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108-783: In addition, he founded the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , the Anti-Revolutionary Party , and a newspaper. In religious affairs, he sought to adapt the Dutch Reformed Church to challenges posed by the loss of state financial aid and by increasing religious pluralism in the wake of splits that the church had undergone in the 19th century, rising Dutch nationalism, and the Arminian religious revivals of his day which denied predestination. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as

216-784: A congregational polity , the term consistory is also used to designate the geographical area administered by the consistory. In 1539 Martin Luther and his associates established the Wittenberg Consistory  [ de ] (1539–1816) in Wittenberg upon Elbe competent for the Lutheran church in the Saxon Electoral District  [ de ] within the then realm of the Ernestine line of

324-794: A minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade , Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden . Kuyper was home-schooled by his father. The boy received no formal primary education , but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. In 1855, he graduated from the Gymnasium and began to study literature , philosophy and theology at Leiden University . He received his propaedeuse in literature in 1857, summa cum laude , and in philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. He also took classes in Arabic , Armenian and physics . In 1862 he

432-468: A campus café. Several of the university's administrative departments are also located at the Uilenstede campus. Uilenstede is served by tram 25 and tram 5. Many of the residential halls at Uilenstede are currently undergoing major renovation works. A new apartment complex for visiting staff and international PhD students on the eastern side of the campus was opened in 2012. The new building was awarded

540-495: A candidate in Dordrecht and Amsterdam , but was defeated there. In the election he joined the so-called Takkians, in a conflict between the liberal minister Tak, and a majority House of Representatives. Tak wanted to reform the census-suffrage , but a majority in parliament rejected his proposal. Kuyper favoured the legislation because he expected the enfranchised lower class voters would favour his party. This orientation towards

648-698: A church comprising Lutheran, Reformed and united congregations) uses the term consistory ( Berlin Consistory  [ de ] ) for its administrative office. This consistory was founded in 1543 and underwent a number of alterations of its official naming and functions in compliance with the development of the constitution of the church. Also the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia and the Protestant Church of Luxembourg (Consistoire de l'Eglise Protestante du Luxembourg) use

756-517: A clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the modern tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. In May 1862, he was declared eligible for the ministry and 1863 he accepted a call to become minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the town of Beesd . In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay (1842–1899). They had five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with

864-491: A danger to the reformed workers. He called for workers to accept their fates and be happy with a simple life because the afterlife would be much more satisfying and revolution would only lead to instability. At the same time, he argued that the system of unrestricted free enterprise was in need of "architectonic critique" and he urged government to adopt labour legislation and to inspect workplaces. Kuyper's political views and acts have influenced Dutch politics . Kuyper stood at

972-609: A fad that would pass away. In politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. He promoted pillarisation , the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life, whereby Protestant , Catholic and secular elements each had their own independent schools, universities and social organisations. Abraham Kuyper was born on 29 October 1837 in Maassluis , Netherlands . His father Jan Frederik Kuyper served as

1080-405: A major positive factor in the development of the institutions and values of modern society. In 1873, Kuyper stood as candidate in the general election for parliament for the constituency of Gouda , but he was defeated by the incumbent member of parliament, the conservative Jonkheer Willem Maurits de Brauw (1810–1874)  [ nl ] . When De Brauw died the next year, Kuyper stood again in

1188-525: A new denomination called The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands after merging with other orthodox Reformed people who had seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church in 1834. In the general election of 1894, Kuyper was re-elected to the House of Representatives for the district of Sliedrecht . He defeated the liberal Van Haaften and the anti-takkian anti-revolutionary Beelaerts van Blokland. He also ran as

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1296-442: A new-fangled fad based on a superficial view of reality. He argued that modernism missed the reality of God, of prayer, of sin, and of the church. He said modernism would eventually prove as useless as 'A Squeezed Out Lemon Peel,' while traditional religious truths would survive. In his lectures at Princeton in 1898 he argued that Calvinism was more than theology—it provided a comprehensive worldview and indeed had already proven to be

1404-466: A newly formed grassroots movement of staff and students. The university's main campus and medical centre are situated in the Buitenveldert neighbourhood, part of the southern district of Amsterdam. The campus occupies about 0.4 km (0.15 sq mi) and is built along the 'De Boelelaan', a large east–west thoroughfare. Initially a fairly isolated location surrounded mostly by fields,

1512-418: A number of issues. Furthermore, Kuyper made a significant contribution to the formulation of the principle of common grace in the context of a Calvinist world-view. Most important has been Kuyper's view on the role of God in everyday life. He believed that God continually influenced the life of believers, and daily events could show his workings. Kuyper famously said, "Oh, no single piece of our mental world

1620-644: A number of mergers, these faculties are: Behavioural and Movement Sciences; Dentistry; Earth and Life Sciences; School of Business and Economics; Humanities; Law; Sciences; Social Sciences; Theology; and the VUmc School of Medical Sciences. The Vrije Universiteit is formally a private institution, part of the VU-VUmc Foundation. The other main institution within this foundation is the VU University Medical Center , which has

