111-779: This article is about the Japanese name . For the town in Tottori, Japan, see Kishimoto, Tottori . For the yakuza gang, see Kishimoto-gumi . Kishimoto (written: 岸本) is a Japanese family name. Notable people with this family name include: Cecil Kishimoto (born 1990), Japanese model Christina Kishimoto , American school administrator Hayami Kishimoto (born 1987), Japanese singer Junki Kishimoto (born 1996), Japanese baseball player Kayoko Kishimoto (born 1960), Japanese actress Kazumi Kishimoto (born 1986), Japanese competitive figure skater Masao Kishimoto (1881–1963), Director of
222-434: A Japanese name a very difficult problem. For this reason, business cards often include the pronunciation of the name as furigana , and forms and documents often include spaces to write the reading of the name in kana (usually katakana). A few Japanese names, particularly family names, include archaic versions of characters . For example, the very common character shima , "island", may be written as 嶋 or 嶌 instead of
333-455: A Japanese name, are able to choose which pronunciations they want for certain kanji, the same written form of a name may have multiple readings. In exceptional cases, this makes it impossible to determine the intended pronunciation of a name with certainty. Even so, most pronunciations chosen for names are common, making them easier to read. While any jōyō kanji (with some exceptions for readability) and jinmeiyō kanji may be used as part of
444-574: A career overseas. Yoko Ono , for example, was born in Japan, with the name 小野 洋子 , and spent the first twenty years of her life there. However, having lived outside the country for more than fifty years, and basing her career in the United States, Ono is often referred to in the press as オノ・ヨーコ , preserving the Japanese order of her name (Ono Yōko), but rendering it in katakana. Another example
555-526: A comma, and items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents. In most Balto-Slavic languages (such as Latvian, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, etc.) as well as in Greek , Irish, Icelandic , and Azerbaijani , some surnames change form depending on
666-485: A different final kanji is also common), Udō , Etō , Endō , Gotō , Jitō, Katō , Kitō , Kudō , Kondō , Saitō , Satō , Shindō , Sudō, Naitō , Bitō, and Mutō . As already noted, some of the most common family names are in this list. Japanese family names usually include characters referring to places and geographic features. Given names are called the "name" ( 名 , mei ) or "lower name" ( 下の名前 , shita no namae ) , because, in vertically written Japanese,
777-578: A famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example, Hunayn ibn Ishaq (fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in Mesopotamia prior to the advent of Islam . In Ancient Greece, as far back as the Archaic Period clan names and patronymics ("son of") were also common, as in Aristides as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου –
888-464: A genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example, Alexander the Great was known as Heracleides , as a supposed descendant of Heracles , and by the dynastic name Karanos / Caranus , which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged . These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of Homer . At other times formal identification commonly included
999-414: A given individual. The character 一 when used as a male given name may be used as the written form for "Hajime", "Hitoshi", "Ichi-/-ichi" "Kazu-/-kazu", and many others. The name Hajime may be written with any of the following: 始 , 治 , 初 , 一 , 元 , 肇 , 創 , 甫 , 基 , 哉 , 啓 , 本 , 源 , 東 , 大 , 孟 , or 祝 . This many-to-many correspondence between names and the ways they are written
1110-538: A long vowel, resulting in Hanachan, Hanchan, and Hāchan. The segmental content is usually a left substring of that of the given name. However, in some cases it is obtained by other means, including the use of another reading of the kanji used to write the name. For example, a girl named Megumi may be called Keichan or just Kei, because the character used to write Megumi ( 恵 ) , can also be read Kei . The common Japanese practice of forming abbreviations by concatenating
1221-482: A massive public outcry. Though there are regulations on the naming of children, many archaic characters can still be found in adults' names, particularly those born prior to the Second World War . Because the legal restrictions on use of such kanji cause inconvenience for those with such names and promote a proliferation of identical names, many recent changes have been made to increase rather than to reduce
SECTION 10
#17327808001071332-512: A measure of politeness. When children are born into the Imperial family, they receive a standard given name as well as a special title. For instance, the Emperor emeritus Akihito was born Tsugu-no-miya Akihito ( 継宮明仁 ) . In this name, the title is Tsugu-no-miya ( 継宮 , "Prince Tsugu") , and he was referred to as "Prince Tsugu" during his childhood. This title is generally used until
1443-538: A mixture of kanji and kana . While most "traditional" names use kun'yomi (native Japanese) kanji readings, a large number of given names and surnames use on'yomi (Chinese-based) kanji readings as well. Many others use readings which are only used in names ( nanori ), such as the female name Nozomi ( 希 ) . The sound no , indicating possession (like the Saxon genitive in English), and corresponding to
1554-478: A name is Saitō : there are two common kanji for sai here. The two sai characters have different meanings: 斉 means "together" or "parallel", but 斎 means "to purify". These names can also exist written in archaic forms, as 齊藤 and 齋藤 respectively. A problem occurs when an elderly person forgets how to write their name in old kanji that is no longer used. Family names are sometimes written with periphrastic readings, called jukujikun , in which
