Krasnodon ( Ukrainian and Russian : Краснодон ) or Sorokyne ( Ukrainian : Сорокине ; Russian : Сорокино , romanized : Sorokino ) is a city in Dovzhansk Raion ( district ) of Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine . Residence of Sorokyne urban hromada . Its population is approximately 42,315 (2022 estimate).
97-615: Krasnodon came under control of pro-Russian separatists in early 2014, and was incorporated into the Luhansk People's Republic (LNR). Since then, it has been continually controlled by the LNR, and since 2022, explicitly by Russia . In the early 1910s, rich coal deposits were discovered in the area of the Donbas around modern Krasnodon. Entrepreneurs flocked to the area, and a number of coal mines were dug. A settlement began to grow along
194-400: A battle to capture Sievierodonetsk , the de facto administrative capital of Ukrainian -controlled Luhansk Oblast . On 25 June 2022, Sievierodonetsk was fully occupied by Russian and separatist forces. This was followed by the capture of Lysychansk on 3 July, which brought all of Luhansk Oblast under the control of Russian and separatist forces. This resulted in a 63-day period during which
291-689: A confederative "union of People's Republics" called New Russia . Republic President Valery Bolotov said on 28 May that the Luhansk People's Republic would begin to introduce its own legislation based on Russian law ; he said Ukrainian law was unsuitable due to it being "written for oligarchs". Vasily Nikitin, prime minister of the Republic, announced that elections to the State Council would take place in September. The leadership of
388-608: A resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw". The Head of the Luhansk People's Republic is Leonid Pasechnik . According to a report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), the ideology of the LPR is shaped by elements of right-wing Russian nationalism , Russian imperialism and Orthodox fundamentalism . Organizations such as
485-565: A Nazi prison in the town. The Soviet resistance organization Young Guard operated in the city during the occupation. The Nazis would capture the Young Guardsmen and murder them by throwing them down mineshafts. Fifty-eight guardsmen in total are known to have been killed. After the end of the war, Young Guard have been commemorated with monuments and a memorial complex in Krasnodon. On 27 September 1942, according to Soviet sources,
582-489: A Russian puppet state, and not the Ukrainian authorities. NATO released satellite data from 21 August 2014 and confirmed it showed a large column of armoured vehicles crossing into Ukraine from Russia through Krasnodon. In 2016, the city was renamed Sorokyne by Ukraine as part of decommunization reforms. However, the name change was largely symbolic due to Ukraine not controlling the city. Since 2022, Russia has claimed
679-663: A composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. This implies that chemical processes during coalification remove most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen, leaving carbon, a process called carbonization . During coalification, the maturing coal increases in carbon content, decreases in hydrogen and volatiles, increases in its heating value, and becomes darker and more lustrous. Chemical changes include dehydration (which removes oxygen and hydrogen as water), decarboxylation (which removes oxygen as carbon dioxide ), and demethanation (which removes hydrogen as methane ). By
776-482: A coup attempt ringleaded by former LPR appointed prime minister Gennadiy Tsypkalov (who they stated had committed suicide on 23 September while in detention). Meanwhile, it had also imprisoned former LPR parliamentary speaker Aleksey Karyakin and former LPR interior minister, Igor Kornet. DPR leader Zakharchenko said he had helped to thwart the coup (stating "I had to send a battalion to solve their problems"). On 4 February 2017, LPR defence minister Oleg Anashchenko
873-561: A letter of resignation. One thousand pro-Russian activists seized and occupied the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) building in the city of Luhansk on 6 April 2014, following similar occupations in Donetsk and Kharkiv . The activists demanded that separatist leaders who had been arrested in previous weeks be released. In anticipation of attempts by the government to retake the building, barricades were erected to reinforce
970-683: A major center of coal mining in the Donbas. On 28 October 1938, by a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , the mining settlement of Sorokyne was renamed to Krasnodon and given city status. By 1939, 22,220 people lived in Krasnodon. During World War II , Krasnodon was occupied by Nazi Germany from 20 July 1942 to 14 February 1943. The Germans operated
1067-454: A million Russian passports had been received by local residents. Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff Dmitry Kozak stated in a July 2021 interview with Politique internationale that 470 thousand local residents had received a Russian passport; he added that "as soon as the situation in Donbas is resolved....The general procedure for granting citizenship will be restored." In early June 2020,
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#17327901331501164-468: A president of Ukraine in 2010. His overthrow in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution led to protests in Eastern Ukraine, which gradually escalated into an armed conflict between the newly formed Ukrainian government and the local armed militias. In 2011, Ukrainian Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts had a combined population of 6,1mln. As a result of Russian military aggression in 2014, 2 million had to leave