1728-462: A result, the number of students grew substantially. Against the background of increasing student activism at universities around the world, new student organizations were formed demanding a more democratic academic culture at VU. By the end of the 1970s, the small, elitist Christian institution had all but disappeared and had become a broad, research-oriented university, open to students of diverse backgrounds. Student numbers continued to grow rapidly in

1836-713: A revision of the constitution. In 1912, he resigned his seat in parliament for health reasons, but he returned to politics in the following year, this time as a member of the Senate for the province of South Holland . He retained this seat until his death. In 1913, he was made commander in the Order of the Netherlands Lion . During the First World War Kuyper sided with the Germans, because he had opposed

1944-542: A separate management structure. The university is governed by the Executive Board, consisting of a president, a vice-president and a rector. The Executive Board has general management responsibilities and appoints the deans and professors of the faculties. The Executive Board is accountable to a Supervisory Board, appointed by the members' assembly of the VU Association, a private organization which founded

2052-433: A specific ambit, comprising either all congregations (aka parishes) within a Protestant church body (thus forming a leading body, with executive and /or spiritual competence for a church), or only those in a district organisation (consistorial district; German: Konsistorialbezirk ) or in a regional organisation (such as an ecclesiastical province; German: Kirchenprovinz ). In the latter two cases, typical in churches with

2160-411: A weekly basis until fall 2012, when it became as a biweekly magazine. The Ad Valvas magazine focuses primarily on background stories, interviews and op-ed articles, while daily campus news is mostly provided through the newspaper's website. Ad Valvas is published every Thursday during the academic year, 36 times a year. In 1979, the paper acquired editorial independence and no longer had to answer to

2268-663: Is a public research university in Amsterdam , Netherlands , being founded in 1880. The VU Amsterdam is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being the University of Amsterdam (UvA). The literal translation of the Dutch name Vrije Universiteit is "Free University". "Free" refers to independence of the university from both the State and the Dutch Reformed Church . Both within and outside

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2376-502: Is also part of the Tinbergen Institute (together with Erasmus University and University of Amsterdam ) for economics and finance subject research and training. Of the nearly 3,000 academic staff (2,257 in fte) employed at VU in 2012, 42% were female. Almost 80% were of Dutch origin, while about 15% had other European nationalities. The remaining 5% came from Asia, North America, Africa, South America and Oceania. Within

2484-708: Is located at the intersection of the Boelelaan and the Buitenveldertselaan. The sixteen-story building is currently undergoing major renovation works. The Main Building is home to the faculties of Arts, Philosophy, Economics and Business, and Theology. The University Library occupies five floors as well as several floors with closed stacks. In addition, the Main Building houses the Aula (main auditorium),

2592-716: Is organized within the several faculties. Together, the faculties offer 50 bachelor's , almost 160 master's , and a number of PhD programmes. The language of instruction for most bachelor's courses is Dutch. As of fall 2015, the university offers five bachelor's programmes fully in English: Business Analytics (Faculty of Science); Computer Science (Faculty of Science); International Business Administration (School of Business and Economics); Liberal Arts and Sciences ( Amsterdam University College ), Literature and Society (Faculty of Humanities); and Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Faculty of Humanities). Fall 2018

2700-659: Is the Initium Building, housing the Faculty of Law. The arch-shaped building, opened in 2010, now forms the eastern entrance of the VU campus. The Faculty of Social Sciences is located in the Metropolitan Building, technically just off-campus, on the other side of the Buitenveldertselaan. The medical faculty is located on west end of campus, adjacent to the sprawling Amsterdam UMC , location VUmc . In 2018,

2808-502: Is to be hermetically sealed off from the rest, and there is not a square inch in the whole domain of our human existence over which Christ, who is Sovereign over all , does not cry: 'Mine!'" God continually re-creates the universe through acts of grace. God's acts are necessary to ensure the continued existence of creation . Without his direct activity, creation would self-destruct. Kuyper's political ideals were orthodox-Protestant and anti-revolutionary. The concept of sphere sovereignty

2916-770: The Afrikaner Calvinist community as the kern der natie became a rallying position for the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk . As Christian nationalists, Kuyper's adherents in South Africa were instrumental in the building of Afrikaner cultural, political and economic institutions to restore Afrikaner fortunes following the Boer War , which ultimately led to Apartheid . Saul Dubow notes that Kuyper advocated "the commingling of blood" as "the physical basis for all higher development" in

3024-600: The Anti-Revolutionary Party . In this programme he formulated the principle of antithesis , the conflict between the religious (Reformed and Catholics) and non-religious. More broadly, this programme articulated his broader political philosophy, emphasizing the proper role of government among the other spheres of life, including the family and the church. Kuyper argued that government's authority, like all human authority, derived from God's authority. In 1877, he left parliament because of problems with his health, suffering from overexertion. In 1878, Kuyper returned to politics, he led