1665-417: A name, names may be rejected if they are believed to fall outside what would be considered an acceptable name by measures of common sense. Japanese names may be written in hiragana or katakana , the Japanese language syllabaries for words of Japanese or foreign origin, respectively. As such, names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic rendering and lack meanings that are expressed by names written in
1776-619: A number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate". A group of nicknames look like occupational ones: King , Bishop , Abbot , Sheriff , Knight , etc. but it is rather unlikely that a person with surname King was a king or descended from a king. Bernard Deacon suggests that the first nickname/surname bearer may have acted as a king or bishop, or was corpulent as bishop. etc. A considerable group of surname-producing nicknames may be found among ethnonymic surnames . Ornamental surnames are made up of names, not specific to any attribute (place, parentage, occupation, caste) of
1887-748: A particular expectation of her. Names ending with -ko dropped significantly in popularity in the mid-1980s, but are still given, though much less than in the past. Male names occasionally end with the syllable -ko as in Mako , but very rarely using the kanji 子 (most often, if a male name ends in -ko , it ends in -hiko , using the kanji 彦 meaning "boy"). Common male name endings are -shi and -o ; names ending with -shi are often adjectives, e.g., Atsushi, which might mean, for example, "(to be) faithful." Katakana and hiragana spellings are characteristic of feminine names rather than masculine names, with katakana often used for women's names in
1998-416: A space in given names (to separate first and middle names) is not allowed in official documents, because technically, a space is not an allowed character. However, spaces are sometimes used on business cards and in correspondence. Historically, families consisted of many children and it was a common practice to name sons by numbers suffixed with rō ( 郎 , "son") . The first son would be known as "Ichirō",
2109-736: A surname tradition. Ornamental surnames are more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly in Scandinavia, and among Sinti and Roma and Jews in Germany and Austria. During the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade many Africans were given new names by their masters. Many of the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery ( i.e. slave name ). Some freed slaves later created family names themselves. Another category of acquired names
2220-425: Is Petoro ( ペトロ ) , John is Yohane ( ヨハネ ) , Jacob is Yakobu ( ヤコブ ) , Martin is Maruchino ( マルチノ ) , Dominic is Dominiko ( ドミニコ ) , and so on. For most purposes in real life, Christian names are not used; for example, Taro Aso has a Christian name, Francisco ( フランシスコ , Furanshisuko ) , which is not nearly as well-known. 16th century kirishitan daimyō Dom Justo Takayama , on
2331-407: Is Finnish , is a famous example. Others transliterate their names into phonetically similar kanji compounds, such as activist Arudou Debito ( 有道 出人 ) , an American-Japanese activist known as 'David Aldwinckle' before taking Japanese citizenship. (Tsurunen has similarly adopted 弦念 丸呈 .) Still others have abandoned their native names entirely in favor of Yamato names, such as Lafcadio Hearn (who
SECTION 20
#17327808001072442-602: Is Velbienė , and his unmarried daughter, Velbaitė . Many surnames include prefixes that may or may not be separated by a space or punctuation from the main part of the surname. These are usually not considered true compound names, rather single surnames are made up of more than one word. These prefixes often give hints about the type or origin of the surname (patronymic, toponymic, notable lineage) and include words that mean from [a place or lineage], and son of/daughter of/child of. The common Celtic prefixes "Ó" or "Ua" (descendant of) and "Mac" or "Mag" (son of) can be spelled with
2553-521: Is foundlings names. Historically, children born to unwed parents or extremely poor parents would be abandoned in a public place or anonymously placed in a foundling wheel . Such abandoned children might be claimed and named by religious figures, the community leaders, or adoptive parents. Some such children were given surnames that reflected their condition, like (Italian) Esposito , Innocenti , Della Casagrande , Trovato , Abbandonata, or (Dutch) Vondeling, Verlaeten, Bijstand. Other children were named for
2664-422: Is abbreviated as Jimihen ( ジミヘン ) . Some Japanese celebrities have also taken names combining kanji and katakana, such as Terry Ito ( テリー伊藤 ) . Another slightly less common method is doubling one or two syllables of the person's name, such as the use of "MamiMami" for Mamiko Noto . Many ethnic minorities living in Japan, mostly Korean and Chinese, adopt Japanese names. The roots of this custom go back to
2775-546: Is also customary for the Baltic Finnic peoples and the Hungarians , but other Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies. The Samis , depending on the circumstances of their names, either saw no change or did see a transformation of their name. For example: Sire in some cases became Siri, and Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became Aslak Jacobsen Hætta – as
2886-545: Is also the name of one of Japan's prefectures ), Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and Inoue (井上) means "above the well". Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of Saddam Hussein al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from Tikrit , a city in Iraq . This component of the name is called a nisbah . The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be
