Misplaced Pages

#889110

91-639: Innsbruck ( German: [ˈɪnsbʁʊk] ; Austro-Bavarian : Innschbruck [ˈɪnʃprʊk] ) is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria . On the River Inn , at its junction with the Wipp Valley , which provides access to the Brenner Pass 30 km (19 mi) to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018. In the broad valley between high mountains,

182-541: A cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburg emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post . In 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tyrol and other Further Austrian possessions administered from Innsbruck up to

273-683: A bond referendum in 1972 to finance the Denver games, originally awarded in 1970. The 1976 Winter Olympics were the last games held in the German-speaking Alps (Austria, Germany, or Switzerland). Along with St. Moritz , Switzerland and Lake Placid, New York in the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics . Innsbruck hosted

364-429: A career in the higher clergy. This plan, though, was dropped upon the 1654 death of his older brother, Ferdinand IV , when Leopold became heir apparent. Nonetheless, Leopold's spiritual education had had a manifest impact on him. Leopold remained under the spell of his clerical education and Jesuit influence throughout his life. For a monarch he was uncommonly knowledgeable about theology, metaphysics, jurisprudence and

455-563: A contemporary and first cousin (on the maternal side; fourth cousin on the paternal side), in the west. After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious in the east thanks to the military talents of Prince Eugene of Savoy . By the Treaty of Karlowitz , Leopold recovered almost all of the Kingdom of Hungary , which had fallen under Turkish power in the years after the 1526 Battle of Mohács . Leopold fought three wars against France:

546-404: A number of features with Yiddish . Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician; Hungarian : I. Lipót ; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor , King of Hungary , Croatia , and Bohemia . The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor , by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain , Leopold became heir apparent in 1654 after

637-637: A political defeat for the Habsburgs. It ended the idea that Europe was a single Roman Catholic empire; governed spiritually by the Pope and temporally by the Holy Roman Emperor . Moreover, the treaty was devoted to parceling out land and influence to the "winners", the anti-Habsburg alliance led by France and Sweden. However, the Habsburgs did gain some benefits out of the Thirty Years' War ;

728-702: A separate language : the International Organization for Standardization has assigned a unique ISO 639-3 language code ( bar ), and the UNESCO lists Bavarian in the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger since 2009; however, the classification of Bavarian as an individual language has been criticized by some scholars of Bavarian. Reasons why Bavarian can be viewed as a dialect of German include

819-575: A transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish. Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as Emperor Maximilian I also resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from the emperor's presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche . Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with

910-572: A vital tool for consolidation of Habsburg power under Leopold. In 1692, the Duke of Hanover was raised to the rank of an elector, becoming the ninth member of the electoral college. In 1700, Leopold, greatly in need of help for the impending war with France, granted the title of King in Prussia to the Elector of Brandenburg . The net result of these and similar changes was to weaken the authority of

1001-431: Is a NGO, which provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service at 85 organizations in 35 countries worldwide in the sectors Holocaust Memorial Service , Social Service and Peace Service . It was founded by Andreas Maislinger and Andreas Hörtnagl in 1998 and is based in Innsbruck. Bavarian language Bavarian is commonly considered to be a dialect of German , but some sources classify it as

SECTION 10

#1732765923890

1092-518: Is also the indefinite pronoun ebba(d) , "someone" with its impersonal form ebb(a)s , "something". It is inflected in the following way: The interrogative pronouns wea , "who", and wås , "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun ebba is inflected. Bavarians produce a variety of nicknames for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming Sepp'l or more commonly Sepp , Resi and Schorsch , respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with

1183-468: Is an alternative naming many High German dialect speakers regard justified. Bavaria and Austria officially use Standard German as the primary medium of education. With the spread of universal education, the exposure of speakers of Bavarian to Standard German has been increasing, and many younger people, especially in the region's cities and larger towns, speak Standard German with only a slight accent. This accent usually only exists in families where Bavarian

1274-505: Is called Hausname (en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are: Bayerish iz a grupe dyalektn afn dorem funem daytshishn shprakh-kontinuum. Sholem-aleykhem, ikh bin Peter un ikh kum fun Minkhn. Lize/Lizl hot zikh (hotsekh) tsebrokhn dem fus. ikh hob (kh'hob) gefunen gelt. The dialects can be seen to share

