On March 21, 2009, the anime series and film were released in a box set. Also, a spin-off of Tatake!! Ramenman , subtitled Chōjin Dai Meikan , was released in 1995. After the publication of several one-shots of Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy from August 1997 to February 1998, it began appearing regularly in Weekly Playboy from April 1998 to 2004 and
896-534: A high interest in the medium. Sales of print manga titles in the U.S. increased by 3.6 million units in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020. In 2021, 24.4 million units of manga were sold in the United States. This is an increase of about 15 million (160%) more sales than in 2020. In 2022, most of the top-selling comic creators in the United States were mangaka. The same year manga sales saw an increase of 9%. A number of artists in
1008-577: A higher female readership (16% higher than other comic books). As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share. During the COVID-19 pandemic some stores of the American bookseller Barnes & Noble saw up to a 500% increase in sales from graphic novel and manga sales due to the younger generations showing
1120-508: A huge hit. After Tokyo Pakku in 1905, a female version of Shōnen Sekai was created and named Shōjo Sekai , considered the first shōjo magazine. Shōnen Pakku was made and is considered the first children's manga magazine. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the Meiji period . Shōnen Pakku was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as Puck which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of
1232-494: A mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines. In recent years, there has been a rise in manga released digitally. Web manga, as it is known in Japan, has seen an increase thanks in part to image hosting websites where anyone can upload pages from their works for free. Although released digitally, almost all web manga sticks to
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#17327838279711344-748: A number of features in common. Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure. Popular themes include science fiction , technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman , Batman , and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular. The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls ( bishōjo ) such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess! , stories where such girls and women surround
1456-409: A person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with
1568-685: A pre-pandemic 120,000 in 2019. Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the Tanoshimi line from Random House . In 2019 The British Museum held a mass exhibition dedicated to manga . Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently. Some U.S. fans became aware of manga in
1680-471: A readership of girls and young women. In the following decades (1975–present), shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres. Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, redisu レディース , redikomi レディコミ , and josei 女性 ). Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization . With
1792-440: A series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. "Deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $ 1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the used book market. Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyōsai created
1904-409: A series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction . In 2007, dōjinshi sales amounted to 27.73 billion yen (US$ 245 million). In 2006 they represented about a tenth of manga books and magazines sales. Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which
2016-462: A single episode to be continued in the next issue. A single manga story is almost always longer than a single issue from a Western comic . Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively paperback books . A manga artist ( mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from
2128-704: A style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long history in earlier Japanese art . The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning . Outside of Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres : action , adventure , business and commerce, comedy , detective , drama , historical , horror , mystery , romance , science fiction and fantasy , erotica ( hentai and ecchi ), sports and games, and suspense, among others. Many manga are translated into other languages. Since
2240-729: A survey of the manga and publishing industries, named Kinnikuman the seventh-best manga series for male readers. Media Factory 's Da Vinci magazine ranked it 23rd on the "Book of the Year" in 2019. Several volumes of the series have been featured on Oricon 's weekly chart of best-selling manga in Japan; all volumes between the 40th and the 66th have reached the top 20. Between 2008 and 2010, five volumes of Kinnikuman II Sei: Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen also ranked on Oricon's top 30 list. The series as whole has sold more than 77 million copies in Japan as of 2021. As well as Kinnikuman ' s manga
2352-531: A way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s. French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century ( Japonism ) and has its own highly developed tradition of bande dessinée cartooning. Manga was introduced to France in the late 1990s, where Japanese pop culture became massively popular: in 2021, 55% of comics sold in