2997-607: Is also the case in Cambodia and among the Hmong of Laos and Thailand . The Telugu people of south India also place surname before personal name. There are some parts of Europe, in particular Hungary , where the surname is placed before the personal name. Since family names are normally written last in European societies, the terms last name or surname are commonly used for the family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing)
3108-523: Is called onomastics . While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent. Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2000 BC. His administration standardised
3219-595: Is considered a social superior by their title. Similarly to Western cultures, one would not address their mother by their name, but perhaps as okāsan ( お母さん , "mother") ; however, this readily extends outside the family circle as well. A teacher would be addressed as sensei ( 先生 , "teacher") , while a company president would be addressed as shachō ( 社長 , "company president") . Pronouns meaning "you" ( anata ( あなた ) , kimi ( きみ ) , omae ( お前 ) ) are uncommon in Japanese, as when used improperly they may be perceived as being affrontive or sarcastic. It
3330-443: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Japanese name Japanese names ( 日本人の氏名、日本人の姓名、日本人の名前 , Nihonjin no shimei, Nihonjin no seimei, Nihonjin no namae ) in modern times consist of a family name (surname) followed by a given name . Japanese names are usually written in kanji , where the pronunciation follows a special set of rules. Because parents when naming children, and foreigners when adopting
3441-503: Is more common for people to address each other by name/title and honorific, even in face-to-face conversations. Any given name corresponds with one or more hypocoristics , or affectionate nicknames. These are formed by adding the suffix -chan ( ちゃん ) to a name stem. There are two types of stem: the full given name or a modified stem derived from the full given name. Examples of the first type are Tarō-chan from Tarō, Kimiko-chan from Kimiko, and Yasunari-chan from Yasunari. Examples of
Kishimoto - Misplaced Pages Continue
3552-415: Is much more common with male given names than with surnames or female given names but can be observed in all these categories. The permutations of potential characters and sounds can become enormous, as some very overloaded sounds may be produced by over 500 distinct kanji and some kanji characters can stand for several dozen sounds. This can and does make the collation , pronunciation , and romanization of
3663-413: Is placed before personal / first name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth). In English and other languages like Spanish—although the usual order of names is "first middle last"—for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle," with the last and first names separated by
3774-483: Is read Takanashi , because little birds ( kotori ) play ( asobi ) where there are no ( nashi ) hawks ( taka ). Most Japanese people and agencies have adopted customs to deal with these issues. Address books , for instance, often contain furigana or ruby characters to clarify the pronunciation of the name. Japanese nationals are also required to give a romanized name for their passport . Not all names are complicated. Some common names are summarized by
3885-424: Is referred to as Erikku Shinseki ( エリック シンセキ ) . However, sometimes Japanese parents decide to use Japanese order when mentioning the child's name in Japanese. Also, Japanese parents tend to give their children a name in kanji, hiragana, or katakana, particularly if it is a Japanese name. Even individuals born in Japan, with a Japanese name, might be referred to using katakana if they have established residency or
3996-601: Is the inventor of Bitcoin , who has gone under the name Satoshi Nakamoto , and which is most likely a pseudonym, perhaps even of a non-Japanese person; Nakamoto is referred to in Japanese with katakana in Western order, サトシ・ナカモト , rather than 中本聡 . Christians in Japan traditionally have Christian names in addition to their native Japanese names. These Christian names are written using katakana, and are adapted to Japanese phonology from their Portuguese or Latin forms rather than being borrowed from English. Peter, for example,
4107-725: Is the surname and which is the given name is usually apparent, no matter in which order the names are presented. It is thus unlikely that the two names will be confused, for example, when writing in English while using the family name-given name naming order. However, due to the variety of pronunciations and differences in languages, some common surnames and given names may coincide when Romanized: e.g., Maki ( 真紀、麻紀、真樹 ) (given name) and Maki ( 真木、槇、牧 ) (surname). The term surname or family name can translate into three different Japanese words, myōji ( 苗字 ) , uji ( 氏 ) , and sei ( 姓 ) , which historically had different meanings. Sei ( 姓 )
4218-493: Is the unit of which a light syllable contains one and a heavy syllable two. For example, the stems that may be derived from Tarō are /taro/, consisting of two light syllables, and /taa/, consisting of a single syllable with a long vowel, resulting in Taro-chan and Tā-chan. The stems that may be derived from Hanako are /hana/, with two light syllables, /han/, with one syllable closed by a consonant, and /haa/, with one syllable with
4329-407: Is typically added. Calling someone's name (family name) without any title or honorific is called yobisute ( 呼び捨て ) , and may be considered rude even in the most informal and friendly occasions. This faux pas , however, is readily excused for foreigners. Japanese people often avoid referring to their seniors or superiors by name at all. Rather, it is considered more respectful to address one who