3132-636: The Delft University of Technology . In 1907, he was re-elected chair of the ARP, a post which he held until his death in 1920. In 1907, Kuyper wanted to return to parliament. In a by-election in Sneek he needed the support of the local CHU. They refused him support. This led to a personal conflict between Kuyper and De Savorin Lohman. In 1908, he came into conflict with Heemskerk , who had not involved him in

3240-796: The Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland the administrative body is termed as consistory (Konsystorz). In the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine four consistories form district organisations each comprising several parishes. The designations for the members of consistories alter as to their functions and status as clergy or laymen. In German Konsistorialrat (consistorial councillor) and Konsistorialassessor (consistorial assessor) are each used to term both. Consistories often had double leadership, one lay and one cleric. The lay leader

3348-639: The Free University in Amsterdam and he was made professor of Theology there. He also served as its first rector magnificus . In 1881, he also became professor of literature. In 1886, he left the Dutch Reformed Church, with a large group of followers. The parish in Amsterdam was made independent of the church, and kept their own building. Between 1886 and 1892, they were called the Dolerenden (those with grievances). In 1892, those Dolerenden founded

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3456-765: The House of Wettin . Although originally an ecclesiastical court of the Saxon Lutheran church, the consistory developed into an administrative body appointed by the sovereign to supervise the church within his state. In other Lutheran states the consistories took similar developments. Consistories, forming executive body of a state church, had often great powers through the authority of the secular government. In history, before separating executive and juridical competences, consistories of Lutheran state churches with central executive powers, therefore usually consisting of jurisprudents and clergy, did also function as courts appointed to regulate ecclesiastical affairs. At times

3564-593: The Lutheran or Reformed states of imperial immediacy in the Holy Roman Empire episcopal offices were not staffed any more and the secular government assumed the function of the bishop (summepiscopate, summus episcopus), looked after by the consistories. Not all Protestant churches adopted consistories, especially not collegially governed churches, often of Reformed or Presbyterian confession. Consistories were either bodies of local churches (mostly in

3672-728: The Vrije Universiteit started in 1880 in a few rooms rented at the Scottish Missionary Church (now the Kleine Komedie theatre), along the Amstel river in Amsterdam's city centre. Here, Kuyper and four fellow professors began lecturing in three faculties: theology, law, and the arts. In 1884, the Scottish Missionary Church became too small for the growing number of students and the university bought its first building, located at Keizersgracht 162. In

3780-478: The petition against a new law on education , which would further disadvantage religious schools. This was an important impetus for the foundation of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) in 1879, of which Kuyper was chairman between 1879 and 1905. He was the undisputed leader of the party between 1879 and 1920. His followers gave him the nickname "Abraham de Geweldenaar" (Abraham the Masterful). In 1880, he founded

3888-433: The rules of procedure of cabinet in order to become chair of cabinet for four years (before him, the chairmanship of the cabinet had rotated among its members). The portfolio of home affairs at the time was very broad: it involved local government, industrial relations, education and public morality. The 1903 railway strike was one of the decisive issues for his cabinet. Kuyper produced several particularly harsh laws to end

3996-630: The 101–150 range, with higher rankings in the subject areas Communication (12th), Psychology (22nd), Geography (26th), Law (29th), Nursing and Dentistry (respectively, 36th and 38th), Public Administration (42nd) and Economics (45th). Additionally, other fields make it to the top 100 worldwide according to the Shanghai Ranking, i.e., Political Science (76-100), Medicine (76-100), Sociology (76-100), Business Administration (76-100). The Tilburg University Top 100 Worldwide Economics Schools Research Ranking based on research contribution 2016-2020 placed

4104-558: The 18th and 19th centuries. By the French Organic Articles each time several parishes (paroisses) of the EPCAAL form a consistory (consistoire), terming the board and its district alike. The consistories are religious statutory law corporations  [ fr ] of legal entity status. Each consistory holds property of its own and receives contributions by the member parishes. Each EPCAAL consistory comprises all

4212-472: The 2004-merged Dutch Reformed Church often call their local church councils consistorial chamber  [ nl ] or consistorie (consistory, else also called kerkenraad, i.e. church council). When John Calvin was invited to take over supervision of the Reformed Church of Geneva (EPG), he insisted on the creation there of a new disciplinary institution called the Consistory, and drafted

4320-696: The 2023 QS World University Rankings , which attaches 50% to review surveys by academics and employers, the Vrije Universiteit was placed 214 overall in the world. Moreover, the VU has been ranked in the top 50 universities in the field of Sport-Related subjects (23rd), Theology (32nd), Philosophy (34th), and Psychology (43rd). On the other hand, it ranked in the top 100 universities worldwide in Pharmacy and Pharmacology (80th), Medicine (81st), Economics and Business (86th), Communication Sciences (51-100), Geography (51-100), Anatomy (51-100), and other. On