1261-476: A pro-Russian battalion called "Batman". Bednov was accused of murder, abduction and other abuses. An arrest warrant for Bednov and several other battalion members had been previously issued by the separatists' prosecutor's office. On 12 February 2015, DPR and LPR leaders Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky signed the Minsk II agreement, although without any mention of their self-proclaimed titles or
1358-413: A relatively dirty fuel. The reduction in the use of bituminous coal between 1945 and 1960 is estimated to have saved at least 1,923 lives of all ages and 310 infant lives per winter month. Bituminous coal quality is improved with floatation methods, which increase the fraction of vitrinite to yield a cleaner-burning product. The bioconversion of bituminous coal to methane is being actively researched as
1455-434: A softened, sticky mass when heated, which reflects the presence of bitumen (mineral tar) in the coal. Though almost all agglomerating coal is of bituminous rank, some bituminous coal is not agglomerating. Non-agglomerating bituminous coal includes cannel coal and boghead coal . These are nonbanded and nonreflective, and break with a conchoidal fracture. Both are sapropelic , in contrast with most bituminous coal, which
1552-574: A special status within Ukraine on certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, in line with the Minsk agreements . The status lasted for three years, and then was extended annually several times. Bituminous coal Bituminous coal , or black coal , is a type of coal containing a tar -like substance called bitumen or asphalt. Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands of bright and dull material within
1649-480: A typical composition is about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. Its bank density (the density of a coal seam prior to breaking up during mining) is about 1346 kg/m (84 lb/ft ) while the bulk density of extracted coal is up to 833 kg/m (52 lb/ft ). Bituminous coal characteristically burns with a smoky flame and softens and swells during combustion. It gets its name from this tendency to form
1746-508: Is humic (composed of decayed woody tissue of plants). Cannel coal is composed mostly of plant spores, while boghead coal is composed mostly of nonspore algal remains. In the United States, bituminous coal is further divided into subranks based on its heating value and fixed carbon content. Thus bituminous coal is divided into high-, medium-, and low-volatile categories based on fixed carbon content, and high-volatile bituminous coal
1843-628: Is Mohyla Mechetna hill (367.1 m (1,204 ft) above sea level), which is located in the vicinity of the city of Petrovske , in Russian-controlled territory. In December 2017, approximately 1.4 million lived in the LPR's territory, with 435,000 in the city of Luhansk. Leaked documents suggest that less than three million people, less than half of the pre-war population, remained in the separatist territories that Moscow controlled in eastern Ukraine in early February 2022, and 38% of those remaining were pensioners . On 18 February 2022,
1940-551: Is a republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast , with its capital in Luhansk . The LPR was proclaimed by Russian-backed paramilitaries in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022 . The entire territory of LPR is viewed as sovereign territory of Ukraine by nearly all UN member states . Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary unrest erupted in
2037-449: Is accompanied by peak methane generation. This makes these bituminous coals "gassy" and precautions must be taken against methane explosions. Imidazolium -based ionic liquid solvents can reduce spontaneous combustion, which accounts for 2 to 3 percent of global annual carbon dioxide emissions. Bituminous coal was once extensively used for home heating in the US. However, bituminous coal is
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#17327901331502134-401: Is bituminous coal of the highest quality, as free of ash and sulfur as possible, used to manufacture coke for use by blacksmiths . Coking coal commands a higher price than coal used for energy production. As of 2020 , coking coal in the U.S. sold for about $ 127/ short ton , compared with $ 50.05/short ton for bituminous coal generally. The cost of coking coal is about 3.5 times as high as
2231-459: Is classified as sub-bituminous coal. In the international market, bituminous coal is defined as coal with a vitrinite reflectance between 0.5 and 1.9. Vitrinite reflectance is also routinely measured for U.S. coal as a check on its rank classification Bituminous coal is dark brown to black, hard, but friable . It is commonly composed of thin bands of alternating bright and dull material. Though bituminous coal varies in its chemical composition,
2328-523: Is found in the Appalachian and Interior Provinces of North America. Mining is done via both surface and underground mines. Historically, the many seams scattered over rugged terrain in the Appalachians have been conducive to mining by small companies, while the great extent and gentle dip of beds further west favors very large-scale operations. The Appalachian coal is notably low in sulfur and
2425-422: Is further subdivided by energy content. ISO classification of bituminous coal is based on vitrinite reflectance. This classification divides medium rank coal (approximately equivalent to bituminous coal) into four subranks. In order of increasing rank, these are: Bituminous coal is used primarily for electrical power generation and in the manufacture of steel . Coking coal ( metallurgical coal or "met coal")
