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67-433: The character developed from an evil sorcerer into a folk hero and beneficial trickster in the course of the 19th century. A thorough research of various historical documents established that Krabat was in fact Janko Šajatović (1624–1704), a Croat (Crabat) cavalry commander from Žumberak who came to the north of Germany in 1658 to defend the borders of Christian Europe. After he became known for his military abilities

134-467: A daughter, Maria Elisabeth, she was only ten years old when he died, and Piccolomini's adopted son Joseph Silvio Max Piccolomini was only one year older. Wallenstein is also a main figure in Alfred Döblin 's eponymous novel . The title of the novel, published in 1920, is misleading, as it does not focus on Wallenstein, but rather on Emperor Ferdinand II , whom Döblin consistently calls Ferdinand

201-432: A few companions, broke into the burgomaster's house at the main square where Wallenstein had been lodging, and kicked open the bedroom door. Wallenstein, roused from sleep and unarmed, is said to have asked for quarter but Devereux ran his spear through Wallenstein, killing him. The Emperor rewarded the assassins. In 1784, his descendant Vincenc von Wallenstein had the remains of the general and his wife transported from

268-654: A fresh army within a few weeks and took to the field. He drove the Saxon army from Bohemia and then advanced against Gustavus Adolphus, whom he opposed near Nuremberg and, after the Battle of the Alte Veste , dislodged. In November, the great Battle of Lützen was fought, in which Wallenstein was forced to retreat but, in the confused melee, Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Wallenstein withdrew to winter quarters in Bohemia. In

335-461: A historian in his extensive history of the Thirty Years' War. In his play trilogy , completed in 1788, he concentrated mostly on the last period of Wallenstein's life (Pilsen and Eger). The literary depiction largely corresponds to the historical facts with the only exception being the lovers – Ottavio Piccolomini's fictional son Max and Wallenstein's daughter Thekla. Although Wallenstein had

402-574: A life-size statue was erected in the Feldherrenhalle of the then newly built Imperial-Royal Court Weapons Museum , now the Museum of Military History in Vienna . The statue was created in 1877 by the sculptor Ludwig Schimek (1837–1886) from Carrara marble. The Cheb Regional Museum has a permanent exhibition dedicated to Wallenstein. In addition to portraits and paintings, his stuffed horse,

469-723: A member of the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren), and adopted his uncle's religious affiliation. His uncle sent him to the brethren's school at Košumberk Castle in Eastern Bohemia. In 1597, Albrecht was sent to the Protestant Latin school at Goldberg (now Złotoryja) in Silesia , where the then-German environment led him to hone his German language skills. While German became Wallenstein's main language, he

536-482: A poor Protestant noble family. He acquired a multilingual university education across Europe and converted to Catholicism in 1606. A marriage in 1609 to the wealthy widow of a Bohemian landowner gave him access to considerable estates and wealth after her death at an early age in 1614. Three years later, Wallenstein embarked on a career as a mercenary by raising forces for the Holy Roman Emperor in

603-540: A prince, and in 1625 Duke of Friedland . Wallenstein proved an able administrator of the duchy and sent a large representation to Prague to emphasize his nobility. In order to aid Ferdinand (elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619) against the Northern Protestants and to produce a balance in the army of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly , Wallenstein offered to raise

670-674: A whole army for the imperial service following the bellum se ipsum alet principle, and received his final commission on 25 July 1625. Wallenstein's successes as a military commander brought him fiscal credit, which in turn enabled him to receive loans to buy lands, many of them being the former estates of conquered Bohemian nobles. He used his credit to grant loans to Ferdinand II, which were repaid through lands and titles. Wallenstein's popularity soon recruited 30,000 (not long afterwards 50,000) men. The two armies worked together over 1625–27, at first against Mansfeld. Having beaten Mansfeld at Dessau (25 April 1626), Wallenstein cleared Silesia of

737-562: A whole. For Döblin, Wallenstein's economic genius predominates; battles are only fought when they cannot be avoided, as Döblin mainly portrays Wallenstein as a modern manager of long-term war planning. Wallenstein is indifferent to religious questions, forcing his partners and opponents to admit to a lie of which they were not even aware. Just like Wallenstein, they strive for power and wealth but hide this pursuit behind their religious convictions and assurances of peace. Döblin's Wallenstein has no political vision, and even less does he want to reform