4440-510: The on'yomi tō (or, with rendaku , dō ). Many Japanese people have surnames that include this kanji as the second character. This is because the Fujiwara clan ( 藤原家 ) gave their samurai surnames ( myōji ) ending with the first character of their name (which can be pronounced either fuji or tō ), to denote their status in an era when commoners were not allowed surnames. Examples include Atō, Andō , Itō (although
4551-680: The Arab world , the use of patronymics is well attested. The famous scholar Rhazes ( c. 865–925 AD ) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of Ray , Iran. In the Levant , surnames were in use as early as the High Middle Ages and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's tribe , profession ,
Kishimoto - Misplaced Pages Continue
4662-580: The Kunio-kun and Double Dragon franchises Fictional characters [ edit ] Kaoru Kishimoto , a character in Hikaru no Go media Kei Kishimoto , a character in Gantz media [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Kishimoto . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding
4773-566: The Muromachi period . Japanese peasants had surnames in the Edo period ; however, they could not use them in public. Most surnames are written with two kanji characters, but some common surnames are written with one or three kanji. Some surnames written with four or five kanji exist, such as Kadenokōji ( 勘解由小路 ) , but these are rare. One large category of family names can be categorized as -tō names. The kanji 藤 , meaning wisteria , has
4884-491: The logographic kanji. The majority of Japanese people have one surname and one given name, except for the Japanese imperial family , whose members have no surname. The family name precedes the given name. People with mixed Japanese and foreign parentage may have middle names. Very few names are in use both as surnames and as given names (for example Mayumi ( 真弓 ) , Izumi ( 泉 ) , Masuko ( 益子 ) , or Arata ( 新 ) ). Therefore, to those familiar with Japanese names, which name
4995-517: The "hereditary" requirement is a traditional, although common, interpretation, since in most countries a person has a right for a name change . Depending on culture, the surname may be placed at either the start of a person's name, or at the end. The number of surnames given to an individual also varies: in most cases it is just one, but in Portuguese-speaking countries and many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames (one inherited from
5106-600: The -is suffix will have the -i suffix. Latvian, like Lithuanian, uses strictly feminized surnames for women, even in the case of foreign names. The function of the suffix is purely grammatical. Male surnames ending -e or -a need not be modified for women. Exceptions are: In Iceland, surnames have a gender-specific suffix (-dóttir = daughter, -son = son). This was also the case in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, until they were abolished by law in 1856, 1923, and 1966 respectively. Finnish used gender-specific suffixes up to 1929 when
5217-475: The 11th century by the barons in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames. The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places)
5328-409: The 1870s, when the Japanese government created the new family registration system. Family name A surname , family name , or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person, although several given names and surnames are possible in the full name. In modern times
5439-533: The Eastern Roman Empire, however it was not until the 11th century that surnames came to be used in West Europe. Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in
5550-574: The Irish name Ryan , which means 'little king' in Irish. Also, Celtic origin of the name Arthur, meaning ' bear '. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name De Luca , for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization;
5661-903: The Karafuto Agency Masashi Kishimoto (born 1974), Japanese manga artist and creator of Naruto . Also the older twin brother of Seishi Kishimoto Sachiko Kishimoto ( 岸本 幸子 , born 1936) , Japanese long jumper Saizo Kishimoto (1928–2014), Japanese gangster Seishi Kishimoto (born 1974), Japanese manga artist and creator of 666 Satan . Also the younger twin brother of Masashi Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto (born 1939), Japanese immunologist Takayuki Kishimoto (born 1990), Japanese hurdler Takehiro Kishimoto ( 岸本 岳大 , born 1980) , Japanese chef Taku Kishimoto ( 岸本卓 ) , Japanese screenwriter Toshiko D'Elia (née Kishimoto) (1930–2014), American Masters athletics long distance runner Yoshihisa Kishimoto (born 1961), Japanese video game designer and creator of
SECTION 50
#17327808001075772-519: The Marriage Act forced women to use the husband's form of the surname. In 1985, this clause was removed from the act. Until at least 1850, women's surnames were suffixed with an -in in Tyrol. Some Slavic cultures originally distinguished the surnames of married and unmarried women by different suffixes, but this distinction is no longer widely observed. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use
5883-677: The Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the Japanese name was formalized by the government as family name + given name in 1868. In Breslau Prussia enacted the Hoym Ordinance in 1790, mandating the adoption of Jewish surnames. Napoleon also insisted on Jews adopting fixed names in a decree issued in 1808. Names can sometimes be changed to protect individual privacy (such as in witness protection ), or in cases where groups of people are escaping persecution. After arriving in
5994-485: The Old English element tūn may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names. Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of
6105-701: The Rosenkrantz ("rose wreath") family took their surname from a wreath of roses comprising the torse of their arms, and the Gyldenstierne ("golden star") family took theirs from a 7-pointed gold star on their shield. Subsequently, many middle-class Scandinavian families desired names similar to those of the nobles and adopted "ornamental" surnames as well. Most other naming traditions refer to them as "acquired". They might be given to people newly immigrated, conquered, or converted, as well as those with unknown parentage, formerly enslaved, or from parentage without
