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123-513: Heterodox Simon Smith Kuznets ( / ˈ k ʌ z n ɛ t s / KUZ -nets ; Russian: Семён Абра́мович Кузне́ц , IPA: [sʲɪˈmʲɵn ɐˈbraməvʲɪtɕ kʊzʲˈnʲets] ; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was a Russian-born American economist and statistician who received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into

246-689: A Lithuanian-Jewish family. He was one of three brothers, the other being Solomon and George. He completed his schooling, first at the Rivne , then, Kharkiv Realschule of Ukraine . In 1918, Kuznets entered the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov ( statistics ), V. Levitsky ( economic history and economic thought ), S. Bernstein (probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at

369-713: A blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of NIST and NSA in formulating U.S. cryptography standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering . The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from The Guardian , The New York Times , and ProPublica.org . Douglas subsequently issued

492-689: A doctoral thesis and published in 1930. In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, Kuznets was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1937 he was elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association . He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social science honor society chapter at

615-473: A law governing the distribution of income among households). Kuznets was closely familiar with the economics of Russia and Ukraine of the early 20th century. In the 1920s, he reviewed and translated the papers of Kondratiev , Slutsky , Pervushin , Weinstein . who were then little known in the West. The first major research project in which Kuznets was involved was the study of long series of economic dynamics in

738-534: A new biomedical engineering building in the Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering , a new library, a new biology wing, an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, and the reconstruction of the main university entrance. These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined within

861-586: A number of existing hypotheses. In particular, this concerned premises of the Keynes theory – Keynes ' 1936 absolute income hypothesis . The hypothesis gave birth to what would become the first formal consumption function . However, Kuznets shook the economic world by finding that Keynes' predictions, while seemingly accurate in short-run cross-sections, broke down under more rigorous examination. In his 1942 tome Uses of National Income in Peace and War , published by

984-474: A personal on-line apology to Green. The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community. The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence . Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of

1107-528: A petition calling on president Daniels to reconsider the planned police department. The office of public safety issued a statement on June 10 saying "the JHPD does not yet exist. We committed to establishing this department through a slow, careful and fully open process. No other steps are planned at this time, and we will be in close communication with the city and our university community before any further steps are taken". Two days later, president Daniels announced

1230-528: A political scientist, won the prize in 2009. Similarly, Daniel Kahneman , a professor of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University , won the prize for work in the field of behavioral economics . Some critics argue that the prestige of the Prize in Economic Sciences derives in part from its association with the Nobel Prizes, an association that has often been a source of controversy. Among them

1353-659: A priori and speculative conceptions with deep skepticism. At the same time, Kuznets tended to analyze economy in connection with the wider context of historical situation, demographic, and social processes, a method that was peculiar to the Kharkiv academics at the beginning of the 20th century. Kuznets was influenced by the work of such leading theorists as Joseph A. Schumpeter (who probed the relationship between technological change and business cycles), A. C. Pigou (who identified circumstances under which markets failed to maximize economic welfare), and Vilfredo Pareto (who propounded

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1476-461: A prize", and that the association with the Nobel prizes is "a PR coup by economists to improve their reputation". Critics cite the apparent snub of Joan Robinson as evidence of the committee 's bias towards mainstream economics , though heterodox economists like Friedrich Hayek ( Austrian School ) and Ronald Coase (associated with new institutional economics ) have won. In his speech at

1599-596: A rare books collection. The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993,

1722-443: A two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the board, except the president as an ex-officio trustee. The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate board of trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives. The full-time, four-year undergraduate program

1845-418: Is "most selective" with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence. The Princeton Review rates the selectivity of Johns Hopkins as 99/99. The cost of attendance per year is approximately $ 77,400. However, 51% of full-time undergraduates receive financial aid covering 100% of their need. The admit rate of Hopkins undergraduates to medical school is 80% and to law school is 97%, some of the highest rates in

1968-704: Is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland, United States. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins was the first American university based on the European research institution model. The university also has graduate campuses in Italy, China, and Washington, D.C. The university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur and Quaker philanthropist Johns Hopkins . Hopkins's $ 7 million bequest (equivalent to $ 162 million in 2023) to establish

2091-792: Is in Baltimore , Johns Hopkins also maintains ten divisions on campuses in other Maryland locations, including Laurel , Rockville , Columbia , Aberdeen , California , Elkridge , and Owings Mills . The two undergraduate divisions, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school , nursing school , Bloomberg School of Public Health , and Johns Hopkins Children's Center are located on