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#17327838279712464-601: Is also a sequel, the Kinnikuman: The 2nd Generation ( キン肉マンII世 , Kinnikuman II Sei , known as Ultimate Muscle outside Japan) manga that was serialized in Weekly Playboy between 1998 and 2004. It was published in North America by Viz Media under the title of Ultimate Muscle . It was also adapted into three different television series, all of which were broadcast on TV Tokyo in Japan and released in North America by 4Kids Entertainment . Kinnikuman
2576-570: Is an abbreviation of kissaten ). At a manga kissa , people drink coffee , read manga and sometimes stay overnight. The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese. E-shimbun Nippon-chi (1874), published by Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyosai , is credited as the first manga magazine ever made. Manga magazines or anthologies ( 漫画雑誌 , manga zasshi ) usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as
2688-501: Is one of the best-selling manga series in Japan, selling over 77 million copies by 2021. As popular as was the anime series and its merchandise, such as Kinkeshi , a line of action figures released as M.U.S.C.L.E. in North America. It received the Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga in 1984. A new anime television series adaptation produced by Production I.G , based on the 2011 revival manga and celebrating
2800-417: Is solely for their own use. Backstory may be revealed by various means, including flashbacks , dialogue , direct narration , summary , recollection , and exposition . Recollection is the fiction-writing mode whereby a character calls something to mind, or remembers it. A character's memory plays a role for conveying backstory, as it allows a fiction-writer to bring forth information from earlier in
2912-611: Is the best thing about the FoxBox anthology." She praised the "funny, and in their own disgusting way, charming" characters, its "crisp and well-done" animation and the "very clean and appealing" character designs. Widely regarded as a classic manga series, it has been cited by Fullmetal Alchemist creator Hiromu Arakawa as a series she "love[s]" and as an influence to her work, as well as by Fairy Tail ' s Hiro Mashima . Assassination Classroom ' s Yūsei Matsui cited it as one of his favorite mangas, while Yoshihiro Togashi
3024-481: Is the largest publisher of graphic novels and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market. BookScan sales show that manga is one of the fastest-growing areas of the comic book and narrative fiction markets. From January 2019 to May 2019, the manga market grew 16%, compared to the overall comic book market's 5% growth. The NPD Group noted that, compared to other comic book readers, manga readers are younger (76% under 30) and more diverse, including
3136-757: Is the missing prince of the planet Kinniku (known for producing the greatest superheroes in the universe). Since he is a clumsy fool, however, he must prove himself worthy of the throne. To do so he enters wrestling competitions and battles evil Chojin, culminating in a tournament between Kinnikuman and five pretenders to the throne: Kinnikuman Big Body, Soldier, Zebra, Mariposa and Super Phoenix. Many of Kinnikuman's allies begin as villains (Ramenman, Buffalo Man, Ashuraman and Warsman) or arrogant heroes (Terryman, Robin Mask and Wolfman). The heroes and villains are collectively known as Chojin, which literally means "supermen". Mantaro Muscle (also known as Kid Muscle, Mantaro Kinniku in
3248-614: The Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the GIs ) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney ). Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity occurred in the post-war period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka ( Astro Boy ) and Machiko Hasegawa ( Sazae-san ). Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere, and
3360-848: The Jump Comics Selection line in 26 volumes from July 19, 1994, to August 26, 1996, as part of the Jump Comics Deluxe line in 18 aizōban volumes from January 14 to November 18, 1999, and on June 6, 2013, all 36 were published in shinsōban format. A one-shot, Muscle Returns , was published in Kadokawa Shoten 's Kakutō Ace in January 1996. Despite the title, the series only began regular publication on November 28, 2011, in Shū Play News , Shueisha's web version of Weekly Playboy . The 37th tankōbon
3472-635: The North American manga market was valued at almost $ 250 million. According to NPD BookScan manga made up 76% of overall comics and graphic novel sales in the US in 2021. The fast growth of the North American manga market is attributed to manga's wide availability on digital reading apps, book retailer chains such as Barnes & Noble and online retailers such as Amazon as well as the increased streaming of anime . Manga represented 38% of
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3584-518: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government considered a bill to restrict minors' access to such content. The gekiga style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-oriented, and sometimes deeply violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion. Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato 's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments ( Ninja Bugeichō ) arose in
3696-617: The anime adaptation of Sazae-san drew more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television in 2011. Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists. Hasegawa's focus on daily life and women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga . Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with