4428-406: The 21st century: from 15,700 students in 2002 to about 25,000 in 2011, causing growing pains which have resulted in lower student satisfaction and budgetary constraints. The university has embarked on a reform agenda, including a large-scale renewal of campus facilities, austerity programmes and staff reorganizations, which in turn were met with opposition and legal action from trade unions as well as

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4536-739: The Amsterdam consistory, were suspended in Dec. 1885. This was appealed to the provincial synod, which upheld the ruling in a 1 July 1886 ruling. Refusing to accept his suspension, Kuyper preached to his followers in an auditorium on Sunday, 11 July 1886. Because of their deep sorrow at the state of the Dutch Reformed Church, the group called itself the Doleantie (grieving ones). By 1889, the Doleantie churches had over 200 congregations, 180,000 members, and about 80 ministers. Kuyper, (although at first antagonistic towards them), soon began to seek union with

4644-612: The Consistory of the Church (Polish: Konsystorz Kościoła ) serves as the chief administrative authority and the executive board of the synod. In the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church the consistory (konsistoorium) is the administrative board of the church. In 2006 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in European Russia established a consistory (Консистория) as its central executive body. In

4752-502: The Dutch Circle of Journalists in 1898; when he left in 1901 he was made honorary president. In the same year, at the invitation of B.B. Warfield , Kuyper delivered the "Stone Lectures" at Princeton Seminary , which was his first widespread exposure to a North American audience. These lectures were given 10–11 October 14 and 19–21 in 1898. He discusses the relationship of Calvinism with philosophy, religion, politics, science, art and

4860-527: The Dutch Reformed Church. He grieved the loss of Reformed distinctives within the State Church, which no longer required office bearers to agree to the Reformed standards which had once been foundational. Kuyper and the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and church members subscribe to the Reformed confessions. This was appealed to Classis, and Kuyper, along with about 80 members of

4968-410: The Dutch people. His commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical; he expected the Anti-Revolutionary Party would be able to gain more seats this way. In actuality, Kuyper wanted a Householder Franchise where fathers of each family would vote for his family. He also favoured a Senate representing the various interest, vocational and professional groups in society. With his ideals, he defended

5076-599: The English since the Boer wars. In 1918, Kuyper played an important role in the formation of the first cabinet led by Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck . In 1920, at the age of 83 Kuyper died in The Hague and was buried amid great public attention. Kuyper's theological and political views are linked. His orthodox Protestant beliefs heavily influenced his anti-revolutionary politics. Christianity • Protestantism In 1905 there

5184-592: The English-taught Bachelor programme History and International Studies (Faculty of Humanities) was launched. Additionally, the university-wide VU Honours Programme is taught in English. Over 130 master's programmes at VU are offered entirely in English. In some master's programmes, international students outnumber the Dutch students by a large margin. The university also maintains a number of bilateral exchange agreements with foreign universities, allowing foreign students to spend one or two semesters at

5292-641: The English. In 1896, Kuyper voted against the new suffrage law of Van Houten , because according to Kuyper the reforms did not go far enough. In the 1897 elections , Kuyper competed in Zuidhorn , Sliedrecht and Amsterdam . He was defeated by liberals in Zuidhorn and Amsterdam, but he defeated the liberal Wisboom in Sliedrecht. In Amsterdam he was defeated by Johannes Tak van Poortvliet . As an MP, Kuyper kept his job as journalist, and he even became chair of

5400-639: The Garden . Personally chosen by Abraham Kuyper , the Reformed-Protestant leader and founder of the university, it depicts a virgin living in freedom in a garden while pointing towards God, referring to the Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th century. In 1990, the university adopted the mythical griffin as its common emblem. The VU was founded in 1880 by a group of Calvinists led by Abraham Kuyper as

5508-551: The Interior , who may oppose them within a two-month period, and reported to the superior EPCAAL Supreme consistory (Consistoire supérieur). In the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition the consistory is the authority in the local church, generally made up of all the teaching Elders (ministers) and the ruling elders (lay leaders). The consistory then forms the head of individual congregations (or parishes) also in charge of implementing

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5616-544: The New University Building was opened hosting teaching and research spaces as well as two caffès, an exhibition space, and a film screening space. The satellite campus 'Uilenstede' is located further south, in the municipality of Amstelveen . Uilenstede, built mainly between 1966 and 1970, is home to several large student housing complexes and apartment buildings and the VU Sports Centre. and

5724-408: The Reformed tradition), or parastatal entities, like in the French model, or they were governing bodies as part of the administration of Protestant state churches (Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant alike). The rather governmental character of the consistory is the reason why the term was given up in many church bodies after the separation of religion and state and the concomitant abolition of