1365-873: Is home to football clubs WSG Tirol and FC Wacker Innsbruck , who play in the Austrian Bundesliga and the Austrian Landesliga respectively. Former teams include the FC Swarovski Tirol and FC Tirol Innsbruck . The teams' stadium, Tivoli Neu , is one of eight stadiums which hosted Euro 2008 , which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008. The city is home to the American football team Raiders Tirol . Innsbruck hosted an American football final, Eurobowl XXII between

1456-434: Is larger than the difference between Danish and some varieties of Norwegian or between Czech and Slovak . The word Bavarian is derived from the name of the people who settled Bavaria along with their tribal dialect. The origin of the word is disputed. The most common theory traces the word to Bajowarjōz , meaning 'inhabitants of Bojer land'. In turn, Bojer ( Latin : Boii , German : Boier ) originated as

1547-403: Is not always considered a positive characteristic of a ruler. Leopold was said to have typical Habsburg physical attributes, such as the prominent Habsburg lower jaw . Short, thin, and of sick constitution, Leopold was cold and reserved in public and socially inept. However, he is also said to have been open with close associates. Coxe described Leopold in the following manner: "His gait

1638-745: Is preferred in the mass media . Ludwig Thoma was a noted German author who wrote works such as Lausbubengeschichten in Bavarian. There is a Bavarian Misplaced Pages . Also, the official FC Bayern Munich website was available in Bavarian. Notes: Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects. Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness . * These are typically used in

1729-468: Is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore often referred to as Schriftdeutsch ("written German") rather than the usual term Hochdeutsch (" High German " or "Standard German"). Given that Central German and Upper German together comprise the High German languages , out of which the then new, written standard was developed and as opposed to Low German , that

1820-513: Is spoken regularly. Families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons. As reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, but by and large, Standard German

1911-563: Is the lingua franca . Although there exist grammars, vocabularies , and a translation of the Bible in Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, especially ones belonging to the Austropop wave of the 1970s and 1980s. Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence,

SECTION 20

#1732765923890

2002-602: The 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012. Other notable events held in Innsbruck include the Air & Style Snowboard Contest from 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and the Ice Hockey World Championship in 2005. Together with the city of Seefeld , Innsbruck organized the Winter Universiade in 2005. Innsbruck's Bergiselschanze is one of the hills of the famous Four Hills Tournament . Innsbruck

2093-619: The Counts of Tyrol . The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across the Alps . It was part of the Via Imperii , a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as

2184-534: The Dachau concentration camp , including a special camp for prominent people from 16 countries and their families, who were held as hostages, including former Prime Minister of France Léon Blum , former regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy , former Chancellor of Austria Kurt Schuschnigg , Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi II and a nephew of Winston Churchill . Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-two air raids and suffered heavy damage. In 1996,

2275-640: The Franco-Dutch War , the Nine Years' War , and the War of the Spanish Succession . In this last, Leopold sought to give his younger son Charles the entire Spanish inheritance, disregarding the will of the late Charles II . Leopold started a war that soon engulfed much of Europe. The early years of the war went fairly well for Austria , with victories at Schellenberg and Blenheim , but

2366-717: The Imperial Diet declared it an Imperial war . The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen is generally seen as a French victory, although the Alliance succeeded in limiting their gains. Almost immediately after the conclusion of peace Louis renewed his aggressions on the German frontier through the Réunions policy . Engaged in a serious struggle with the Ottoman Empire, the emperor was again slow to move, and although he joined

2457-489: The Innsbruck S-Bahn . Innsbruck Airport is located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports including Frankfurt , London , Amsterdam and Vienna . It also handles regional flights around the Alps , as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to

2548-516: The League of the Rhine , the newly elected emperor promised not to assist Spain, then at war with France . This marked the beginning of a nearly 47-year reign characterized by a lasting rivalry with France and its king, Louis XIV . The latter's dominant personality and power completely overshadowed Leopold, even to this day, but Leopold was no less a warrior-king given the greater part of his public life

2639-561: The Middle High German period, from about the 12th century. Three main dialects of Bavarian are: Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with