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804-586: A year later he was no longer able to ride. On his flight to Eger in 1634 he had to be moved around in a wagon or lying in a transport litter. In the 1970s the skeleton of Wallenstein was examined. The inner core of the leg bones showed abnormal changes that suggest terminal syphilis . Shortly after Wallenstein's assassination, several plays, poems and newspapers appeared, as well as a large number of pamphlets describing his life and death. Most of these early adaptations are completely unknown today and have often been lost. Schiller first commemorated Wallenstein as

871-634: Is also the subject of Calderón de la Barca 's play El Prodigio de Alemania . In Memmingen , the Wallenstein Festival ( Wallensteinfestspiele  [ de ] ) is held every four years to commemorate Wallenstein's stay in the town in 1630. In Altdorf bei Nürnberg , the Wallenstein Festival ( Wallenstein-Festspiele ) has been held every three years since 1894. The plays Wallenstein in Altdorf  [ de ] and an adaptation of Schiller's Wallenstein trilogy are performed. In

938-623: Is centered around the area of Lusatia , most notably the settlement of Čorny Chołmc (Schwarzkollm), which today is a district of the city of Hoyerswerda , where Krabat is said to have learned his sorcerous powers. The Krabat story has been adapted into several novels, notably: This article relating to a European folklore is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Croats (military unit) The Croats , also known as Cravats or Crabats , were 17th-century light cavalry forces in Central Europe, comparable to

1005-573: Is said to have continued to curse in Czech. On 29 August 1599, Wallenstein continued his education at the Protestant University of Altdorf near Nuremberg , Franconia , where he was often engaged in brawls and épée fights, leading to his imprisonment in the town prison. He beat his servant so badly he had to purchase him a new suit of clothes on top of paying compensation. In February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf and travelled around

1072-633: The Carthusian monastery in Valdice , after the monastery was abolished in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II , to St. Anne's Chapel in the town of Mnichovo Hradiště , in the Czech Republic . While a student at Padua, Wallenstein had followed the lessons of the prominent astrologer Andrea Argoli , who had also initiated him into the mysteries of the Kabbalah . In 1608, Wallenstein commissioned

1139-645: The Counter-Reformation policy of the Habsburgs that effectively barred Protestants from being appointed to higher offices at court in Bohemia and in Moravia, and the impressions he gathered in Catholic Italy. However, there are no sources clearly indicating the reasons for Wallenstein's conversion, except for a subjunctive anecdote by his contemporary Franz Christoph von Khevenhüller about

1206-661: The Holy Roman Empire , France and Italy , where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua . By this time, Wallenstein was fluent in German, Czech, Latin and Italian , was able to understand Spanish , and spoke some French . Wallenstein then joined the army of the Emperor Rudolf II in Hungary , where, under the command of Giorgio Basta , he saw two years of armed service (1604–1606) in

1273-838: The Long Turkish War against the Ottoman Turks and Hungarian rebels . In 1604, his sister, Kateřina Anna, married the leader of the Moravian Protestants, Karel the Older of Zierotin . He then studied at the University of Olomouc (matriculating in 1606). His contact with the Olomouc Jesuits is considered to be at least partially responsible for his conversion to Catholicism that same year. The contributory factor to his conversion may have been

1340-568: The Oder in October. He then resumed negotiations. In December, Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia, around Pilsen (now Plzeň ). Vienna soon definitely convinced itself of his treachery, a secret court found him guilty, and the Emperor looked seriously for a means of getting rid of him (a successor in command, the later emperor Ferdinand III , was already waiting). Wallenstein was aware of

1407-685: The Sack of Magdeburg were committed by the Croats and Walloons . By the end of 1633 the Croats began their service in the army of the Kingdom of France . The Croats wore hats made of fur and long red cloaks. Their primary arms were carbines . Besides carbine the Croat arms included two pistols. The Croats wore scarves around their necks, probably for hygienic purposes. During the Thirty Years' War

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1474-516: The Saxon prince invited him to be in his personal guard. As a reward, as a man of trust, the prince gave him a property in Groß Särchen, where with his knowledge and skills, since he was one of the few literate people in the area which was already inhabited by Sorbs , he helped people in various ways. He taught them to drain swamps, to build mills, he started farming in that area. A favorite among