2522-412: Is higher in rank than sub-bituminous coal but lower in rank than anthracite . Bituminous coal is the most abundant rank of coal. Coal rank is based on several characteristics of the coal. The fixed carbon content refers to the percentage of the coal that is neither moisture, nor ash, nor volatile matter. When evaluated on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, the fixed carbon content is the fraction of
2619-692: Is often of metallurgical grade, while the Interior Province coal is much higher in sulfur. The belt of Carboniferous coal fields extends into central Europe, and much of this is bituminous coal. Bituminous coal fields are found in Poland and the Czech Republic, and the Polish deposits are one of the most important of that nation's natural resources. The Czech deposits have been exploited since prehistoric times. The European deposits include
2716-487: Is submerged in standing water. The stagnant water excludes oxygen, creates an acidic environment, and slows decay. The dead plant material is converted to peat . Peat is mostly a mixture of cellulose , hemicellulose , and lignin that originally made up the woody tissue of the plants. Lignin has a weight composition of about 54% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 30% oxygen, while cellulose has a weight composition of about 44% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 49% oxygen. Bituminous coal has
2813-438: Is used for the production of activated carbon . The coal is first coked, removing volatiles, then steam treated to activate it. Chemical processes for activating coke produced from bituminous coal have also been investigated. Like other ranks of coal, bituminous coal forms from thick accumulations of dead plant material that are buried faster than they can decay. This usually takes place in peat bogs , where falling plant debris
2910-481: Is used in the manufacture of steel . A good coking coal must have excellent agglomeration properties, a high carbon content, and a low content of sulfur, phosphorus , and ash. The best unblended coking coal is high quality medium-volatile bituminous coal. However, since single coals with all the necessary properties are scarce, coking coal is usually a blend of high-volatile bituminous coal with lesser amounts of medium- and low-volatile bituminous coal. Smithing coal
3007-404: Is used primarily for electrical power generation and in the steel industry . Bituminous coal suitable for smelting iron ( coking coal or metallurgical coal ) must be low in sulfur and phosphorus . It commands a higher price than other grades of bituminous coal (thermal coal) used for heating and power generation. Within the coal mining industry, this type of coal is known for releasing
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3104-582: The Coal Measures of Britain, which account for most of Britain's coal production and which are mostly bituminous coal. The Westfield coal basin is the largest in Britain. Other significant bituminous coal deposits are found through much of Europe, including France, Germany, and northern Italy. Coal deposition was interrupted by the Permian-Triassic extinction event , but resumed later in
3201-648: The Gates Formation . The Intermontane and Insular Coalfields of British Columbia also contain deposits of Cretaceous bituminous coal. As of 2009 , the countries with the greatest estimated ultimately recoverable resources of bituminous coal were the US, 161.6 Gt ; India, 99.7 Gt; China, 78.4 Gt; Australia, 51.3 Gt; South Africa, 38.7 Gt; the UK, 26.8 Gt; Germany, 25.2 Gt; Colombia, 7.8 Gt; Indonesia, 5.6 Gt; and France, 4.4 Gt As of 2018 , total world production of bituminous coal (coking coal plus other bituminous coal)
3298-772: The Middle Triassic . Extensive bituminous coal deposits of Permian age are found in Siberia, east Asia, and Australia. These include the Minusinsky coal basin in Siberia, the Queensland , Bowen , and Sydney Basins in Australia, and the extensive bituminous coal reserves of China. A second peak in coal deposition began in the Cretaceous , though most of this is lower rank coal rather than bituminous. In
3395-457: The Minsk accords , claiming "The republic will be consistently executing the obligations taken under these agreements." In June 2019 Russia started giving Russian passports to the inhabitants of the LPR and Donetsk People's Republic under a simplified procedure allegedly on "humanitarian grounds" (such as enabling international travel for eastern Ukrainian residents whose passports have expired). According to Ukrainian press by mid-2021 half
3492-453: The Minsk process . Plotnitsky himself did not issue a public statement on 24 November 2017. Russian media reported that Plotnitsky had fled the unrecognised republic on 23 November 2017, first travelling from Luhansk to Rostov-on-Don by car and then flying to Moscow 's Sheremetyevo airport . On 25 November the 38-member separatist republic's People's Council unanimously approved Plotnitsky's resignation. Pasechnik declared his adherence to
3589-529: The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine reported "Parallel 'justice systems' have begun operating" in territory controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic. They criticised this judiciary to be "non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional". On 1 January 2015, forces loyal to the Luhansk People's Republic ambushed and killed Alexander Bednov , head of