2214-538: Is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins's undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers. In fiscal year 2020, Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 3.1 billion on research, more than any other U.S. university for over 40 consecutive years. Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven members of the Institute of Medicine , forty-three Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen members of

2337-419: Is that the growth of the aggregated product of the country necessarily implies a profound transformation of the whole of its economic structure. This transformation affects many aspects of economic life – the structure of production, sectoral and occupational structure of employment, the division of occupations among family and market activities, the income structure, size, age structure and spatial distribution of

2460-500: Is the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel , a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel . Nobel accuses the awarding institution of misusing his family's name, and states that no member of the Nobel family has ever had the intention of establishing a prize in economics. He explained that "Nobel despised people who cared more about profits than society's well-being", saying that "There is nothing to indicate that he would have wanted such

2583-432: Is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields. The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The president is JHU's chief executive officer and the university is organized into nine academic divisions. JHU's bylaws specify a board of trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to

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2706-513: The American Physical Society , the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve , and Charles D. Morris; the economist Richard T. Ely ; and the chemist Ira Remsen , who became the second president of the university in 1901. Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became

2829-564: The British Academy . He was awarded the Medal of Francis Walker (1977). Simon Kuznets died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics, where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him; Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics . His name is associated with the formation of modern economic science as an empirical discipline, the development of statistical methods of research and

2952-690: The COVID-19 pandemic by compiling data from hundreds of sources around the world. This led to the university becoming one of the most cited sources for data about the pandemic. In February 2019, Johns Hopkins University requested permission from the Maryland General Assembly to create a private police force to patrol in and around the three Baltimore campuses, a move that was immediately opposed by several neighboring communities, 75% of Johns Hopkins undergraduate students, and at least 90 professors who signed on to an open letter opposing

3075-734: The Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes". Each September the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, "sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies and university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates." All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1. The proposals are reviewed by

3198-525: The Humboldtian model of higher education , the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt , it became dedicated to research. It was especially Heidelberg University and its long academic research history on which the new institution tried to model itself. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in

3321-469: The Kondratyev "long waves" and short business cycles . Aspiring to determine the nature of these cycles, Kuznets analyzed the dynamics of population, the construction industry performance, capital, national income data and other variables. These movements became known among economists and economic historians as " Kuznets cycles ", and alternatively as "long swings" in the economy's growth rate (following

3444-669: The Max Planck Society in the number of total citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America. In 2020, Johns Hopkins University ranked 5 in number of utility patents granted out of all institutions in the world. In 2000, Johns Hopkins received $ 95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it

3567-597: The National Academy of Engineering , and sixty-two members of the National Academy of Sciences . As of October 2019, 39 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members or researchers, with the most recent winners being Gregg Semenza and William G. Kaelin . Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking third globally after Harvard University and

3690-521: The National Bureau of Economic Research , Kuznets became the first economist to show that the Absolute Income Hypothesis gives inaccurate predictions in the long run (by using time-series data). Keynes had predicted that as aggregate income increases, so will marginal savings. Kuznets used new data to show that, over a longer span of time (1870s – 1940s) the savings ratio remained constant, despite large changes in income. This paved

3813-594: The School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. , and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore were incorporated into the university. The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus began in 2013. Completed construction on the Homewood campus has included

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3936-751: The Social Science Research Council (SSRC). He guided extensive research, holding a number of positions in research institutions, such as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the board of trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970. Kuznets

4059-576: The U.S. Department of Defense , NASA , and other government and civilian research agencies. Among other projects, it has designed, built, and flown spacecraft for NASA to the asteroid Eros, and the planets Mercury and Pluto. It has developed more than 100 biomedical devices, many in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts and Sciences, APL also

4182-413: The life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis of Modigliani and Friedman . He conducted his research for many years and finally published his findings in 1963. In his historical and economic studies of the 1970s, Kuznets expressed the idea of an interaction between science and technology (innovations), and institutional shifts, as well as the role of factors external to the economy, such as those caused by

4305-518: The 1801 Homewood House , still stands and serves as an on-campus museum. The brick and marble Federal style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus versus the Collegiate Gothic style of other historic American universities. In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the nation's first school of public health . Since

4428-592: The 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to Arthur Lovejoy 's history of ideas . Since 1942, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university. Professional schools of international affairs and music were established in 1950 and 1977, respectively, when