1541-709: The Uskok War against the Republic of Venice . Wallenstein fought for the Catholics in the Protestant Bohemian Revolt of 1618 and was awarded estates confiscated from the rebels after their defeat at White Mountain in 1620. A series of military victories against the Protestants raised Wallenstein's reputation in the imperial court and in 1625 he raised a large army of 50,000 men to further

1608-471: The hussars . The Croats were initially irregular units loosely organized in bands. The first regular Croat regiment was established in 1625. The most notable engagement of the Croats was their participation on the side of the Catholic League in the Thirty Years' War . At the height of the Thirty Years' War, as many as 20,000 Croatian cavalry were in the service of the Imperial Army , including

1675-593: The subsequent siege with assistance of Danish, Scottish and Swedish troops, a blow that denied him access to the Baltic and the chance to challenge the naval power of the Scandinavian kingdoms and of the Netherlands . Although he succeeded in defeating Christian IV of Denmark in the Battle of Wolgast and neutralizing Denmark in the subsequent Peace of Lübeck , the situation further deteriorated when

1742-505: The "holograph account" of Denis MacDonell, aka Dionysius Macdaniel, Irish Captain of Colonel Butler's regiment and participant in the events, Captain Walter Devereux with twelve dragoons and Sergeant Major Geraldine with eight burst into the room from two doors, surprising the feasting guests. Geraldine cried out Vivat Ferdinandus Imperator ("Long live Emperor Ferdinand") with MacDonell responding with Et tota Domus Austriaca ("And

1809-639: The 1623 Battle of Stadtlohn under Tilly's command. Denmark hired in Croat troops during both the Swedish Wars (1657-1660) and the Scanian War (1676-79). During the Scanian War they were led by Disznoldt and lodged in the heavily fortified town of Landskrona in Scania where they caused quite a lot of trouble and were picky about their lodgings. They were sent on 'small war' missions together with

1876-632: The 1630s. The Croats are mentioned in Grimmelshausen 's Simplicissimus and in Friedrich Schiller 's Wallenstein . Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland ( pronunciation ; 24 September 1583 – 25 February 1634), also von Waldstein ( Czech : Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna ), was a Bohemian military leader and statesman who fought on

1943-539: The Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). His successful martial career made him one of the richest and most influential men in the Holy Roman Empire by the time of his death. Wallenstein became the supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and was a major figure of the Thirty Years' War. Wallenstein was born in the Kingdom of Bohemia into

2010-480: The Croat military unit was so strong that between 1631 and 1638 similar units were established in Bavaria, Spain and France. At the beginning of the 20th century mothers still scared their children with tales about the 1631 Sack of Magdeburg in which Croats took part. The population of eastern France compared all invasions after the Thirty Years' War with stories about Croats and Swedes who ravaged their territory in

2077-453: The Croats came in contact with French who were impressed by their outfit and soon adopted the scarf, naming it after the Croats, cravat ( French : cravate ), which evolved into the modern-day cravat and necktie . The Cravat Regiment is a guard of honour established in 2010 in Zagreb , Croatia , which wears uniforms that are replicas of those worn by the Croats. The influence of

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2144-536: The Czech Anna Lucretia of Víckov, née Nekšová of Landek (d. 1614), the wealthy widow of Arkleb of Víckov who owned the towns of Vsetín , Lukov , Rymice and Všetuly/ Holešov (all in eastern Moravia). She was three years older than Wallenstein, and he inherited her estates after her death in 1614. He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with Venice in 1617, thereby relieving

2211-638: The Duchies of Mecklenburg , whose hereditary dukes suffered expulsion for having helped the Danish king. This awarding of a major territory to someone of the lower nobility shocked the high-born rulers of many other German states . Wallenstein assumed the title of " Admiral of the North and Baltic Seas ". However, in 1628 he failed to capture Stralsund , which resisted the Capitulation of Franzburg and

2278-758: The Imperial cause. A year later, he administered a crushing defeat to the Protestants at Dessau Bridge . For his successes, Wallenstein became an imperial count palatine and made himself ruler of the lands of the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia . An imperial generalissimo by land, and Admiral of the Baltic Sea from 21 April 1628, Wallenstein found himself released from service in 1630 after Ferdinand grew wary of his ambition. Several Protestant victories over Catholic armies induced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein (Gollersdorf April 1632), who then defeated