6216-557: The Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of zapato , "shoe"). In England
6327-579: The United States, European Jews who fled Nazi persecution sometimes anglicized their surnames to avoid discrimination. Governments can also forcibly change people's names, as when the National Socialist government of Germany assigned German names to European people in the territories they conquered. In the 1980s, the People's Republic of Bulgaria forcibly changed the first and last names of its Turkish citizens to Bulgarian names. These are
6438-705: The Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman Empire . In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through
6549-555: The character の , is often included in names but not written as a separate character, as in the common name i-no-ue ( 井上 , well-(possessive)-top/above, top of the well) , or historical figures such as Sen no Rikyū . A name written in kanji may have more than one common pronunciation, only one of which is correct for a given individual. For example, the surname written in kanji as 東海林 may be read either Tōkairin or Shōji . Conversely, any one name may have several possible written forms, and again, only one will be correct for
6660-478: The characters in their names because not all characters are legally recognized in Japan for naming purposes. Japanese citizenship used to require adoption of a Japanese name. In recent decades, the government has allowed individuals to simply adopt katakana versions of their native names when applying for citizenship, as is already done when referring to non-East Asian foreigners: National Diet member Tsurunen Marutei ( ツルネン マルテイ ) , originally 'Martti Turunen', who
6771-458: The cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname. In Portuguese-speaking countries , it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain". Some Japanese surnames derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river" (and
SECTION 60
#17327808001076882-673: The colonial-era policy of sōshi-kaimei , which forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names. Nowadays, ethnic minorities, mostly Korean, who immigrated to Japan after WWII take on Japanese names (sometimes called 'pass names') to ease communication and, more importantly, to avoid discrimination . A few of them (e.g., Han Chang-Woo , founder and chairman of Maruhan Corp., pronounced 'Kan Shōyū' in Japanese) still keep their native names. Sometimes, however, ethnic Chinese and Koreans in Japan who choose to renounce Permanent Resident status to apply for Japanese citizenship have to change
6993-523: The early 20th century due to being easier to read and write. A single name-forming element, such as hiro ("expansiveness") can be written by more than one kanji ( 博 , 弘 , or 浩 ). Conversely, a particular kanji can have multiple meanings and pronunciations. In some names, Japanese characters phonetically "spell" a name and have no intended meaning behind them. Many Japanese personal names use puns. Although usually written in kanji, Japanese names have distinct differences from Chinese names through
7104-493: The extended Imperial family became commoners after World War II and adopted their princely family names minus the honorific -no-miya ( 宮 , "Prince") as regular surnames. Conversely, if a commoner or a noble were to become a member of the Imperial family, such as through marriage, their family name is lost. An example is Empress Michiko , whose name was Michiko Shōda before she married Prince Akihito . The current structure (family name + given name) did not materialize until
7215-461: The family name may be referred to as "upper name" ( ue-no-namae ( 上の名前 ) ). When people from areas using Eastern naming order write their personal name in the Latin alphabet , it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason
7326-591: The family of Wassa", while "Lucci" means "resident of Lucca ". Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in Ó Creachmhaoil , derived from a village in County Galway . This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to
7437-634: The female form Nováková, the family name is Novákovi in Czech and Novákovci in Slovak. When the male form is Hrubý and the female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých"). In Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter or wife, she will likely be named Papadopoulou, the genitive form, as if the daughter/wife is "of" a man named Papadopoulos. Likewise, the surnames of daughters and wives of males with surnames ending in -as will end in -a, and those of daughters and wives of males with
7548-411: The first person to acquire the name, and stem from the middle class's desire for their own hereditary names like the nobles. They were generally acquired later in history and generally when those without surnames needed them. In 1526, King Frederik I of Denmark-Norway ordered that noble families must take up fixed surnames, and many of them took as their name some element of their coat of arms; for example,
7659-428: The first two morae of two words is sometimes applied to names (usually those of celebrities). For example, Takuya Kimura ( 木村 拓哉 , Kimura Takuya ) , a famous Japanese actor and singer, becomes Kimutaku ( キムタク ) . This is sometimes applied even to non-Japanese celebrities: Brad Pitt , whose full name in Japanese is Buraddo Pitto ( ブラッド・ピット ) is commonly known as Burapi ( ブラピ ) , and Jimi Hendrix