5832-560: The Stone Lectures (1898). Harinck argues that "Kuyper was not guided by the cultural racism of his day, but by his Calvinistic creed of human equality". Kuyper's legacy includes a granddaughter, Johtje Vos , who is noted for having sheltered many Jews in her home in the Netherlands from the Nazis . After World War II she moved to New York City . Kuyper wrote several theological and political books: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (abbreviated as VU Amsterdam or simply VU when in context)

5940-473: The University's Board of Directors. From 1994 to 1999 Frank van Kolfschooten served as the editor-in-chief of the paper. Ad Valvas had a circulation of 12,226 copies in the period of 2008-2009. 52°20′02″N 4°51′54″E  /  52.33389°N 4.86500°E  / 52.33389; 4.86500 Consistory (Protestantism)#Reformed usage In Protestant usage, a consistory designates certain ruling bodies in various churches. The meaning and

6048-842: The Vrije Universiteit (39th) in the world. Like teaching, research at VU is organized mostly along the lines of the ten faculties and their departments. University-wide, four interdisciplinary themes have been determined as the principal focus areas of research: In addition to faculty research centres and programmes, the university houses several interdisciplinary research institutes. The Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, founded in 2010, consists of 17 research groups in pharmaceutical sciences, life sciences, computational life sciences and molecular sciences at VU. AIMMS focusses on three programs: molecular mechanisms of biological processes , design and characterization of molecules and medicines , and Biomarkers and diagnostics. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam School of Business and Economics

6156-481: The Vrije Universiteit is placed 146th overall in the world. In the 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , VU was ranked 121st. In the subject area of Arts and Humanities, the VU ranks 87th in the world, while in the field of Social Sciences it ranks 81st. In the same fashion, the VU makes it in the top 100 universities worldwide in the following subject areas: Business and Economics (91st), Computer Science (96th), Law (91st), and Psychology (49th). In

6264-625: The Vrije Universiteit. As with all publicly funded universities in the Netherlands, bachelor's and master's students pay tuition fees determined by law. For the academic year 2015/2016, regular tuition fees for bachelor's and master's programmes amount to €1,951 per year for students from the European Union or European Economic Area and €9,000 to €12,000 per year for students from non-EU/EEA countries. Most Dutch students and long-term Dutch resident EU citizens are eligible for government loans or grants to cover tuition and living expenses. PhD programmes are organized differently. Rather than applying to

6372-409: The anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer , who heavily influenced his political and theological views (see below ). Around 1866, he began to sympathise with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the robust reformed faith of Pietje Baltus , a single woman in her early 30s, the daughter of a miller. He began to oppose the centralization in the church,

6480-495: The body of academic staff, 29% were PhD candidates employed as junior researchers. In 2012, about 300 PhD dissertations were defended at VU. In 2012, the European Research Council awarded two starting grants and six advanced grants to VU researchers. In addition, 11 VENI and two VICI grants were awarded within the prestigious Innovational Research Incentives Scheme by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research . In 2013, Professor Piek Vossen (Computational Lexicology)

6588-416: The by-election for the same district. This time he was elected to parliament, defeating the liberal candidate Herman Verners van der Loeff . Kuyper subsequently moved to The Hague , without telling his friends in Amsterdam. In parliament he showed a particular interest in education, especially the equal financing of public and religious schools . In 1876, he wrote "Our Program" which laid the foundation for

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6696-399: The campus is now adjacent to the modern Zuidas business district housing some of the largest banks, accounting and law firms in the Netherlands. The VU campus is served by the 51 metro line as well as a number of tram lines and bus routes. It is also within walking distance of the Amsterdam Zuid railway station . The university's Main Building ('Hoofdgebouw' or HG), established in 1973,

6804-446: The churches of the Secession of 1834 , the Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (Christian Reformed Church). These churches had earlier broken off from the Dutch Reformed Church. This union was effected in 1892, and the Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (Reformed Churches in the Netherlands) was formed. This denomination has its counterpart in the Christian Reformed Church in North America . He vigorously ridiculed modernism in theology as

6912-432: The consistories have legal entity status, holding property of their own and receiving contributions from member parishes. EPRAL consistories are made up and organised like their EPCAAL counterparts (see above). Unlike their EPCAAL counterparts the EPRAL consistories appoint the pastors after proposition by the presbytery of the concerned parish. The Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO,

7020-476: The consistories were parastatal offices in charge of all (Protestant) denominations (e.g. in Bremen-Verden ) or even all religions (e.g. in Prussia, see Evangelical Church in Prussia from 1808 to 1816) in the respective territory. While Lutheran churches often still did not form legal entities distinct from the state, the consistories turned out to be the oldest body of many modern regional Protestant church bodies , which developed into independent legal entities in

7128-414: The consistory is the diocesan court, usually presided over by the bishop's chancellor or commissary. It deals with a variety of issues at the diocesan level, and its decisions may be appealed to higher courts in the national church." In the Lutheran tradition, and derived from that similarly in some united and uniting Protestant churches , the consistory is a body governing the ecclesiastical affairs in