2345-528: The Other (German: Ferdinand der Andere ). The sections of the book are also often misleadingly named. For example, the first book is called Maximilian of Bavaria, although it is almost exclusively about the emperor and his actions that are described. The supposed protagonist of this part is only mentioned in passing. In the beginning, Döblin describes the emperor according to historical facts but enriches these descriptions with fictional elements. The description of

2412-623: The Protestants. However, he was assassinated at Eger in Bohemia by one of the army's officials, with the emperor's approval. Wallenstein was born on 24 September 1583 in Heřmanice , Bohemia , which is the easternmost and largest region in what was then the Holy Roman Empire , in the present-day Czech Republic , into a poor Protestant Wallenstein branch of the Waldstein family , who owned Heřmanice Castle and seven surrounding villages. He

2479-507: The Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus at Alte Veste . The Swedish king was later killed at the Battle of Lützen . Wallenstein realised the war could last decades and, during the summer of 1633, arranged a series of armistices to negotiate peace. These proved to be his undoing as plotters accused him of treachery and Emperor Ferdinand II ordered his assassination. Dissatisfied with the Emperor's treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with

2546-705: The Virgin Mary saving Wallenstein's life when he fell from a window in Innsbruck . Wallenstein was later made a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece . In 1607, based on recommendations by his brother-in-law, Zierotin, and another relative, Adam of Waldstein , often mistakenly referred to as his uncle, Wallenstein was made chamberlain at the court of Matthias , and later also chamberlain to archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian. In 1609, Wallenstein married

2613-575: The campaigning of 1633, Wallenstein's apparent unwillingness to attack the enemy caused much concern in Vienna and in Spain. At this time the dimensions of the war had grown more European, and Wallenstein had begun preparing to desert the Emperor. He expressed anger at Ferdinand's refusal to revoke the Edict of Restitution . Historic records tell little about his secret negotiations but some sources indicated he

2680-500: The city of Stralsund , the Wallenstein Days ( Wallensteintagen  [ de ] ), the largest historical festival in northern Germany, takes place every year and commemorates the liberation of the city from the siege by Wallenstein in 1628. By imperial decree of Franz Joseph I on 28 February 1863, Wallenstein was included in the list of "Austria's most famous warlords and generals worthy of eternal admiration" and

2747-481: The empire. All that matters to him is wealth and power. Döblin's judgment of Wallenstein is thus close to Marxist historiography, which sees all action as the result of economic motives. Hellmut Diwald first began to write a biography of Wallenstein in 1967 with the publication of Leopold von Ranke's Geschichte Wallensteins (English: History of Wallenstein ), to which he added a hundred-page introduction. Two years later, his portrayal of Wallenstein appeared, which

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2814-538: The field. The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over General Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld and the Lech (1632), where Tilly was killed, and his advance to Munich and occupation of Bohemia, required a vigorous response. It was during this time that Wallenstein had taken inspiration from the reforms of Gustavus Adolphus, instituting harsh discipline by providing rewards for bravery and punishment for disorder, thievery, and cowardice and with this in mind Wallenstein raised

2881-473: The fortress of Gradisca from the Venetian siege. He later endowed a monastery in his late wife's name and had her reburied there. In 1623, Wallenstein married Countess Isabella Katharina von Harrach (1601-1655), daughter of Count Karl von Harrach . They had two children: a son who died in infancy and a surviving daughter. Examples of the couple's correspondence survive. The two marriages made him one of

2948-399: The imperial court mathematician Johannes Kepler issue his first horoscope through intermediaries. It seems that he did not receive the horoscope until late 1614 or early 1615. "Why delivery should have taken so long is anyone's guess. Perhaps Kepler had been defrauded too often and did not want too hand it over until he had his promised fee and that had been delayed." Wallenstein, through

3015-456: The last phase of Ferdinand's life and his death then have nothing to do with historical reality but are entirely a result of Döblin's artistic freedom. In the second book of the novel, Wallenstein is introduced rather marginally. He only becomes present with the events during his work within the Bohemian coin consortium. This corresponds to Döblin's interpretation of Wallenstein in the novel as