7770-589: The form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. In the culture of the Sorbs (a.k.a. Wends or Lusatians), Sorbian used different female forms for unmarried daughters (Jordanojc, Nowcyc, Kubašec, Markulic), and for wives (Nowakowa, Budarka, Nowcyna, Markulina). In Polish, typical surnames for unmarried women ended -ówna, -anka, or -ianka, while the surnames of married women used the possessive suffixes -ina or -owa. In Serbia, unmarried women's surnames ended in -eva, while married women's surnames ended in -ka. In Lithuania, if
7881-462: The gender of the bearer. In Slavic languages, substantivized adjective surnames have commonly symmetrical adjective variants for males and females (Podwiński/Podwińska in Polish, Nový/Nová in Czech or Slovak, etc.). In the case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). In Czech and Slovak,
7992-456: The given name appears under the family name. While family names follow relatively consistent rules, given names are much more diverse in pronunciation and characters. While many common names can easily be spelled or pronounced, parents may choose names with unusual characters or pronunciations; the pronunciation of such names generally cannot be inferred from the written form, or vice versa. Unusual pronunciations have become much more common, as
8103-456: The group. Female praenomina were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the nomen alone. Later with the gradual influence of Greek and Christian culture throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional cognomina , but eventually people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of
8214-488: The husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his unmarried daughter will be named Vilkaitė. Male surnames have suffixes -as, -is, -ius, or -us, unmarried girl surnames aitė, -ytė, -iūtė or -utė, wife surnames -ienė. These suffixes are also used for foreign names, exclusively for grammar; Welby, the surname of the present Archbishop of Canterbury for example, becomes Velbis in Lithuanian, while his wife
8325-447: The individual becomes heir to the throne or inherits one of the historical princely family names ( Hitachi-no-miya ( 常陸宮 ) , Mikasa-no-miya ( 三笠宮 ) , Akishino-no-miya ( 秋篠宮 ) , etc.). When a member of the Imperial family becomes a noble or a commoner, the emperor gives them a family name. In medieval era, the family name " Minamoto " was often used. In modern era, princely family names are used. For example, many members of
8436-542: The inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of Old English elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example,
8547-593: The introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman Conquest . Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before
8658-667: The majority of personal names. Kanji names in Japan are governed by the Japanese Ministry of Justice's rules on kanji use in names. As of January 2015 , only the 843 "name kanji" ( jinmeiyō kanji ) and 2,136 "commonly used characters" ( jōyō kanji ) are permitted for use in personal names. This is intended to ensure that names can be readily written and read by those literate in Japanese. Names may be rejected if they are considered unacceptable; for example, in 1993 two parents who tried to name their child Akuma ( 悪魔 ) , which means "devil", were prohibited from doing so after
8769-441: The mandate to have a surname. During the modern era many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. The Napoleonic Code, adopted in various parts of Europe, stipulated that people should be known by both their given name(s) and a family name that would not change across generations. Other notable examples include
8880-689: The medieval noble clans, and they trace their lineage either directly to these sei or to the courtiers of these sei . Myōji ( 苗字 ) was simply what a family chooses to call itself, as opposed to the sei granted by the emperor. While it was passed on patrilineally in male ancestors including in male ancestors called haku (uncles), one had a certain degree of freedom in changing one's myōji . See also kabane . According to estimates, there are over 300,000 different surnames in use today in Japan. The three most common family names in Japan are Satō ( 佐藤 ) , Suzuki ( 鈴木 ) , and Takahashi ( 高橋 ) . People in Japan began using surnames during
8991-433: The mother and another from the father) are used for legal purposes. Depending on culture, not all members of a family unit are required to have identical surnames. In some countries, surnames are modified depending on gender and family membership status of a person. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names. Using names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in
9102-638: The name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most English and most Scottish people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536. A four-year study led by the University of the West of England , which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain
9213-465: The naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally, Chinese surnames were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the Shang dynasty (1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC. In the early Islamic period (640–900 AD) and
9324-492: The number of kanji allowed for use in names. The Sapporo High Court held that it was unlawful for the government to deny registration of a child's name because it contained a kanji character that was relatively common but not included in the official list of name characters compiled by the Ministry of Justice. Subsequently, the Japanese government promulgated plans to increase the number of kanji "permitted" in names. The use of
9435-412: The occupation of smith . There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer's occupation or first name as their last name, adding the letter s to the word, although this formation could also be a patronymic . For instance, the surname Vickers is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by