7236-440: The cradle of pillarisation , the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life. His championing of parity treatment for faith-based organisations and institutions created the basis for the alliance between Protestants and Catholics that has dominated Dutch politics to the present day. One of the major political parties of the Netherlands, the CDA , is still heavily influenced by Kuyper's thought. His greatest theological act,

7344-427: The ecclesiastical ordinances that created it himself in November 1541. The Genevan Consistory consisted of all the pastors on the Genevan republic 's payroll plus a dozen lay commissioners or elders to whom were assigned the duty of visiting households and checking upon the conduct of the inhabitants. The members of the consistory, technically a committee of the city government, were elected for one-year terms in

7452-425: The elections Kuyper became chair of the parliamentary caucus of the ARP. In his second term as MP he concentrated on more issues than education, like suffrage , labour , and foreign policy . In foreign affairs especially the Second Boer War was of particular interest to him, in the conflict between the Dutch-speaking reformed farmers and the English-speaking Anglicans he sided with the Boers, and heavily opposed

7560-427: The elections in which the city government was reconstituted every year. In weekly meetings the consistory examined people accused of misbehaviour. If the charges proved of substance, the consistory had a range of options including referring the person for counselling or, in more severe cases, to the civil courts. "In 1555, excommunication was added to its powers." About one-fifteenth of the entire adult population of

7668-528: The first Protestant university in the Netherlands. Kuyper was a theologian, journalist, politician, and prime minister of the Netherlands from 1901 to 1905. He was a professor of theology at VU as well as the university's first rector magnificus (academic president). Kuyper's worldview and philosophy is referred to as Neo-Calvinism . As a reflection of his beliefs, Vrije Universiteit literally means 'Free University' (or 'Liberated University') to signify independence from both government and church. Teaching at

7776-415: The following years, the university acquired more buildings throughout the city. In 1905, VU was formally accredited and granted the legal right to award academic degrees. New faculties were subsequently added to the original three, including a science faculty (1930) and a medical faculty (1950). Funding for the university was provided through the VU Association, an organization founded by Abraham Kuyper which

7884-599: The formation of the CHU/ARP/ Catholic General League cabinet, thereby denying him the chance to return as minister. In 1908, Kuyper received the honorary title of minister of state . He was elected to the House of Representatives for the district of Ommen in the by-elections in the same year, defeating the liberal De Meester. He also ran in Sneek where he was elected as sole candidate. Kuyper took

7992-654: The foundations laid by Kuyper. In North America , Kuyper's political and theological views have had a significant impact, especially in the Reformed community. He is considered the father of Dutch Neo-Calvinism and had considerable influence on the thought of philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd . Others that have been influenced by Kuyper include Auguste Lecerf , Francis Schaeffer , Cornelius Van Til , Alvin Plantinga , Nicholas Wolterstorff , Albert M. Wolters , Vincent Bacote, Anthony Bradley , Chuck Colson , Timothy J. Keller , James Skillen , R. Tudur Jones , Bobi Jones , and

8100-691: The founding of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands was largely undone in 2004 with the creation of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands which united the Dutch Reformed Church , the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands . There is still a small federation named the Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands which remains loyal to

8208-638: The future. He also received an honorary doctorate in law there. During his time in the United States, he also traveled to address several Dutch Reformed congregations in Michigan and Iowa and Presbyterian gatherings in Ohio and New Jersey. In the 1901 elections , Kuyper was re-elected in Sliedrecht, defeating the liberal De Klerk. In Amsterdam he was defeated again, now by the freethinking liberal Nolting. He did not take his seat in parliament however but

8316-661: The hip hop artist Lecrae . Institutions influenced by Kuyper include Cardus (formerly The Work Research Foundation), Calvin College , The Clapham Institute, Dordt College , Institute for Christian Studies , Redeemer University College , The Coalition for Christian Outreach , Covenant College , The Center for Public Justice, and the Washington Institute for Faith, Vocation, & Culture. In 2006, Reformed Bible College , located in Grand Rapids , Michigan

8424-460: The interest of a level playing field, he championed the right of every faith community (among whom he counted humanists and socialists) to operate their own schools, newspapers, hospitals, youth movements etc. He sought equal government finances for all faith-based institutions. He saw an important role for the state in upholding the morality of the Dutch people. He favoured monarchy, and saw the House of Orange as historically and religiously linked to

8532-582: The interests of a group of middle class orthodox reformed, who were often referred to as "the little people" ( de kleine luyden ). He formulated the principle of antithesis : a divide between secular and religious politics. Liberals and socialists , who were opposed to mixing religion and politics were his natural opponents. Catholics were a natural ally, for not only did they want to practice religiously inspired politics, but they also were no electoral opponent, because they appealed to different religious groups. Socialists, who preached class conflict , were