3082-595: The majority of Wallenstein 's harquebusiers . The name came to be used as a generic term for light cavalry from the area of the Habsburg Military Frontier rather than an ethnic designation, and included ethnic Croats , Hungarians , Serbs , Wallachians , Poles , Cossacks , Albanians and Tatars . The Croats were initially recruited by generals of the Habsburg monarchy . The soldiers who joined Croats signed contracts which expired after

3149-403: The military campaign would be over, most often for any booty and sometimes for a fee. At the beginning, their bands were loosely organized. They were dismissed after the military campaign was finished and returned in the spring to be recruited by their old commanders. In 1623, the size of the Croat units under command of Count of Tilly was reduced from 172 hearths to 72. They participated in

3216-426: The native friskytter corps and several of them were killed in battle. The first regular Croat regiment was established in 1625 by Hector Ludwig Isolani , a military officer in service of Albrecht von Wallenstein . They were engaged to confuse the enemy flanks by attacking their wings. In many historical works the Croats are criticized for their cruel methods. It has been reported that the worst atrocities during

3283-585: The next several years prior to his death in 1634. Wallenstein began to suffer joint inflammation in the feet in 1620. It was believed to be a case of gout , or by excessive drinking. His condition deteriorated rapidly. In November 1629 he became so ill that he lay down for weeks. In March 1630 he travelled to Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) to seek relief. He found it difficult to walk. At the Battle of Lützen in November 1632, he mounted his horse in extreme pain. Half

3350-525: The night of 25 February. To carry out the assassination, a regiment of dragoons under the command of an Irish colonel, Walter Butler and the Scots colonels Walter Leslie and John Gordon first attacked Wallenstein's trusted officers ( Adam Trczka , Vilém Kinský , Christian von Ilow , and Henry Neumann), while they attended a feast at Cheb Castle, to which the officers had been invited by Gordon himself. According to historian , A. E. J. Hollaender, quoting

3417-454: The nobility and the people, he quickly became a legend, so even after his death, stories about his heroism spread and supernatural powers were attributed to him, which resulted in sagas and legends about him that were an inspiration to many writers. The tale of Krabat's apprenticeship to an evil sorcerer with malefic powers can be classified, in folkloristic studies, as Aarne–Thompson–Uther ATU 325, " The Sorcerer's Apprentice ". The folk tale

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3484-445: The outcome of the conflict. Over the course of the war Wallenstein's ambitions and the abuses of his forces had earned him a host of enemies, both Catholic and Protestant, princes and non-princes alike. Ferdinand suspected Wallenstein of planning a coup to take control of the Holy Roman Empire . The Emperor's advisors advocated dismissing him, and in September 1630 envoys were sent to Wallenstein to announce his dismissal. The decision

3551-426: The patent, Ferdinand II ordered Wallenstein brought under arrest to Vienna, dead or alive. Losing the support of his army, Wallenstein now realized the extent of his peril, and on 23 February with a company of some hundred men, he went from Plzeň to Cheb , hoping to meet the Swedes under Prince Bernard . After his arrival at Cheb, however, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force assassinated him on

3618-410: The plan to replace him, but felt confident that when the army came to decide between him and the Emperor the decision would be in his favour. On 24 January 1634 the Emperor signed a secret patent (shown only to certain officers of Wallenstein's army) removing him from his command. Finally an open patent charging Wallenstein with high treason was signed on 18 February and published in Prague . In

3685-414: The presence of Imperial Catholic troops on the Baltic and the Emperor's " Edict of Restitution " brought King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden into the conflict. Wallenstein attempted to aid the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski , which were fighting Sweden in 1629. However, Wallenstein failed to engage any major Swedish forces and this significantly affected

3752-457: The rebellion. Nobles who wished for a rapprochement with Ferdinand faced a choice. Senior nobleman Zierotin's son-in-law, Georg von Nachod, commanded the Moravian cavalry and his brother-in-law, Wallenstein, the infantry. Both decided to take their regiment into Austria. Nachod's troops rebelled and he fled for his life. Wallenstein's major demanded authorisation from the Estates upon which Wallenstein drew his sword and ran him through, "A fresh major