3808-609: The tourism sector to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks to quadruple the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years. Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white —due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork) and to keep printing costs low —although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful ). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in
3920-490: The "Celebrity List". In France, however, it caused some controversy because of the depiction of a character's garment featuring a swastika; the episode in which the character appeared was requested to be removed from air. Garrity called Kinnikuman a "cross between superhero parody and pro-wrestling goofiness". Liann Cooper of the Anime News Network said that the "artwork alone is enough to clothesline itself and
4032-421: The 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry. By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥ 586.4 billion ( $ 6–7 billion ), with annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines (also known as manga anthologies) in Japan (equivalent to 15 issues per person). In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to
4144-433: The 1970s and early 1980s. However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans, many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute tankōbon -style manga books. One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was Keiji Nakazawa 's Barefoot Gen , an autobiographical story of
4256-463: The 1980s. In 2007, Toei asked fans if they would like to see all 418 figure types included in the Kinnikuman complete box set. On December 20, 2008, the box set with all the two first series episodes, all seven films, a TV special, and all the figures was released. Aside from this most known series of products, a myriad of other Kinnikuman -based merchandise were released both in Japan and in
4368-415: The 1985 fighting game Kinnikuman: Colosseum Deathmatch . The first console game ( Tag Team Match: M.U.S.C.L.E. ) was released on November 8, 1985, for Nintendo Entertainment System , and the last game ( Kinnikuman: Muscle Grand Prix 2 Tokumori ) was released for PlayStation 2 on September 25, 2008. The social networking service GREE released Kinnikuman Memorial on February 27, 2014. With
4480-414: The 2000s, the 2008 Kinnikuman complete box set had 25,000 reservation requests by August in Japan. In 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a "Top 100" online web poll and nationwide survey; Kinnikuman placed 97th in the online poll and Ultimate Muscle placed 39th in the survey. In 2006, TV Asahi conducted another online poll for the top one hundred anime, and Kinnikuman placed 12th in
4592-547: The 40th anniversary of the original anime television series was announced on March 16, 2023. It was later confirmed to be a television series, titled Kinnikuman Perfect Origin Arc ( キン肉マン 完璧超人始祖編 , Kinnikuman Kanpeki Chо̄jin Shiso-hen ) , based on the 2011 revival manga's arc of the same name, produced by Production I.G and directed by Akira Sato, with Makoto Fukami in charge of series composition, Hirotaka Marufuji designing
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4704-421: The 40th anniversary of the original anime television series, aired from July to September 2024 on CBC and TBS ' programming block Agaru Anime [ ja ] , and is to be streamed worldwide on Netflix . A second season is set to premiere on the same programming block in January 2025. The story involves Kinnikuman (real name Suguru Kinniku ), a clumsy, foolish, comical superhero who discovers that he
4816-510: The 51-episode series aired until December 25 of that year, and was released on 12 DVDs from September 21, 2002, to August 8, 2003. Licensed by 4Kids Entertainment as Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy , it was broadcast on FoxBox in the United States. In 2003 a 13-episode sequel primarily focused on non-Japanese audiences was announced; it aired on FoxBox in North America, and from April 7 to June 30, 2004, in Japan. Another 13-episode spin-off, Kinnikuman Second Generation: Ultimate Muscle 2 ,
4928-485: The America, which vary from action figures to plush dolls, from key holders to pen drives , from picture books to trading card games . The manga series has received several awards and sold well during both its 1980s serialization and its 2010s revival. In 1984, Kinnikuman won the 30th Shogakukan Manga Award in the category Best Children's Manga. The 2013 edition of Takarajimasha 's guidebook Kono Manga ga Sugoi! ,
5040-742: The French comics market in 2005. This is equivalent to approximately three times that of the United States and was valued at about €460 million ($ 640 million). In Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $ 250 million in 2012. In April 2023, the Japan Business Federation laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of Japan by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and video games , for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with
5152-720: The Immortal , Ghost in the Shell , Lone Wolf and Cub , Yasuhiro Nightow 's Trigun and Blood Blockade Battlefront , Gantz , Kouta Hirano 's Hellsing and Drifters , Blood+ , Multiple Personality Detective Psycho , FLCL , Mob Psycho 100 , and Oreimo . The company received 13 Eisner Award nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame — Osamu Tezuka , Kazuo Koike , and Goseki Kojima — were published in Dark Horse translations. In