4551-513: The 1974 Nobel Prize banquet, Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted on the establishment of a Nobel Prize in economics, he would have "decidedly advised against it", primarily because "The Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess. This does not matter in the natural sciences . Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But

4674-635: The 2019 Garland Hall sit-in. The group proceeded to shut down the first town hall. According to reporting by the Baltimore Sun, the event "was moved to an online-only format after a crowd of chanting protesters took over the meeting stage." The MOU finalized on December 2, 2022, grants the JHPD primary jurisdiction over areas "owned, leased, or operated by, or under the control of" JHU as well as adjacent public property. Despite continued protest from university faculty calling for more oversight and clearly defined jurisdictional boundaries in accordance with

4797-588: The 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking. These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. In 2013, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships program was established by a $ 250 million gift from Michael Bloomberg . This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout

4920-559: The Baltimore Police Department. A draft MOU was made public on September 19, 2022 in advance of three scheduled town halls and a 30-day period to solicit feedback from the community. A message posted the same day as the draft MOU said that the document "will be modified to reflect what we hear and learn from our community." However, community members remained skeptical that the university is operating in good faith. A September 2022 article from Inside Higher Ed portrays

5043-642: The Central Council of Trade Unions. There, he published his first scientific paper, "Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkov in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in Kharkov and income differentiation, depending on the wage system. In 1922, the Kuznets family emigrated to the United States . Kuznets then studied at Columbia University under

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5166-721: The East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome. In 2019, Hopkins announced its purchase of the Newseum building on Pennsylvania Avenue , three blocks from the United States Capitol , to house its Washington, D.C. programs and centers. The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in Laurel, Maryland , specializes in research for

5289-489: The Economics Prize Committee. The members of the 2007 Economics Prize Committee are still dominated by economists, as the secretary and four of the five members are professors of economics. In 1978, Herbert A. Simon , whose PhD was in political science , became the first non-economist to win the prize, for his work in the fields of economics and organizational decision making. Elinor Ostrom , also

5412-668: The Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the building was designed so that every level receives natural light. The design accords with campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the flagship academic building. A four-story expansion to the library, known as the Brody Learning Commons, opened in August 2012. The expansion features an energy-efficient, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure and includes study spaces, seminar rooms, and

5535-571: The Homewood Faculty Assembly unanimously passed a resolution requesting that the administration refrain from taking any further steps "toward the establishment of a private police force" until it could provide responses to several questions concerning accountability and oversight of the proposed police department, fears of Black faculty that the police department would target people of color, and alleged corruption involving Mayor Pugh. The Community Safety and Strengthening Act passed

5658-515: The Institute helped him to acquire "exceptional" erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the institute's curriculum, development of national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in "connected spheres" and with the involvement of proper methods and empirical data. There, he began to study economics, and became exposed to Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation and

5781-744: The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth. During the Second World War, between 1942 and 1944, Kuznets became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics of the War Production Board . He took part in work to assess the country's capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting, together with a rough form of linear programming , to measure

5904-620: The John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House , and the George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute campus. The main library, constructed in the 1960s, was named for Milton S. Eisenhower , former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower . The university's stacks had previously been housed in Gilman Hall and departmental libraries. Only two of

6027-628: The Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE , an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of

6150-491: The Maryland General Assembly and was signed into law in April 2019, granting Johns Hopkins University permission to establish a private police department. In response to perceived corruption, a group of protestors staged a sit-in of Garland Hall, the building housing the office of university president Ronald J. Daniels . After a month-long sit-in, the protestors "took over the building – locking its doors with chains." They held

6273-735: The Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. The university also consists of the Peabody Institute , Applied Physics Laboratory , School of Advanced International Studies , School of Education , Carey Business School , and various other facilities . Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles and plays in the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member. The university's other sports teams compete in Division III of

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6396-574: The NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts, giving the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, Kuznets took the lead in establishing the Conference on Research, Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart,

6519-528: The NCAA as members of the Centennial Conference . On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins , a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $ 7 million (equivalent to $ 162 million in 2023) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore . At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of

6642-453: The Nobel Foundation an annual grant of 6.5 million Swedish kronor (in January 2008, approx. US$ 1 million; € 0.7 million) for its administrative expenses associated with the award as well as 1 million Swedish kronor (until the end of 2008) to include information about the award on the Nobel Foundation's web site. The Prize in Economic Sciences is not one of the Nobel Prizes endowed by Alfred Nobel in his will. However,