3819-400: The remnants of Mansfeld's army in 1627. His army ravaged and burned down many Silesian towns and villages, including Prudnik , Głogówek , Żory , Pszczyna , Bytom , Rybnik , Koźle , and Strzelce Opolskie . At this time he bought from the emperor the Duchy of Sagan (in Silesia). He then joined Tilly in the struggle against Christian IV of Denmark , and afterwards gained as a reward

3886-442: The same intermediary (Gerhard von Taxis) reached out to Kepler again in 1625 for amendments and amplifications on the chart. Consulting an astrologer was not unusual at the time. Though astrology had been forbidden by the Church at the Council of Trent, Emperor Rudolph II (a nominally Catholic monarch and the ruler of Bohemia where Wallenstein served as his vassal) frequently consulted astrologers as did many at his court. Anyone who

3953-553: The wars against Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel Bethlen (both supporters of the Bohemian revolt) in Moravia . Wallenstein recovered his lands (which the rebels had seized in 1619) and after the Battle of White Mountain (8 November 1620), he secured the estates belonging to his mother's family and confiscated tracts of Protestant lands. He grouped his new possessions into a territory called Friedland (Frýdlant) in northern Bohemia. A series of successes in battle led to Wallenstein becoming in 1622 an imperial count palatine , in 1623

4020-458: The wealthiest men in the Bohemian Crown . The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the estates of Bohemia rebelled against Ferdinand of Styria and elected Frederick V of the Palatinate , the leader of the Protestant Union , as their new king. Wallenstein associated himself with the cause of the Catholics and the Habsburg dynasty . In the summer of 1618, Count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn led 10,000 troops into Moravia to secure their loyalty to

4087-401: The whole House of Austria"). By another account, as quoted in Peter H. Wilson's work on the Thirty Years' War, the conspirators entered the room shouting "Who is a good Imperialist?". All of Wallenstein's loyal officers present were massacred. Trczka alone managed to fight his way out into the courtyard, only to be shot down by a group of musketeers. A few hours later, Devereux, together with

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4154-454: Was immediately appointed and displayed greater tractability". Deserting the Bohemians, he marched his regiment to Vienna taking with him the Moravian treasury. There, however, the authorities told him that the money would go back to the Moravians – but he had shown his loyalty to Ferdinand, the future Emperor. Wallenstein equipped a regiment of cuirassiers and won great distinction under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy in

4221-436: Was preparing to force a "just peace" on the Emperor "in the interests of united Germany ". With this apparent "plan" he entered into negotiations with Saxony , Brandenburg , Sweden , and France . Apparently the Habsburgs' enemies tried to draw him to their side. In any case, he gained little support. Anxious to make his power felt, he resumed the offensive against the Swedes and Saxons, winning his last victory at Steinau on

4288-425: Was soon regarded as a new standard reference. Golo Mann must have realized this two years before the publication of his biography Wallenstein. Sein Leben erzählt von Golo Mann . "He was downright disgusted by the apologetic Hellmut Diwald" (Klaus-Dietmar Henke ). The editor of the magazine Der Spiegel , Rudolf Augstein, judged Mann's work to be "a highly subjective representation that pretends to be objective". He

4355-419: Was taken at Regensburg on 13 August 1630 on the following day Wallenstein's financier De Witte committed suicide (having accrued a mountain of debt financing Wallenstein). Wallenstein gave over his army to General Tilly and retired to Jičín , the capital of his Duchy of Friedland. There he lived in an atmosphere of "mysterious magnificence" . However, circumstances forced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein into

4422-513: Was the son of Wilhelm von Waldstein (d. 1595) and his wife, Markéta, Baroness Smiřická of Smiřice (1555-1593). They had raised him bilingually – the father spoke German while his mother preferred Czech – yet Wallenstein in his childhood had a better command of Czech than of German . His parents' religious affiliations were Lutheranism and Utraquist Hussitism . After their deaths, Albrecht for two years lived with his maternal uncle Heinrich (Jindřich) Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk (1549-1599),

4489-400: Was wealthy and influential often had one. After a brief warning not to trust the stars alone, Kepler wrote that his client had a busy, restless mind who strove for new, untried or strange means. The horoscope characterized Wallenstein as a person with great ambition who strove for power. Dangerous enemies may challenge him, but he would mostly win. Wallenstein relied obsessively on horoscopes for

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