5264-622: The Japanese version) is the spoiled son of superhero wrestler King Muscle ( Kinnikuman in the Japanese version). After 28 years of peace, the Seigi Choujins' (Muscle League) old enemies regroup and form the Demon Manufacturing Plant (dMp, known in the English version as Destruction, Mayhem and Pain). The Muscle League has lost its edge and are overwhelmed by the young, well-trained fighters. Recognizing their weakness,
5376-604: The Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language is Doraemon which was published by J-Line Comics and was then followed by Case Closed . In 2015, Boys' Love manga became popular through the introduction of BL manga by printing company BLACKink. Among the first BL titles to be printed were Poster Boy, Tagila, and Sprinters, all were written in Filipino. BL manga have become bestsellers in
5488-589: The Seigi Chojin reopen the Hercules Factory (a school for superheroes) and begin training a new generation of heroes to take on the dMp. At first unwilling, Mantaro (Kid Muscle) is one of the young heroes and defeats his father to prove his readiness to graduate. He and the other new Seigi Choujin defeat several members of the dMp and meet Kevin Mask, who quits dMp when he discovers their lack of honor. They also battle Sunshine and his pupils, who destroy
5600-613: The Shell (translated by Frederik L. Schodt and Toren Smith ) becoming very popular among fans. An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon . By 1995–1998, the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe. In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing Sailor Moon , along with CLAMP 's Magic Knight Rayearth , Hitoshi Iwaaki 's Parasyte and Tsutomu Takahashi 's Ice Blade in
5712-475: The Throne , directed by Takeshi Shirato and Atsutoshi Umezawa. This 46-episode series was produced by Toei and aired on NTV from October 6, 1991, to September 27, 1992. The first series was packaged into 12 DVDs, released from December 6, 2002, to November 21, 2003, and the second series was released on four DVDs from December 5, 2003, to March 21, 2004. On January 9, 2002, Kinnikuman: Second Generation premiered;
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#17327838279715824-399: The United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Others include Frank Miller 's mid-1980s Ronin , Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair , Ben Dunn 's 1987 Ninja High School and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997). By
5936-813: The Valley of the Wind from Viz Media, and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later Iczer-1 ( Antarctic Press , 1994) and Ippongi Bang 's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press, 1995). During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese animation, such as Akira , Dragon Ball , Neon Genesis Evangelion , and Pokémon , made a larger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga. Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including Masamune Shirow 's Appleseed and Kōsuke Fujishima 's Oh My Goddess! , for Dark Horse and Eros Comix , eliminating
6048-422: The age and gender of the target readership. In particular, books and magazines sold to boys ( shōnen ) and girls ( shōjo ) have distinctive cover-art, and most bookstores place them on different shelves. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers may subscribe to a series intended for female readers, and so on. Japan has manga cafés , or manga kissa ( kissa
6160-566: The age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old ( shōnen manga) and young men 18 to 30 years old ( seinen manga); as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sex. The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"— 青年 for "youth, young man" and 成年 for "adult, majority"—the second referring to pornographic manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ("adult" 成人 ) manga. Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga share
6272-783: The anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists; these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips ). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Popular shonen magazines include Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday - Popular shoujo manga include Ciao , Nakayoshi and Ribon . Manga artists sometimes start out with
6384-505: The atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982). More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including Golgo 13 in 1986, Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987, and Kamui , Area 88 , and Mai the Psychic Girl , also in 1987 and all from Viz Media - Eclipse Comics . Others soon followed, including Akira from Marvel Comics ' Epic Comics imprint, Nausicaä of
6496-643: The beginning of the 21st century, several U.S. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing-label of manga. In 2002, I.C. Entertainment, formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called Amerimanga . In 2004, eigoMANGA launched the Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakk anthology series . Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga . Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga (OEL manga) later renamed Global Manga . Backstory As
6608-591: The best examples of an amateur work becoming professional is One-Punch Man which was released online and later received a professional remake released digitally and an anime adaptation soon thereafter. Many of the big print publishers have also released digital only magazines and websites where web manga get published alongside their serialized magazines. Shogakukan for instance has two websites, Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday, that release weekly chapters for web manga and even offer contests for mangaka to submit their work. Both Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday have become one of