8640-675: The lower classes gave him the nickname "The bellringer of the common people" ( klokkenist van de kleine luyden ). His position on suffrage also led to a conflict within the ARP: a group around Alexander de Savornin Lohman was opposed on principle to universal suffrage because they rejected popular sovereignty ; they left the ARP to found the CHU in 1901. The authoritarian leadership of Kuyper also played an important role in this conflict. Lohman opposed party discipline and wanted MPs to make up their own mind, while Kuyper favoured strong leadership. After

8748-528: The middle of campus square is The Basket, the university bar, as well as a number of volleyball fields. Recent additions to the campus square area include a campus supermarket and an Italian coffeehouse. Also adjacent to the campus square is the modern building of the Institute for Health and Welness, which has been nicknamed the Red Potato after its distinct shape and color. Along the Buitenveldertselaan

8856-535: The municipality's architecture prize. A large renovation of the public space, made possible with a grant from the Schiphol Foundation, started in September 2013 and includes the construction of three new squares at the campus. The Vrije Universiteit is made up of several faculties, responsible for teaching and research, as well as a number of interdisciplinary research institutes. As of 2015, after

8964-654: The non-Catholic religious bodies. Roman Catholicism in Napoleon's realm was subject to the Concordat of 1801 . The consistories in the French Empire could transact official business with a government in the name of the Protestants and vice versa. Furthermore, the desire for reform among the educated classes demanded the creation of a body vested with authority to render religious decisions. "In Anglican churches

9072-517: The other hand, the USNWR ranking of global universities ranks the VU 84th in the world, with strong performances in fields such as Economics and Business (44th), Clinical Medicine (58th), Social Sciences and Health (35th) and Arts & Humanities (102nd). Furthermore, the CWTS, focusing on citation output, ranks the VU 79th in the world. The 2021 Shanghai Ranking placed the Vrije Universiteit overall in

9180-462: The pastors active in its district and the double number of laypersons, elected in three year terms by the local church presbyteries, as well as some members co-opted by the church executive Directory (directoire). The consistorial members elect from their midst their executive, the consistorial council (Conseil consistorial) of four members. Consistorial decisions are presented to the French minister of

9288-472: The policies of the synod and/or assembly of which it is part, and providing for church discipline of the church members where necessary. A panel sometimes called the Great Consistory, convoked if considered necessary for special consultations, would include the current consistory and former elders and deacons. Congregations (kerkgemeenten) within the Protestant Church in the Netherlands rooted in

9396-568: The public universities, was defeated in the Senate . Consequently, Kuyper dissolved the Senate and, after a new one was elected, the legislation was accepted. He was also heavily involved in foreign policy, giving him the nickname "Minister of Foreign Travels". In 1905, his ARP lost the elections and was confined to opposition. Between 1905 and 1907, Kuyper made a grand tour around the Mediterranean . In 1907, Kuyper became honorary doctor at

9504-594: The republic was annually summoned before the consistory. As much as Calvin's theology with his emphasis on church discipline, the Genevan Consistory gave the city-state particular and the Reformed Church of Geneva its unique lifestyle. Also in the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (EPRAL) several parishes form a consistory (consistoire), with the term used for the board and its district alike. As religious statutory law corporations

9612-672: The role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church and state . In 1867, Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam . In 1871 he began to write for the De Heraut ( The Herald ). In 1872, he founded his own paper, De Standaard ( The Standard ). This paper laid the foundation for the network of Reformed organisation (the Reformed pillar ), which Kuyper founded. In 1886, Kuyper led an exodus from

9720-522: The scope of functions varies strongly, also along the separating lines of the Protestant denominations and church bodies. Starting in 1539 the term was used for a body taking over the jurisdiction in marital matters, and later also church discipline , so that Protestant consistories can be regarded as successors not to the papal consistory in Rome but rather to the courts of Roman Catholic bishops. In

9828-639: The seat for Ommen. In 1909, he was made chair of the committee that prepared the new orthography of the Dutch language . In the same year he also received an honorary doctorate at the Catholic University of Leuven . In the 1909 elections he was re-elected in Ommen, defeating the liberal Teesselink, but he was defeated in Dordrecht by the liberal De Kanter. In 1909, he came under heavy criticism in

9936-442: The so-called decorations affairs ( lintjeszaak ). While minister of home affairs, Kuyper allegedly received money from one Rudolf Lehman , to make him Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau . A parliamentary debate was held on the subject and a committee was instituted to research the claim. In 1910, the committee reported that Kuyper was innocent. Between 1910 and 1912, he was member of the committee headed by Heemskerk, which prepared

10044-606: The status as state church and the assumption of church independence. In countries under French influence the Protestants, Calvinists and Lutherans alike (and the Jews as well, see Israelite consistories ), made use of the term in the beginning of the nineteenth century with the enactment of the Organic Articles , when the movement for political emancipation demanded the creation of a representative body, whereas Napoleon's government simultaneously aimed at gaining influence onto