3686-733: The Republic of Stakhanov , and said that a "Cossack government" now ruled in Stakhanov. However the following day this was claimed to be a fabrication, and an unnamed Don Cossack leader stated the 14 September meeting had, in fact, resulted in 12,000 Cossacks volunteering to join the LPR forces. Elections to the LPR Supreme Council took place on 2 November 2014, as the LPR did not allow the Ukrainian parliamentary election to be held in territory under its control. In May 2014,
3783-480: The UN Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the LPR , including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, forced conscription , as well as political and media repression. Ukraine views the LPR and DPR as terrorist organisations. The 2014 constitution of the Luhansk People's Republic (art. 54.1) defined the territory of the republic as "determined by
3880-589: The United Nations observed an "alarming deterioration" of human rights in insurgent-held territory in eastern Ukraine. The UN detailed growing lawlessness, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction, carried out by Luhansk People's Republic insurgents. The UN also highlighted threats, attacks, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as the beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity. An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine declared that
3977-416: The seams . It is typically hard but friable . Its quality is ranked higher than lignite and sub-bituminous coal , but lesser than anthracite . It is the most abundant rank of coal, with deposits found around the world, often in rocks of Carboniferous age. Bituminous coal is formed from sub-bituminous coal that is buried deeply enough to be heated to 85 °C (185 °F) or higher. Bituminous coal
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4074-592: The DPR and LPR continue to forward their proposals concerning Minsk II to the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine . Plotnitsky told journalists on 18 February 2015: "Will we be part of Ukraine? This depends on what kind of Ukraine it will be. If it remains like it is now, we will never be together." On 20 May 2015, the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya announced the termination of
4171-427: The DPR had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night. Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll." The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections." Plotnitsky was stated to become the separatist's representative to
4268-634: The DPR. The war had wide-reaching repercussions for Ukraine, Russia, and the international community as a whole (see: War crimes , Humanitarian impact , Environmental impact , Economic impact , and Ukrainian cultural heritage ) . In September 2022, Russia made moves to consolidate the territories that it had occupied in Ukraine, including Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk , and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. Russia officially annexed these four territories in September–October 2022. Between February 2022 and October 2022, in addition to receiving Russian recognition,
4365-473: The Earth's geologic history. Vast deposits of coal formed in wetlands —called coal forests —that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times. Bituminous coal is predominantly Carboniferous in age. Most bituminous coal in the United States is between 100 and 300 million years old. Vast deposits of bituminous coal of Pennsylvanian age
4462-486: The LPR and DPR as sovereign states. Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine , partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Luhansk Oblast (almost all of it), which became part of the LPR. In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the annexation of the LPR and other occupied territories , following illegitimate referendums which were illegal under international law. The United Nations General Assembly passed
4559-440: The LPR and DPR separatist authorities ordered a general evacuation of women and children to Russia, and the next day a full mobilization of males "able to hold a weapon in their hands". Luhansk and Donetsk People's republics are located in the historical region of Donbas , which was added to Ukraine in 1922. The majority of the population speaks Russian as their first language. Attempts by various Ukrainian governments to question
4656-573: The LPR as an illegal entity occupying a portion of Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast (see: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War ) . The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), which had a similar backstory, was regarded in the exact same way. Crimea's status was treated slightly differently since Russia annexed that territory immediately after its declaration of independence in March 2014. Up until February 2022, Russia did not recognise
4753-498: The LPR declared Russian as the only state language on its territory, removing Ukrainian from its school curriculum. Previously the separatist leaders had made Ukrainian LPR's second state language, but in practice it was already disappearing from school curricula prior to June 2020. In January 2021 the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic stated in a "Russian Donbas doctrine" that they aimed to seize all of