2730-471: The Nordkette served by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby include Axamer Lizum , Muttereralm , Patscherkofel , Igls, Seefeld , Tulfes and Stubai Valley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months. The Winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first in 1964 , then again in 1976 , when Colorado voters rejected

2821-533: The Stubaitalbahn running through the Stubai Valley to Fulpmes . The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east and Völs in the west. Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included two trolleybus routes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of

Innsbruck - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-839: The Swarco Raiders Tirol and the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna . The city hosted opening round games in the 2011 IFAF World Championship , the official international American Football championship. In 2018 Innsbruck hosted the IFSC Climbing World Championships 2018 from 6 to 16 September and the 2018 UCI Road World Championships from 22 to 30 September. Innsbruck is part of the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects and, more specifically, Southern Bavarian ( Südbairisch ). Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at

3003-532: The Transylvanian army, and campaigned as far as Denmark. The war ended with the Treaty of Oliwa in 1660. The Ottoman Empire often interfered in the affairs of Transylvania, always an unruly state, and this interference brought on a war with the Holy Roman Empire , which after some desultory operations really began in 1663. By a personal appeal to the diet at Regensburg Leopold induced

3094-508: The diurnal temperature variation is often very high as nights usually remain cool, being 12 °C (54 °F) on average, but sometimes dipping as low as 6 °C (43 °F). The average annual temperature is 9 °C (48 °F). Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages. These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for

3185-611: The " Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck ". The school was founded in 1562 by the Jesuit order and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669. Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are the University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität), the Innsbruck Medical University , and the university of applied sciences MCI Management Center Innsbruck . The Austrian Service Abroad

3276-514: The 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum . Up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana). The university was founded in 1669. Also as a compensation for

3367-647: The A13 terminates. Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof , the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by the Lower Inn Valley line to Germany and eastern Austria, the Arlberg line to the west and the Brenner line , which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via the Brenner Pass . Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as

3458-745: The Association League against France in 1682 he was glad to make a truce at Regensburg two years later. The whole European position was now bound up with events in England , and the tension lasted until 1688, when William III of Orange won the English crown through the Glorious Revolution and Louis invaded Germany. In May 1689, the Grand Alliance was formed, including the emperor, the kings of England, Spain and Denmark,

3549-653: The Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded. In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of the III Corps of the First Italian Army. In 1929, the first official Austrian Chess Championship was held in Innsbruck. In 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss . During World War II , Innsbruck was the location of two subcamps of

3640-633: The Danube Canal. After the expulsion of the Jewish population, with popular support, the area was renamed Leopoldstadt as a thanksgiving. But Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg , issued an edict in 1677, in which he announced his special protection for 50 families of these expelled Jews. In governing his own lands Leopold found his chief difficulties in Hungary, where unrest was caused partly by his desire to crush Protestantism and partly by

3731-685: The Dutch. His commander, Raimondo Montecuccoli , was ordered to remain on the defensive and avoid a direct conflict. Chaotic logistics made it impossible to maintain the troops and Brandenburg left the war in June 1673 under the Treaty of Vossem . An anti-French Quadruple Alliance was formed in August, consisting of the Dutch Republic, Spain , Emperor Leopold, and the Duke of Lorraine , while in May 1674,

Innsbruck - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-559: The Elector of Brandenburg and others, and a fierce struggle against France was waged throughout almost the whole of Western Europe. In general the several campaigns were favourable to the allies, and in September 1697, England, Spain and the United Provinces made peace with France at the Treaty of Rijswijk . Leopold refused to assent to the treaty, as he considered that his allies had somewhat neglected his interests, but in

3913-752: The European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino . Innsbruck has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) using 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm or oceanic climate ( Cfb ) using the original −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm since it has larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in

4004-413: The Habsburgs as emperors but strengthen them in their own lands. Leopold was the first to realize this altered state of affairs and act in accordance with it. The reign of Leopold saw some important changes made in the constitution of the Empire. In 1663 the Imperial Diet entered upon the last stage of its existence, and became a body permanently in session at Regensburg. This perpetual diet would become

4095-418: The Protestant aristocracy in Habsburg territories had been decimated, and the ties between Vienna and the Habsburg domains in Bohemia and elsewhere were greatly strengthened. These changes would allow Leopold to initiate necessary political and institutional reforms during his reign to develop somewhat of an absolutist state along French lines. The most important consequences of the war was in retrospect to weaken