9546-658: The oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a first name such as "Wilhelm", a patronymic such as " Andersen ", a matronymic such as " Beaton ", or a clan name such as " O'Brien ". Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name " Giovanni ". This is the broadest class of surnames, originating from nicknames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar", and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which, according to
9657-412: The origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, Short , or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person." In the modern era, governments have enacted laws to require people to adopt surnames. This served the purpose of uniquely identifying subjects for taxation purposes or for inheritance. In the late Middle Ages in Europe, there were several revolts against
9768-663: The origins of the surnames in the British Isles . The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being Smith , Jones , Williams , Brown , Taylor , Davies , and Wilson . The findings have been published in the Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland , with project leader Richard Coates calling
9879-466: The other hand, is far more well known by his Christian name Justo ( ジュスト ) than his birth name, Hikogorō Shigetomo. For historical reasons, the Japanese emperor and his families do not have a surname and possess only a given name, such as Hirohito ( 裕仁 ) . However, Japanese people prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince", rather than using the personal name out of respect and as
9990-402: The person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishimoto&oldid=1041025659 " Categories : Surnames Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles with short description Short description
10101-494: The phrase tanakamura ("the village in the middle of the rice fields") : the three kanji ( ta ( 田 , "rice field") , naka ( 中 , "middle") and mura ( 村 , "village") ), together in any pair, form a simple, reasonably common surname: Tanaka , Nakamura , Murata , Nakata (Nakada), Muranaka , Tamura . Despite these difficulties, there are enough patterns and recurring names that most native Japanese will be able to read virtually all family names they encounter and
10212-497: The place of origin. Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. ( See Roman naming conventions . ) The nomen , the name of the gens (tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC. The nomen was to identify group kinship, while the praenomen (forename; plural praenomina ) was used to distinguish individuals within
10323-563: The pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evolved to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: examples in Czech are Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů. These are the archaic form of the possessive, related to the plural name of the family. Such rare surnames are also often used for transgender persons during transition because most common surnames are gender-specific. The informal dialectal female form in Polish and Czech dialects
10434-636: The second as "Jirō", and so on. Girls were often named with ko ( 子 , "child") at the end of the given name (this should not be confused with the less common male suffix hiko ( 彦 ) ). Both practices have become less common, although many children continue to be given names that originate from these conventions. Conventions of direct address and name use in conversation are heavily governed by respect for those considered in higher social positions (ex. older family members, teachers, employers), familiarity with those considered to be in lower social positions (ex. younger family members, students, employees) and
10545-402: The second type are Ta-chan from Tarō, Kii-chan from Kimiko, and Yā-chan from Yasunari. Hypocoristics with modified stems are considered more intimate than those based on the full given name. Hypocoristics with modified stems are derived by adding -chan to a stem consisting of an integral number, usually one but occasionally two, of feet , where a foot consists of two moras . A mora ( 音節 )
10656-446: The selection of characters in a name and the pronunciation of them. A Japanese person can distinguish a Japanese name from a Chinese name. Akie Tomozawa said that this was equivalent to how "Europeans can easily tell that the name 'Smith' is English and 'Schmidt' is German or that 'Victor' is English or French and 'Vittorio' is Italian". Japanese names are usually written in kanji, although some names use hiragana or even katakana , or
10767-699: The servant of a vicar, while Roberts could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval mystery plays . The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include King , Lord and Virgin . A Dictionary of English Surnames says that "surnames of office, such as Abbot , Bishop , Cardinal and King, are often nicknames". The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English. Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from
10878-418: The speaker's relationships with the listener and the addressee. Typically, the family name is used to refer to an individual, and personal or given names are largely restricted to informal situations and cases where the speaker is older than, a superior of, or very familiar with the named individual. When addressing someone or referring to a member of one's out-group , a respectful title such as -san ( さん )
10989-547: The street/place they were found (Union, Liquorpond (street), di Palermo, Baan, Bijdam, van den Eyngel (shop name), van der Stoep , von Trapp), the date they were found ( Monday , Septembre, Spring, di Gennaio), or festival/feast day they found or christened (Easter, SanJosé). Some foundlings were given the name of whoever found them. Occupational names include Smith , Miller , Farmer , Thatcher , Shepherd , Potter , and so on, and analogous names in many other languages, see, e.g., various surnames associated with