4850-483: The LPR was recognised by North Korea (13 July 2022) and Syria (29 June 2022). This means that three United Nations member states recognised the LPR in total throughout its period of claimed independence. The LPR was also recognised by three other breakaway entities: the DPR, South Ossetia (19 June 2014), and Abkhazia (25 February 2022). The Ukrainian government passed the " Law on the special status of Donbas [ uk ] " on 16 September 2014, which designated
4947-547: The LPR willingly acceded to the Russian Federation as a Russian federal subject in September–October 2022, effectively ceasing to exist as a sovereign state in any capacity and revoking its status as such in the eyes of the international community. The LPR claims direct succession to Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast. From 2014 to 2022, Ukraine, the United Nations, and most of the international community regarded
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#17327901331505044-410: The LPR, although it maintained informal relations with the LPR. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the LPR and the DPR at the same time, marking a major escalation in the 2021–2022 diplomatic crisis between Russia and Ukraine . Three days later, on 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of the entire country of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the LPR and
5141-430: The Luhansk People's Republic said on 12 June 2014 that it would attempt to establish a "union state" with Russia. The government added that it would seek to boost trade with Russia through legislative, agricultural and economic changes. Stakhanov (now Kadiivka), a city that had been occupied by LPR-affiliated Don Cossacks , seceded from the Luhansk People's Republic on 14 September 2014. Don Cossacks there proclaimed
5238-429: The Luhansk People's Republic was in a state of "total breakdown of law and order". The report noted "cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention, summary executions , forced labour, sexual violence, as well as the destruction and illegal seizure of property may amount to crimes against humanity ". The report also stated that
5335-561: The Minsk agreements "no longer existed", and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse. A military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February, when Putin announced a "special military operation" to " demilitarise and denazify " Ukraine. On May 6, as part of the eastern Ukraine offensive , the Russian Armed Forces and Luhansk People's Republic military started
5432-518: The Nazis committed a particularly brutal massacre by burying alive 32 patriotic Soviet miners in the city park. The Nazis also attempted to use the coal mines of Krasnodon, bringing in machines to harvest its natural resources. After the liberation of the city by the Red Army , the mines were once again reconstructed. Since 2014, Krasnodon has been controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic (LNR),
5529-534: The RSA building, and a local prosecutor's office, on 29 April. The buildings were both ransacked, and then occupied by the protesters. Protestors waved local flags, alongside those of Russia and the neighbouring Donetsk People's Republic. The police officers that had been guarding the building offered little resistance to the takeover, and some of them defected and supported the activists. Demonstrations by pro-Russian activists began to spread across Luhansk Oblast towards
5626-491: The Russian language as an official language of Ukraine, and also hold a referendum on the status of Luhansk Oblast. They then warned the Ukrainian government that if it did not meet these demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an armed insurgency in tandem with that of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). As the Ukrainian government did not respond to these demands, 2,000 to 3,000 activists, some of them armed, seized
5723-520: The Russian president announced recognition of the republics' independence on February 22, 2022, he said "we recognized all their fundamental documents, including the constitution. And the constitution spells out the borders within the Donetsk and Luhansk regions at the time when they were part of Ukraine". Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast and the Russian-controlled area from April 2014 to February 2022 are both landlocked . The highest point in left-bank Ukraine
5820-714: The United States, Cretaceous bituminous coals occur in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. In Canada, the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin of Alberta and British Columbia hosts major deposits of bituminous coal that formed in swamps along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway . They range in age from latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous in the Mist Mountain Formation , to Late Cretaceous in
5917-477: The United States, bituminous coal is defined as agglomerating coal yielding at least 10,500 Btu /lb (24,400 kJ/kg) of energy on combustion (on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis), with a fixed carbon content less than 86% (on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis.) Coal with a higher fixed carbon content is classified as anthracite, while agglomerating coal yielding less than 10,500 Btu/lb (24,400 kJ/kg) or nonagglomerating coal yielding less than 11,500 Btu/lb (26,700 kJ/kg)
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#17327901331506014-518: The borders existing on the day of establishment", without describing the borders. From February 2015 up until February 2022, the LPR's de facto borders were the Russo–Ukrainian border (south and east), the border between Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast (west), and the line of contact with Ukrainian troops (north) as defined in the Minsk agreements between Ukraine, Russia, and the OSCE. When