4186-414: The Tyrolean militia army and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After the Vienna Congress Austrian rule was restored. Until 1918, the town (one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867 ), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Tyrol province. The Tyrolean hero Andreas Hofer

4277-422: The Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation. Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays. In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed. Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in

4368-759: The area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%. The national statistics office, Statistik Austria , does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with the Innsbruck-Land District summarized as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average. The headquarters of Tiroler Wasserkraft (Tiwag, energy production), Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg (financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) and MED-EL (medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters of Swarovski (glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within 20 km (12 mi) from

4459-554: The beginning, his reign was defensive and profoundly conservative." Elected king of Hungary in 1655, he followed suit in 1656 and 1657 in Bohemia and Croatia respectively. In July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, Leopold was elected Holy Roman Emperor at Frankfurt in opposition to the French Cardinal Mazarin , who sought to place the Imperial Crown on the head of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria or some other non-Habsburg prince. To conciliate France , which had considerable influence in German affairs thanks to

4550-420: The border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city. Before the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia , the linguistic border of Bavarian with Czech was on the farther side of the Bohemian Forest and its Bohemian foreland

4641-451: The castle up, leaving it in ruins. They fled as supposedly Hungarian rebel troops under the command of Imre Thököly, cooperating with the Turks, and sacked the city of Bielsko in 1682. In 1692, Leopold gave up his rights to the property, giving his rights by donation to Theresia Keglević . Espousing the cause of the rebels Sultan Mehmed IV sent an enormous army into Austria early in 1683; this advanced almost unchecked to Vienna , which

SECTION 50

#1732765923890

4732-570: The centre of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often very cold (colder than those of most major European cities) and snowy, although the foehn wind sometimes brings pronounced thaws. Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over 15 °C (59 °F), but nights remain cool or even freezing. Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool 17 °C (63 °F) and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting 34 °C (93 °F). In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate,

4823-524: The city. Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square meter in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square meter price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980). Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor ( Inn Valley Autobahn and Brenner Autobahn respectively), providing freeway access to Verona , Italy and Munich , Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point

4914-401: The conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. In 1687, the Diet of Hungary in Pressburg (now Bratislava) changed the constitution; the right of the Habsburgs to succeed to the throne without election was admitted and the emperor's elder son Joseph I was crowned hereditary King of Hungary. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 had been

5005-425: The court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665. During the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria , ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran

5096-416: The death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV . Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the Holy Roman Empire until his death in 1705, becoming the second longest-ruling emperor (46 years and 9 months) of the House of Hapsburg . He was both a composer and considerable patron of music. Leopold's reign is known for conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and rivalry with Louis XIV ,

5187-401: The economically important commercial road from Verona - Brenner - Augsburg in their province of Raetia . The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180. In 1248 the town passed into the hands of

5278-401: The emperor over the princes of the empire and to compel him to rely more and more upon his position as ruler of the Austrian archduchies and of Hungary and Bohemia. Leopold was a man of industry and education, and during his later years, he showed some political ability. Regarding himself as an absolute sovereign, he was extremely tenacious of his rights. Greatly influenced by the Jesuits , he

5369-420: The empire, especially the seizure of the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670, followed by the 1672 Franco-Dutch War . By mid-June, the Dutch Republic teetered at the brink of destruction, which led Leopold to agree to an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia and the Republic on 25 June. However, he was also facing a revolt in Hungary and viewed French conquests in the Rhineland a higher priority than helping

5460-440: The family name coming first (like da Stoiber Ede instead of Edmund Stoiber ). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname

5551-405: The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name means "bridge over the Inn". The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age . Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect

SECTION 60

#1732765923890

5642-497: The following events every year: In 1971, author Douglas Adams was inspired to write the internationally successful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck. From 2003 onwards each year Towel Day is celebrated worldwide on 25 May. Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place for skiing in winter, ski-jumping and mountaineering in summer. There are several ski resorts around Innsbruck, with

5733-409: The following month he came to terms and a number of places were transferred from France to the Holy Roman Empire. The peace with France lasted for about four years and then Europe was involved in the War of the Spanish Succession . The King of Spain, Charles II , was a Habsburg by descent and was related by marriage to the Austrian branch, while a similar tie bound him to the royal house of France . He