6720-515: The buttons on the wrong side, however these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping. Manga has highly influenced the art styles of manhwa and manhua . Manga in Indonesia is published by Elex Media Komputindo , Level Comic , M&C and Gramedia . Manga has influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. Manga in
6832-454: The characters and Yasuharu Takanashi composing the music. It aired from July 7 to September 22, 2024, on CBC and TBS ' brand new Agaru Anime [ ja ] programming block, with Netflix licensing it for streaming worldwide weekly starting on July 8 of the same year. After the final episode of the first season, a second season was announced, and is set to premiere on the same programming block in January 2025. Seven films based on
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#17327838279716944-444: The conventional black-and-white format despite some never getting physical publication. Pixiv is the most popular site where amateur and professional work gets published on the site. It has grown to be the most visited site for artwork in Japan. Twitter has also become a popular place for web manga with many artists releasing pages weekly on their accounts in the hope of their work getting picked up or published professionally. One of
7056-666: The country celebrates Manga Day on every 27 August. In 2021 manga sales in Germany rose by 75% from its original record of 70 million in 2005. As of 2022 Germany is the third largest manga market in Europe after Italy and France. In 2021, the Spanish manga market hit a record of 1033 new title publications. In 2022 the 28th edition of the Barcelona Manga Festival opened its doors to more than 163,000 fans, compared to
7168-489: The country were manga and France is the biggest manga importer. By mid-2021, 75 percent of the €300 value of Culture Pass [ fr ] accounts given to French 18 year-olds was spent on manga. According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $ 212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006. France represents about 50% of the European market and is
7280-645: The dMp after developing a renewed respect for the fighting spirit of the Seigi Choujins. The manga continues with the New Generation Replacement Tournament, Mantaro's challenge to master his inherited potential ( Kajiba no Kuso Chikara , "burning inner strength" or "the fire"), the return of the Chojin Olympics, a fight with the Demon Seed (a villainous group), a backstory for Robin Mask and a tag-team tournament set in
7392-485: The evolution of Western comics; Western comic art probably originated in 17th century Italy. Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, Meiji , and pre-Meiji culture and art . The other view, emphasizes events occurring during and after
7504-443: The fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales. In 2022 Japan's manga market hit yet another record value of ¥675.9 billion. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide readership. Beginning with the late 2010s manga started massively outselling American comics. As of 2021, the top four comics publishers in the world are manga publishers Shueisha , Kodansha , Kadokawa , and Shogakukan . In 2020
7616-401: The first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi . The magazine was heavily influenced by Japan Punch , founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman , a British cartoonist. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. Eshinbun Nipponchi ended after three issues. The magazine Kisho Shimbun in 1875 was inspired by Eshinbun Nipponchi , which
7728-728: The following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues. The Pokémon manga Electric Tale of Pikachu issue #1 sold over 1 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single comic book in the United States since 1993. By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $ 175 million in annual sales. Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in The New York Times , Time magazine , The Wall Street Journal , and Wired magazine. As of 2017, manga distributor Viz Media
7840-459: The hero, as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team , or groups of heavily armed female warriors ( sentō bishōjo ) By the turn of the 21st century, manga "achieved worldwide popularity". With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations. In 2010,
7952-632: The late 1950s and 1960s, partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism, and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga. In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately US$ 395 million) publication-industry by 2007. In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales. The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages. Marketeers primarily classify manga by
8064-474: The magazine) saw and decided to emulate. In 1924, Kodomo Pakku was launched as another children's manga magazine after Shōnen Pakku . During the boom, Poten (derived from the French "potin") was published in 1908. All the pages were in full color with influences from Tokyo Pakku and Osaka Puck . It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one. Kodomo Pakku was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many members of