6111-801: The city as part of the LNR, a federal subject of Russia, following its declared annexation of the region . In February 2023, LNR Head Leonid Pasechnik and Russian-installed mayor of Sorokyne Sergey Kozenko, and head of Krasnoyarsk Vladislav Loginov signed an agreement establishing Sorokyne (referred to in the documents as Krasnodon) and Krasnoyarsk as sister cities . Pasechnik said that the relationship will include "youth exchanges, infrastructure restoration, urban development, and sports development". Analysts see this as part of "wider government initiatives to erase Ukrainian identity among youth". The "youth exchanges" may be related to Russia's so-called "youth camps", in which Ukrainian children are "indoctrinate[d] with Russian political ideology". On 25 September 2023, it
6208-561: The coal reaches temperatures above about 235 °C (455 °F), bitumen breaks down ( debituminization ) and the coal matures to anthracite. Coal deposits are widely distributed worldwide, and range in age from the Devonian (about 360 to 420 million years ago) to Neogene deposits just a few million years old. However, 90% of all coal beds were deposited in the Carboniferous and Permian periods , which represent just 2% of
6305-425: The coal that is not volatile organic matter. An agglomerating coal is a coal that softens when heated, forming a hard, gray, porous coke that resists crushing. Vitrinite reflectance is a measure of how reflective a polished surface of an average particle of vitrinite in the coal is. It is determined by how much of the carbon has condensed to an aromatic form from the heat and pressure of deep burial. In
6402-634: The commander of the Army of the South-East . The next day, Ukrainian border guards arrested Valery Bolotov. Just over two hours later, after unsuccessfully attempting negotiations, 150 to 200 armed separatists attacked the Dovzhansky checkpoint where he had been held. The ensuing firefight led Ukrainian government forces to free Bolotov. On 24 May 2014 the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic jointly announced their intention to form
6499-557: The confederation 'project'. On 19 April 2016, planned (organised by the LPR) local elections were postponed from 24 April to 24 July 2016. On 22 July 2016, this elections was again postponed to 6 November 2016. (On 2 October 2016, the DPR and LPR held "primaries" in were voters voted to nominate candidates for participation in the 6 November 2016 elections. Ukraine denounced these "primaries" as illegal. ) The "LPR Prosecutor General's Office" announced late September 2016, that it had thwarted
6596-416: The cost of coal used for electrical power (which includes lower ranks of coal, such sub-bituminous coal and lignite , as well as noncoking bituminous coal.) Bituminous coal which lacks the qualities required for use as metallurgical coal is graded as thermal coal. This is used primarily for electrical power generation. The ideal thermal coal is easily ignited but has a high heat content. Bituminous coal
6693-601: The creation of a 'people's government', and demanded either federalisation of Ukraine or incorporation of Luhansk into the Russian Federation . They elected Valery Bolotov as 'People's Governor' of Luhansk Oblast. Two referendums were announced by the leadership of the activists. One was scheduled for 11 May, and was meant to determine whether the region would seek greater autonomy (and potentially independence), or retain its previous constitutional status within Ukraine. Another referendum, meant to be held on 18 May in
6790-537: The eastern part of the country. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, while the armed separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) and Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) as independent states. This sparked the war in Donbas , part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War . The LPR and DPR are often described as puppet states of Russia during this conflict. They received no international recognition from United Nations member states before 2022. On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised
6887-570: The end of April. The municipal administration building in Pervomaisk was overrun on 29 April 2014, and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) flag was raised over it. Oleksandr Turchynov , then acting president of Ukraine, admitted the next day that government forces were unable to stabilise the situation in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. On the same day, activists seized control of the Alchevsk municipal administration building. In Krasnyi Luch ,
6984-403: The event that the first referendum favoured autonomy, was to determine whether the region would join the Russian Federation, or become independent. During a gathering outside the RSA building on 27 April 2014, pro-Russian activists proclaimed the "Luhansk People's Republic". The protesters issued demands, which said that the Ukrainian government should provide amnesty for all protesters, include
7081-630: The insurgents violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas only teach in Russian. The United Nations also accused the Ukrainian Army and Ukrainian (volunteer) territorial defence battalions of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment, noting official denials. In a 15 December 2014 press conference in Kyiv UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that