5824-409: The funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city. The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour. It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'. Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities. Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school ( Gymnasium ) of Western Austria,

5915-464: The grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Upper and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Marquess of

6006-568: The influence of Bertali and Viennese composers in general (in oratorios and other dramatic works), and of Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (in ballets and German comedies). His sacred music is perhaps his most successful, particularly Missa angeli custodis , a Requiem Mass for his first wife, and Three Lections , composed for the burial of his second wife. Much of Leopold's music was published with works by his father, and described as "works of exceeding high merit." The full titulature of Leopold after he had become emperor went as follows: "Leopold I, by

6097-684: The name for former Celtic inhabitants of the area, with the name passing to the mixed population of Celts, Romans , and successive waves of German arrivals during the early medieval period. The local population eventually established the Duchy of Bavaria , forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany . The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as Altbairisch (Old Bavarian), even though at this early date there were few distinctive features that would divide it from Alemannic German . The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) became more tangible in

6188-412: The perception of its speakers, the lack of standardization, the traditional use of Standard German as a roofing language , the relative closeness to German which does not justify Bavarian to be viewed as an abstand language , or the fact that no country applied for Bavarian to be entered into the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The difference between Bavarian and Standard German

6279-432: The politics. Johann Weikhard of Auersperg was dismissed in 1669 as the leading minister. He was followed by Wenzel Eusebius, Prince of Lobkowicz . Both had arranged some connections to France without the knowledge of the emperor. In 1674 Lobkowicz also lost his appointment. He also expelled Jewish communities from his realm, for example the Viennese Jewish community, which used to live in an area called "Im Werd" across

6370-405: The princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664, the great Imperial general Raimondo Montecuccoli gained a notable victory at Saint Gotthard . By the Peace of Vasvár the Emperor made a twenty years' truce with the Sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary. French expansion increasingly threatened

6461-427: The region. The airport is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the centre of Innsbruck. Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus and tram routes. The metre-gauge tram network consists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area: line 6 , the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and line STB ,

6552-410: The sciences. He also retained his interest in astrology and alchemy which he had developed under Jesuit tutors. A deeply religious and devoted person, Leopold personified the pietas Austriaca , or the loyal Catholic attitude of his house. On the other hand, his piety and education may have caused in him a fatalistic strain which inclined him to reject all compromise on denominational questions, which

6643-507: The so-called Magnate conspiracy . A rising was suppressed in 1671 and for some years Hungary was treated with great severity. In 1681, after another rising, some grievances were removed and a less repressive policy was adopted, but this did not deter the Hungarians from revolting again. Austrian forces occupied the castle of Trebišov in 1675, but in 1682 Imre Thököly captured it and then fled from continuous Austrian attacks, so they blew

6734-465: The so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps ( Hafelekarspitze , 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics . It also hosted

6825-529: The tram network. In December 2007, the Hungerburgbahn , a funicular service to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension under the Inn River and into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architect Zaha Hadid ,

6916-401: The very northern dialects of Bavarian. The possessive pronouns Deina and Seina inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes, -nige is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like. Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns koana , "none", and oana , "one" are inflected the same way. There

7007-537: The war would drag on until 1714, nine years after Leopold's death, which barely had an effect on the warring states. When peace returned with the Treaty of Rastatt , Austria could not be said to have emerged as triumphant as it had from the war against the Turks. Born on 9 June 1640 in Vienna , Leopold received the traditional program of education in the liberal arts , history, literature, natural science and astronomy. He

7098-421: The ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units ( Statistischer Bezirk ) and 178 numbered blocks ( Zählsprengel ). The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011: The results of the 2018 local elections were: Innsbruck is a very popular tourist destination , organizing

7189-582: The whole of Hungary (including Serbs in Vojvodina ) to the Habsburg monarchy . As the Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 Serb families under Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts (Privileges) the autonomy of Serbs in his dominions, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Before

7280-555: Was Claudia Felicitas of Austria , who died in 1676 at the age of 22. Neither of their two daughters survived: His third wife was Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg . They had the following children: Like his father, Leopold was a patron of music and a composer himself. He continued to enrich the court's musical life by employing and providing support for distinguished composers such as Antonio Bertali , Giovanni Bononcini , Johann Kaspar Kerll , Ferdinand Tobias Richter , Alessandro Poglietti , and Johann Fux . Leopold's surviving works show