8176-508: The manga artistry like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka. Some of the manga featured speech balloons , where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent. Published from May 1935 to January 1941, Manga no Kuni coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Manga no Kuni featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around
8288-475: The manga's popularity, Bandai produced a brand of eraser-like action figures ( keshi ) titled Kinkeshi between 1983 and 1987. In Japan, Bandai has released 418 different types of figures, and it was mainly sold through Gashapon . As it attracted the Northern American market's interest, it was brought out by Mattel under the name M.U.S.C.L.E., and a total of 236 figures were traded domestically in
8400-451: The memory is going to prompt a present decision, then the memory in turn must have been prompted by a recent event." In a shared universe more than one author may shape the same backstory. The later creation of a backstory that conflicts with a previously written main story may require the adjustment device known as retroactive continuity , informally known as "retcon". Actors may create their own backstories for characters, going beyond
8512-422: The monthly manga magazine MixxZine . Mixx Entertainment, later renamed Tokyopop , also published manga in trade paperbacks and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics. During this period, Dark Horse Manga was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to Oh My Goddess! , the company published Akira , Astro Boy , Berserk , Blade of
8624-493: The most notable being ReLIFE and Recovery of an MMO Junkie . By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades. "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally. Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left . Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror
8736-707: The name XOY in Japan). Kakao has also had success by offering licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service Piccoma . All three companies credit their success to the webtoon pay model where users can purchase each chapter individually instead of having to buy the whole book while also offering some chapters for free for a period of time allowing anyone to read a whole series for free if they wait long enough. The added benefit of having all of their titles in color and some with special animations and effects have also helped them succeed. Some popular Japanese webtoons have also gotten anime adaptations and print releases,
8848-527: The nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga"). The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word 漫画 ( katakana : マンガ ; hiragana : まんが ), composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and 画 (ga) meaning "pictures". The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, manhwa , and the Chinese word manhua . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with
8960-497: The need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan. Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills. Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga. The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in
9072-459: The original Kinnikuman were released from 1984 to 1986. The first, Kinnikuman , was directed by Takeshi Shirato and released on July 14, 1984. Kinnikuman: Seigi Chōjin vs. Senshi Chōjin , the last film, was released on December 20, 1986, and was directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi. All seven films were compiled on a DVD released April 21, 2004. Two films based on Kinnikuman: Second Generation were directed by Toshiaki Komura. The first (eponymous) film
9184-421: The pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping". For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then
9296-472: The past. Although the manga begins as a fairly lighthearted, humorous (albeit violent) story, later arcs (the No Respect and Demon Seed storylines in particular) have a darker tone and frequently deal with psychological trauma. Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada (collectively known as "Yudetamago"), friends since fourth grade, decided to create a manga series in high school. Before its regular publication,
9408-431: The popularity of web manga to launch more series and also offer better distribution of their officially translated works under Kodansha Comics thanks in part to the titles being released digitally first before being published physically. The rise web manga has also been credited to smartphones and computers as more and more readers read manga on their phones rather than from a print publication. While paper manga has seen
9520-524: The publication of such works as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai . Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense. In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has
9632-641: The publication of works such as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834). Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi , picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first comic books . These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes. Some works were mass-produced as serials using woodblock printing . However, Eastern comics are generally held separate from
9744-484: The release of its 46th chapter in Ultra Jump , and the release of third tankōbon , both on June 19, 2013. The first animated series based on Kinnikuman was produced by Toei Animation and directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi, Takenori Kawada and Tetsuo Imazawa. The 137-episode series was originally broadcast in Japan on Nippon Television from April 3, 1983, to October 1, 1986. It was followed by Kinnikuman: Scramble for