7178-433: The largest amounts of firedamp , a dangerous mixture of gases that can cause underground explosions. Extraction of bituminous coal demands the highest safety procedures involving attentive gas monitoring, good ventilation and vigilant site management. Bituminous coal is a particular rank of coal , as determined by the amount and type of carbon present in the coal and the amount of energy it can produce when burned. It
7275-683: The left bank of the Velyka Kamianka, a tributary of the Donets River , known as Sorokyne . In 1914, the first coal was actually mined. This year is usually considered to be the official date of the founding of the settlement, Sorokyne. In 1916, 3,105 people lived in Sorokyne, and 776 miners worked at the mines. Sorokyne saw fighting during the Russian Civil War , and changed hands several times. The intense fighting destroyed
7372-533: The legitimacy of the Russian culture in Ukraine had since the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine often resulted in political conflict. In the Ukrainian national elections, a remarkably stable pattern had developed, where Donbas and the Western Ukrainian regions had voted for the opposite candidates since the presidential election in 1994. Viktor Yanukovych , a Donetsk native, had been elected as
7469-410: The majority of human rights violations, including executions without trial, arrests and torture, were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels. In November 2014, Amnesty International called the "People's Court" (public trials where allegedly random locals are the jury) held in the Luhansk People's Republic "an outrageous violation of the international humanitarian law". In December 2015
7566-615: The mines and most of the settlement. Eventually, it was captured by the Bolsheviks in December 1919, who established stable control over Ukraine and established the communist Soviet Union on much of the former territory of the Russian Empire . The Soviet regime restored and modernized the destroyed mines, and began construction on new mines. A local newspaper has been published in the city since September 1930. Sorokyne became
7663-545: The municipal council conceded to demands by activists to support the 11 May 2014 referendum, and followed by raising the Russian flag over the building. Insurgents occupied the municipal council building in Stakhanov (now Kadiivka) on 1 May 2014. Later in the week, they stormed the local police station, business centre, and SBU building. Activists in Rovenky occupied a police building there on 5 May, but quickly left. On
7760-552: The nature of the original plant material, nor the length of burial is nearly as important. The temperature range for maturation of bituminous coal is from 85 to 235 °C (185 to 455 °F). The bitumen that characterizes bituminous coal forms under approximately the same conditions at which petroleum is formed in petroleum source rocks. Bituminization is accompanied by peak methane generation in medium to low volatile bituminous coal. This makes these bituminous coals "gassy" and precautions must be taken against methane explosions. If
7857-560: The positions of the activists. It was proposed by the activists that a "Lugansk Parliamentary Republic" be declared on 8 April 2014, but this did not occur. By 12 April, the government had regained control over the SBU building with the assistance of local police forces. Several thousand protesters gathered for a 'people's assembly' outside the regional state administration (RSA) building in Luhansk city on 21 April. These protesters called for
7954-538: The president's office (at the time Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had already fled Ukraine ), a crowd of people in front of the Luhansk Oblast State Administration building proclaimed Aleksandr Kharitonov as "People's Governor" in Luhansk region. On 9 March 2014 Luganskaya Gvardiya of Kharitonov stormed the government building in Luhansk and forced the newly appointed Governor of Luhansk Oblast , Mykhailo Bolotskykh , to sign
8051-619: The prosecutor's office in Sievierodonetsk . Luhansk People's Republic supporters stormed government buildings in Starobilsk on 8 May, replacing the Ukrainian flag with that of the Republic. Sources within the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs said that as of 10 May 2014, the day before the proposed status referendum, Ukrainian forces still retained control over 50% of Luhansk Oblast. The planned referendum on
8148-455: The region as refugees. After full-scale Russian invasion in 2022, under the false pretext of "genocide of Russian speakers", another approx. 3 mln. either fled or were killed, resulting in total in 80% decrease of Donbas population. According to political scientist Taras Kuzio , this amounts to "destruction, depopulation, and genocide". On 5 March 2014, 12 days after the protesters in Kyiv seized
8245-519: The republics. In the Minsk agreement it is agreed to introducing amendments to the Ukrainian constitution "the key element of which is decentralisation " and the holding of elections "on temporary order of local self-governance in particular districts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, based in the line set up by the Minsk Memorandum as of 19 September 2014"; in return rebel held territory would be reintegrated into Ukraine. Representatives of
8342-450: The right to make their own decisions about how to live". The council also requested an immediate end to Ukrainian military activity in the region, amnesty for anti-government protestors, and official status for the Russian language in Ukraine. Valery Bolotov was wounded in an assassination attempt on 13 May. Luhansk People's Republic authorities blamed the incident on the Ukrainian government. Government forces later captured Alexei Rilke,