7371-414: Was Bavarian-speaking. Alternatively, there are four main dialects: Bavarian differs sufficiently from Standard German to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. Educated Bavarians and Austrians can almost always read, write and understand Standard German, but they may have very little opportunity to speak it, especially in rural areas. In those regions, Standard German

7462-555: Was a staunch proponent of the Counter-Reformation . In person, he was short, but strong and healthy. Although he had no inclination for a military life, he loved outdoors exercise, such as hunting and riding. He also had a taste and talent for music and composed several Oratorios and Suites of Dances. Perhaps due to inbreeding among his progenitors, the hereditary Habsburg jaw was most prominent in Leopold. Because his jaw

7553-489: Was already dreaded by the Turks. On 12 September 1683, the allied army fell upon the enemy, who was completely routed, and Vienna was saved. The Imperial forces, among whom Prince Eugene of Savoy was rapidly becoming prominent, followed up the victory with others, notably one near Mohács in 1687 and another at Zenta in 1697, and in January 1699, Sultan Mustafa II signed the Treaty of Karlowitz by which he ceded almost

7644-546: Was besieged from July to September, while Leopold took refuge at Passau . Realizing the gravity of the situation somewhat tardily, some of the German princes, among them the electors of Saxony and Bavaria , led their contingents to the Imperial Army , which was commanded by the emperor's brother-in-law, Charles, Duke of Lorraine , but the most redoubtable of Leopold's allies was the King of Poland, John III Sobieski , who

7735-718: Was depicted unusually large on a 1670 silver coin, Leopold was nicknamed "the Hogmouth"; however, most collectors do not believe the coin was an accurate depiction. In 1666, he married Margaret Theresa of Spain (1651–1673), daughter of King Philip IV of Spain , who was both his niece and his first cousin. She was depicted in Diego Velázquez ' paintings sent from the court of Madrid to Leopold as he waited in Vienna for his fiancée to grow up. Leopold and Margaret Theresa had four children, all but one short-lived: His second wife

7826-561: Was directed towards the arrangement and furtherance of wars. Leopold's first war was the Second Northern War (1655–1660), in which King Charles X of Sweden tried to become King of Poland with the aid of allies including György II Rákóczi , Prince of Transylvania . Leopold's predecessor, Ferdinand III , had allied with King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1656. In 1657, Leopold expanded this alliance to include Austrian troops (paid by Poland). These troops helped defeat

7917-610: Was executed in Mantua; his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church. Innsbruck played a part during the revolution of 1848 in Austria . In May of that year, riots in Vienna made Emperor Ferdinand to move the seat of government temporarily to that city. During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On 20 February 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among

8008-532: Was feeble and childless, and attempts had been made by the European powers to arrange for a peaceable division of his extensive kingdom. Leopold refused to consent to any partition, and when in November 1700 Charles died, leaving his crown to Philippe, Duke of Anjou , a grandson of Louis XIV, all hopes of a peaceable settlement vanished. Under the guidance of William III a powerful league, a renewed Grand Alliance,

8099-516: Was formed against France; of this the emperor was a prominent member, and in 1703 he transferred his claim on the Spanish monarchy to his second son, Archduke Charles . The early course of the war was not favorable to the Imperialists, but the tide of defeat had been rolled back by the great victory of Blenheim before Leopold died on 5 May 1705. The emperor himself defined the guidelines of

8190-450: Was particularly interested in music, as his father Emperor Ferdinand III had been. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning. He became fluent in Latin , Italian , German , and Spanish . In addition to German, Italian would be the most favored language at his court. Likewise he had received comprehensive ecclesiastical training as he had originally been selected for

8281-437: Was stately, slow and deliberate; his air pensive, his address awkward, his manner uncouth, his disposition cold and phlegmatic." Spielman argues that his long-expected career in the clergy caused Leopold to have "early adopted the intense Catholic piety expected of him and the gentle manners appropriate to a merely supporting role. He grew to manhood without the military ambition that characterized most of his fellow monarchs. From

#889110