10152-452: The strikes (the so-called "worgwetten", strangling laws), and pushed them through parliament. He also proposed legislation to improve working conditions ; however only those on fishing and harbour construction passed through parliament. In education Kuyper changed several education laws to improve the financial situation of religious schools. His law on higher education, which would make the diplomas of faith-based universities equal to that of

10260-626: The term consistory for their central administrative offices. The Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine (EPCAAL) maintains its Supreme Consistory (Consistoire supérieur), functioning as the supreme spiritual body, and 40 regional consistories, established in 1802 but later partially reorganised and renamed. In the Lutheran Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

10368-484: The university for admission, prospective students must find a (full) professor who has a position for a PhD candidate, called a ' promovendus ', and contact him or her directly. Most faculties advertise open positions on their websites. As is common in Dutch universities, 'promovendi' are paid a salary and are considered university employees, therefore they do not pay tuition. In the CWUR - World University Rankings 2019–2020,

10476-409: The university had 2,263 faculty members and researchers, and 1,410 administrative, clerical and technical employees, based on FTE units. The university's annual endowment for 2014 was circa €480 million. About three quarters of this endowment is government funding; the remainder is made up of tuition fees, research grants, and private funding. The official university seal is entitled The Virgin in

10584-534: The university in 1880. The university's Works Council , a body of elected representatives of faculty and staff, as well as the Student Council, have consultation and co-decision rights in some areas of university policy and management. The College of Deans, consisting of all faculty deans and chaired by the rector, acts as a coordinating and consulting body at the central level and is responsible for awarding doctoral degrees and honorary doctorates. Teaching

10692-517: The university restaurant, several kiosks, a fair trade store, and the VU bookstore. On the south side, the Main Building provides access to the campus square ('Campusplein'). Many student organizations have their offices along the campus square entrance. South of the square is the Sciences Building ('Wis- en Natuurkundegebouw' or W&N), another 1970s building. The W&N is housing the faculties of Sciences and Earth and Life Sciences. In

10800-481: The university's profile changed significantly in many respects. From 1968 onwards, the university relocated from Amsterdam's city centre to a new, functional campus in the southern Buitenveldert neighbourhood. In order to strengthen academic research, university administrators decided to apply for public funding on parity with public universities, which is guaranteed under the Dutch constitution, and no longer opposed admitting non-Protestant professors and students. As

10908-482: The university, the institution is commonly referred to as "the VU". Although founded as a private institution, the VU has received government funding on a parity basis with public universities since 1970. The university is located on a compact urban campus in the southern Buitenveldert neighbourhood of Amsterdam and adjacent to the modern Zuidas business district. As of October 2021, the VU had 29,796 registered students, most of whom were full-time students. That year,

11016-406: Was a higher education law enacted, but Kuyper was against this and became part of the opposition. Theologically Kuyper has also been very influential. He opposed the liberal tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church . This eventually led to secession and the foundation of Reformed Churches in the Netherlands . He developed the so-called neo-Calvinism , which goes beyond conventional Calvinism on

11124-465: Was firmly rooted within the Calvinist community in the Netherlands . By the end of the 1960s, the university received financial support from more than 200,000 private contributors. Many were making small coin donations collected by some 10,000 (mostly female) fundraisers, who were going door to door with the quintessential green VU collecting box. It was in the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s, that

11232-423: Was instead appointed formateur and later prime minister of the Dutch cabinet. He also served as minister of Home Affairs . He originally wanted to become minister of labour and enterprise, but neither Mackay or Heemskerk , prominent anti-revolutionaries, wanted to become minister of Home Affairs, forcing him to take the portfolio. During his time as prime minister he showed a strong leadership style: he changed

11340-829: Was one of three scholars awarded with the Spinoza Prize , the highest scientific award in the Netherlands. The University Library holds a relatively large collection of more than 1,000,000 printed items. The library occupies five floors in the university's Main Building, not including closed stacks, while the medical collection is housed at the VU University Medical Center . The library's special collections department holds 70,000 manuscripts and printed items in 26 collections. Important collections include reformation works, original English prints, pamphlets and portraits. The university's independent newspaper, Ad Valvas , has been in print since 1952. The newspaper formally acquired editorial independence in 1979. Ad Valvas appeared on

11448-403: Was promoted to Doctor in theology on the basis of a dissertation entitled "Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem" (Theological-historical dissertation showing the differences in the rules of the church, between John Calvin and John Łaski). In comparing the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski , Kuyper showed

11556-401: Was renamed in honor of Abraham Kuyper and is now Kuyper College . As well as Kuyper's profound influence upon European Christian-Democrat politics up to the present, his political theology was also crucial in the history of South Africa. His legacy in South Africa is arguably even greater than within the Netherlands. There, his Christian-National conception, centred upon the identification of

11664-414: Was very important for Kuyper. He rejected the popular sovereignty of France in which all rights originated with the individual, and the state-sovereignty of Germany in which all rights derived from the state. Instead, he wanted to honour the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools and universities, the press, business and industry, the arts etc., each of which would be sovereign in its own sphere. In

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