8439-583: The same day, the police headquarters in Slovianoserbsk was seized by members of the Army of the South-East , a pro-Russian Luhansk regional militia group. In addition, the town of Antratsyt was occupied by the Don Cossacks . Some said that the occupiers came from Russia; the Cossacks themselves said that only a few people among them had come from Russia. On 7 May, insurgents also seized
8536-535: The self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic ; this also means that since then Ukraine does not buy coal from the Donets Black Coal Basin . On 21 November 2017, armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republic Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior minister Igor Kornet. Media reports stated that
8633-597: The status of Luhansk oblast was held on 11 May 2014. The organisers of the referendum said that 96.2% of those who voted were in favour of self-rule, with 3.8% against. They said that voter turnout was at 81%. There were no international observers present to validate the referendum. Following the referendum, the head of the Republic, Valery Bolotov , said that the Republic had become an "independent state". The still-extant Luhansk Oblast Council did not support independence, but called for immediate federalisation of Ukraine, asserting that "an absolute majority of people voted for
8730-399: The structural element of graphite . This is accompanied by an increase in vitrinite reflectance, used to assess coal rank. During coalification, the pressure of burial reduces the volume of the original peat by a factor of 30 as it is converted to coal. However, the increase in rank of maturing coal mostly reflects the maximum temperature the coal reaches. Neither the maximum pressure, nor
8827-549: The territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast under control by the Ukrainian government "in the near future." The document did not specifically state the intention of DPR and LPR to be annexed by Russia. On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR. The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into both territories. Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that
8924-659: The time the coal reaches bituminous rank, most dehydration and decarboxylation has already taken place, and maturation of bituminous coal is characterized by demethanation. During coalification at bituminous rank, coal approaches its maximum heating value and begins to lose most of its volatile content. As carbonization proceeds, aliphatic compounds (carbon compounds characterized by chains of carbon atoms) are replaced by aromatic compounds (carbon compounds characterized by rings of carbon atoms) and aromatic rings begin to fuse into polyaromatic compounds (linked rings of carbon atoms). The structure increasingly resembles graphene ,
9021-524: The whole of Luhansk Oblast was controlled by separatist forces. However, during the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive starting on September 4, the village of Bilohorivka became contested between Ukrainian and Russian forces; on September 10, the village was confirmed to be under Ukrainian control. The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) initially sought recognition as a sovereign state following its declaration of independence in April 2014. Subsequently,
9118-444: Was 6.220 Gt. The leading producer is China, with India and the United States a distant second and third. U.S. production of bituminous coal was 238 million short tons in 2020 and represented 44% of all U.S. coal production. Bituminous coal is mined in 18 states, but the five states of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana produce 74%of U.S. coal. Maturation of bituminous coal at medium and low volatile subrank
9215-415: Was killed in a car bomb attack in Luhansk. Separatists claimed "Ukrainian secret services" were suspected of being behind the attack; while Ukrainian officials suggested Anashchenko's death may be the result of an internal power struggle among rebel leaders. Mid-March 2017 Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a decree on a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by
9312-848: Was majority (66.3%) Russians , with a large minority (33.2%) of Ukrainians and small minorities of Belarusians (1.3%) and other ethnic groups (2.2%). Linguistically, the city is overwhelmingly Russophone , with 90.75% natively speaking the Russian language . The largest linguistic minority are native Ukrainian speakers, who make up 8.46% of the population. There are then several small linguistic minorities, with 0.17% natively speaking Romani , 0.15% speaking Armenian , and 0.12 speaking Belarusian . Luhansk People%27s Republic The Luhansk or Lugansk People's Republic ( LPR ; Russian : Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика (ЛНР) , romanized : Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika (LNR) , IPA: [lʊˈɡanskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] )
9409-473: Was reported by both Ukrainian and Russian military sources that Ukrainian forces struck industrial facilities in Sorokyne. Krasnodon has historically been important for the mining of bituminous coal . There is also a meat processing plant and a sewing factory today. The population of Krasnodon was 70,400 in 1972, 53,000 in 1989, and 49,921 in 2001. As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001 , the city
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