9856-564: The second worldwide market, behind Japan. In 2013, there were 41 publishers of manga in France and, together with other Asian comics, manga represented around 40% of new comics releases in the country, surpassing Franco-Belgian comics for the first time. European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka, Casterman , Glénat , Kana , and Pika Édition , among others. European publishers also translate manga into Dutch, German, Italian, and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany were manga. Since 2010
9968-658: The second, SP Densetsu Chōjin Zenmetsu! , was released on May 24. A guidebook titled Kinnikuman II Sei: Chōjin Taizen was released on July 19, 2002. All Chōjin Dai-Shingeki , an Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy spin-off, was serialized in V Jump from May 21, 2001, to March 20, 2007, and its four tankōbon were published from August 2, 2002, to August 3, 2007. To continue Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy ' s storyline, Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen
10080-731: The series (originally a parody of Ultraman ) was released as two one-shots in Shueisha 's magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump in December 1978 and March 1979: Okamarasu no Maki , which won the Akatsuka Award , and Eraginesu no Maki . Kinnikuman was serliazed in the same magazine from the May 28, 1979, to the May 4, 1987 issues. Shueisha collected its 387 chapters into 36 tankōbon , releasing them from February 15, 1980, to April 15, 1988. The first 36 volumes were re-published as part of
10192-587: The solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls. In 1969, a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group , also known as Magnificent 24s ) made their shōjo manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists). The group included Moto Hagio , Riyoko Ikeda , Yumiko Ōshima , Keiko Takemiya , and Ryoko Yamagishi . Thereafter, primarily female manga artists would draw shōjo for
10304-423: The story or from before the beginning of the story. Although recollection is not widely recognized as a distinct fiction-writing mode, recollection is commonly used by authors of fiction. Orson Scott Card observed that "If it's a memory the character could have called to mind at any point, having her think about it just in time to make a key decision may seem like an implausible coincidence . . . " Furthermore, "If
10416-529: The stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of " anime " in and outside Japan. The term " ani-manga " is used to describe comics produced from animation cels. Manga originated from emakimono (scrolls), Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga , dating back to the 12th century. During the Edo period (1603–1867), a book of drawings titled Toba Ehon further developed what would later be called manga. The word itself first came into common usage in 1798, with
10528-558: The superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such as Pink Hanamori 's Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch , Reiko Yoshida 's Tokyo Mew Mew , and Naoko Takeuchi 's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon , which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats. Groups (or sentais ) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre. Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Venus working together. Manga for male readers sub-divides according to
10640-535: The top three bookstore companies in the Philippines since their introduction in 2015. During the same year, Boys' Love manga have become a popular mainstream with Thai consumers, leading to television series adapted from BL manga stories since 2016. Manga piracy is an increasing problem in Asia which effects many publishers. This has led to the Japanese government taking legal action against multiple operators of pirate websites. Manga has influenced European cartooning in
10752-419: The top web manga sites in Japan. Some have even released apps that teach how to draw professional manga and learn how to create them. Weekly Shōnen Jump released Jump Paint , an app that guides users on how to make their own manga from making storyboards to digitally inking lines. It also offers more than 120 types of pen tips and more than 1,000 screentones for artists to practice. Kodansha has also used
10864-426: The way manga is created and consumed(although this is beginning to change). Despite this, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, Comico , has had success in the traditional Japanese manga market. Comico was launched by NHN Japan , the Japanese subsidiary of Korean company, NHN Entertainment . As of now , there are only two webtoon publishers that publish Japanese webtoons: Comico and Naver Webtoon (under
10976-455: The whole concept of superhero wrestlers is like a manga-fied Mucha Lucha ", but Ultimate Muscle "is actually pretty funny". Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com wrote that in 1979, "the series relied on its comedy and action to bring in an audience." Ultimate Muscle , while "keeping some of the old silliness", adds "some depth through a mature writing style and better action scenes." On T.H.E.M Anime Reviews, Christi wrote, "Overall, Ultimate Muscle
11088-401: The word is altered to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as