11100-432: The study "more detailed and accurate" than those before. He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be linked to a place , for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a village green . Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as Jackson , or Jenkinson . There are also names where
11211-676: The surname Lee is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname Li . In the Russian Empire , illegitimate children were sometimes given artificial surnames rather than the surnames of their adoptive parents. In many cultures (particularly in European and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as West Asia/North Africa, South Asia, and most Sub-Saharan African cultures),
11322-611: The surname or family name ("last name") is placed after the personal, forename (in Europe) or given name ("first name"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the Eastern naming order because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the East Asian cultural sphere , specifically, Greater China , Korea (both North and South) , Japan , and Vietnam . This
11433-1320: The trend has significantly increased in popularity since the 1990s. For example, the popular masculine name 大翔 is traditionally pronounced "Hiroto", but in recent years alternative pronunciations "Haruto", " Yamato ", "Taiga", "Sora", "Taito", "Daito", and "Masato" have all entered use. Male names often end in -rō ( 郎/朗 , "son" or "clear, bright") (e.g. " Ichirō "), -ta ( 太 , "great, thick" or "first [son]") (e.g. " Kenta "), or -o ( 男/雄/夫 , "man") (e.g. "Teruo" or " Akio "). Male names often also contain ichi ( 一 , "first [son]") (e.g. " Ken'ichi "), kazu ( 一 , "first [son]") (also written with 一 , along with several other possible characters; e.g. " Kazuhiro "), ji ( 二/次 , "second [son]" or "next") (e.g. " Jirō "), or dai ( 大 , "great, large") (e.g. " Daichi "). Female names often end in -ko ( 子 , "child") (e.g. " Keiko ") or -mi ( 美 , "beauty") (e.g. " Yumi "). Other popular endings for female names include -ka ( 香/花 , "scent, perfume" or "flower") (e.g. " Reika ") and -na ( 奈/菜 , "greens" or "apple tree") (e.g. " Haruna "). Most personal names use one, two, or three kanji. Four-syllable given names are common, especially in eldest sons. The usage of -ko ( 子 ) has changed significantly over
11544-451: The usual 島 . Some names also feature very uncommon kanji, or even kanji which no longer exist in modern Japanese . Japanese people who have such names are likely to compromise by substituting similar or simplified characters. This may be difficult for input of kanji in computers, as many kanji databases on computers only include common and regularly used kanji, and many archaic or mostly unused characters are not included. An example of such
11655-489: The written characters relate indirectly to the name as spoken. For example, 四月一日 would normally be read as shigatsu tsuitachi ("April 1st") , but as a family name it is read watanuki ("unpadded clothes") , because the first day of the fourth lunar month (in the old lunar calendar, closer to 1 May) is the traditional date to switch from winter to summer clothes. In the same way 小鳥遊 would normally be read as kotori asobi ("little birds play") or shōchōyū , but
11766-520: The years: prior to the Meiji Restoration (1868), it was reserved for members of the imperial family. Following the restoration, it became popular and was overwhelmingly common in the Taishō and early Shōwa era. The suffix -ko increased in popularity after the mid-20th century. Around the year 2006, due to the citizenry mimicking naming habits of popular entertainers, the suffix -ko
11877-404: Was also -ka (Pawlaczka, Kubeška). With the exception of the -ski/-ska suffix, most feminine forms of surnames are seldom observed in Polish. Generally, inflected languages use names and surnames as living words, not as static identifiers. Thus, the pair or the family can be named by a plural form which can differ from the singular male and female form. For instance, when the male form is Novák and
11988-439: Was declining in popularity. At the same time, names of western origin, written in kana, were becoming increasingly popular for naming of girls. By 2004 there was a trend of using hiragana instead of kanji in naming girls. Molly Hakes said that this may have to do with using hiragana out of cultural pride, since hiragana is Japan's indigenous writing form, or out of not assigning a meaning to a girl's name so that others do not have
12099-511: Was half Anglo-Irish and half Greek ), who used the name Koizumi Yakumo ( 小泉 八雲 ) . At the time, to gain Japanese citizenship, it was necessary to be adopted by a Japanese family (in Hearn's case, it was his wife's family) and take their name. Individuals born overseas with Western given names and Japanese surnames are usually given a katakana name in Western order ([given name] [surname]) when referred to in Japanese. Eric Shinseki , for instance,
12210-552: Was originally the patrilineal surname which was granted by the emperor as a title of male rank. In the 8th century, eight types of sei were established, but later all surnames except for ason ( 朝臣 ) almost disappeared. Uji ( 氏 ) was another name used to designate patrilineal clan. Uji and Sei used in the set: e.g., Minamoto no Ason ( 源朝臣 ) , Taira no Ason ( 平朝臣 ) , Fujiwara no Ason ( 藤原朝臣 ) . Uji and sei together are called seishi or shōji ( 姓氏 ) and also simply sei . There were relatively few sei of
12321-547: Was the norm . Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname. Indian surnames may often denote village, profession, and/or caste and are invariably mentioned along with the personal/first names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Telugu -speaking families in south India, surname
#106893