11200-631: The world. Manga no Kuni handed its title to Sashie Manga Kenkyū in August 1940. Dōjinshi , produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing small-press independently published comic books in the United States. Comiket , the largest comic book convention in the world with around 500,000 visitors gathering over three days, is devoted to dōjinshi . While they most often contain original stories, many are parodies of or include characters from popular manga and anime series. Some dōjinshi continue with
11312-416: The ¥600 billion mark for the first time in history, beating the 1995 peak due to a fast growth of the digital manga market which rose by ¥82.7 billion from a previous year, surpassing print manga sales which have also increased. While webtoons have caught on in popularity as a new medium for comics in Asia, Japan has been slow to adopt webtoons as the traditional format and print publication still dominate
11424-443: Was broadcast from January 4 to March 29, 2006, in Japan. All three series were directed by Toshiaki Komura, produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan by TV Tokyo . The two spin-off series were released as two-DVD box sets on February 24 and June 23, 2006. In October 2022, Discotek Media announced that they had licensed Ultimate Muscle and they released the 77 episodes on Blu-ray Disc on May 30, 2023. A new anime celebrating
11536-465: Was considered a hit, the series' merchandise in general was also successful. Bandai reports that over 180 million units of Kinkeshi were sold in Japan. Shaenon K. Garrity said, "The M.U.S.C.L.E. figurines ... were the sole American extrusion of a 1980s manga/anime/licensing phenomenon." The original 1983 anime series was popular, premiering with a rating over 20 percent. Despite being considered "too old to be marketable on American television" by 4Kids in
11648-564: Was followed by Marumaru Chinbun in 1877, and then Garakuta Chinpo in 1879. Shōnen Sekai was the first shōnen magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. Shōnen Sekai had a strong focus on the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905, the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the Russo-Japanese War , Tokyo Pakku was created and became
11760-615: Was influenced by Kinnikuman on shifting the focus of his Yu Yu Hakusho from occult detective fiction to the martial arts genre based on a similar shift Kinnikuman did from comedy to action. Moreover, Kinnikuman has inspired real life wrestling events. At the Fight Entertainment Group's Dynamite!! 2008 martial arts event at the Saitama Super Arena , Bob Sapp fought Kid Muscle (played by Akihiko Tanaka) in an MMA match. Toei Animation announced
11872-501: Was originally published in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1979 to 1987, and was first adapted by Toei Animation into a 137-episode anime series broadcast on Nippon Television from 1983 to 1986. It restarted publication in 2011 in Shueisha's web magazine Shū Play News , and has spawned spin-off manga and anime series, video games, anime films, and several Kinnikuman -related merchandise. There
11984-473: Was published in Fresh Jump from 1982 to 1988. It was compiled into twelve tankōbon volumes released between 1983 and 1989. In 1998 and 1999, Tatakae!! Ramenman was re-published in 9 volumes, in 2002 in 8 volumes, between 2004 and 2006 in 12 volumes, and in 2009 in 5 volumes. Toei Animation adapted it into a 35-episode anime series, which was broadcast from January 10 to September 11, 1988. In 1988,
12096-421: Was published in 29 tankōbon volumes from October 19, 1998, to August 19, 2005. This 29 volumes were released by Viz Media in North America between July 5, 2004, and July 5, 2011. It was re-released in 21 aizoban volumes from September 18, 2009, to January 18, 2011. Three one-shots of Kinnikuman Legacy were published in 2002. The first, Densetsu no Joshō: Heracles Factory , was released on February 22, and
12208-589: Was published in serial form from 2004 to 2011 and released in 28 tankōbon from November 18, 2005, to December 19, 2011. A feminized version of the series, Kinnikuman Lady , was created by Masashi Ogawa and began as a webcomic on the Ultra Jump Egg site in June 2008. Its first tankōbon was published on March 19, 2009, and in 2011 it was moved to the Ultra Jump website. The series concluded with
12320-701: Was released at the Anime Fair on July 14, 2001 and the second, Kinnikuman II Sei: Muscle Ninjin Sōdatsu! Chōjin Dai Sensō , was released at the same venue on July 20, 2002. The films were released on DVD on May 12, 2002, and April 21, 2003, respectively. Several video games based on the series were released. The first were for home computers ; a simulation game was released for the PC-88 in November 1984, followed by
12432-516: Was released in Grand Jump to unfold the story of "supermen" characters. Four years later, the 47-page "Sayonara, Kinnikuman!! no Maki" (The 'Goodbye, Kinnikuman' Story) appeared in Weekly Shōnen Jump , depicting these supermen's arrival during the main character's retirement ceremony. The first manga spun off from Kinnikuman was Tatakae!! Ramenman , a series focused on Ramenman which
12544-612: Was released on January 29, 2010, and the latest—the 86th volume—was released on October 4, 2024. Starting on July 5, 2012, e-book volumes began to be published as part of the Jump Comics Digital line; the latest digital volume publication date coincides with the print edition. Since the series' 2011 restart, Yudetamago has published two related one-shots in Shueisha's magazines. In 2015, a 43-page one-shot titled "Kinnikuman Chōjin Retsuden" (Kinnikuman Superman Biographies)
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