6765-478: The Office of Admissions accepted about 4.9% of its 33,236 Regular Decision applicants and about 6.4% of its total 38,725 applicants. In 2022, 99% of admitted students graduated in the top 10% of their high school class. Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily; as a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision I is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that

6888-406: The Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates. If there is a tie, the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences vote in mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics. As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share

7011-400: The Prize in Economic Sciences are chosen in a similar manner as and announced alongside the Nobel Prize recipients, and receive the Prize in Economic Sciences at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. That the prize is not an original Nobel Prize has been a subject of controversy, with four of Nobel's relatives having formally distanced themselves from the Prize in Economic Sciences. The award

7134-439: The School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School . On November 18, 2018, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would make a donation to his alma mater of $ 1.8 billion, marking

7257-461: The U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and variability of growth, structure of the GNP and distribution of labor, the distribution of income between households, the structure of foreign trade. Kuznets founded the historically grounded theory of economic growth. The central theme of these empirical studies

7380-473: The US. The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU); it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA). As of 2024–25, Johns Hopkins University is ranked the 6th best university in the nation (tied) and 13th best globally by U.S. News & World Report . The university's undergraduate programs are highly selective: in 2021,

7503-592: The USA undertaken in the mid-1920s. The collected data covered the period from 1865 to 1925, and for some indices achieved 1770. Applying for the analysis of time series approximating Gompertz and logistic curves , Kuznets found that the characteristics of the curves with reasonable accuracy described the majority of economic processes. Fitting trend curves to data and analysis of the time series, comparison of theoretical and empirical levels, allowed him to identify medium-term extended cycles of economic activity, which lasted 15–25 years and had an intermediate position between

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7626-413: The United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge. The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents, Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University , Andrew D. White of Cornell University , Noah Porter of Yale College , and James B. Angell of University of Michigan . They each supported Daniel Coit Gilman to lead

7749-588: The United States, and endowment was then the largest in America. Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent abolitionist , until research done by the school into his United States Census records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses. The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became

7872-484: The University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor from 1936 until 1954. In 1954, Kuznets moved to Johns Hopkins University , where he was professor of political economy until 1960. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970, Kuznets taught at Harvard. Apart from that, Kuznets collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. From 1931 to 1934, at Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of

7995-413: The analysis of economic processes". An endowment "in perpetuity" from Sveriges Riksbank pays the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with the award and funds the monetary component of the award. In 2022, the monetary portion of the Prize in Economic Sciences was 10 million Swedish kronor , the same amount as the original Nobel Prizes. Since 2006, Sveriges Riksbank has given

8118-438: The annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm , on the anniversary of Nobel's death (December 10). The first prize in economics was awarded in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes". Three women have received the prize: Elinor Ostrom , who won in 2009, Esther Duflo , who won in 2019, and Claudia Goldin , who won in 2023. Goldin

8241-452: The building for a week until May 8, 2019, when "[a]t 5:50 a.m., at the request of Johns Hopkins University," Baltimore police surrounded the building and arrested "three community members, one undergraduate and one graduate student" who were occupying the building. In the wake of the May 2020 killing of George Floyd and the subsequent protests , a group of Hopkins faculty along with 2,500 Hopkins staff, students, and community members signed

8364-402: The business cycle. At the turn of the decade, the normal work in the institute was interrupted by the events of the Civil War ; reorganizations were undertaken by the Soviet authorities in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether Kuznets continued his studies at the institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of

8487-441: The ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the Baltimore Museum of Art , coalescing in the contemporary area of 140 acres (57 ha). Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland , a planter and signer of the Declaration of Independence , to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure,

8610-459: The city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University . On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw

8733-444: The countries. The general theory of economic growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations. He collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe,

8856-432: The decision to "pause for at least the next two years the implementation of the JHPD." Despite this announcement, the next summer Johns Hopkins announced the appointment of Dr. Branville Bard Jr. to the newly created position of vice president for public safety. The Community Safety and Strengthening Act requires the university to establish a civilian accountability board as well as a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with

8979-444: The development of the theoretical concept of national income. Kuznets achieved a high precision in calculations. His works allowed us to analyze the structure of the national income, and expose to detailed study a number of specific problems of the national economy. Improved methods for calculating the national income and related indicators have become classics and formed the basis of the modern system of national accounts. Having analyzed

9102-421: The distribution of income among different social groups, Kuznets put forward the hypothesis that in countries, which were on the early stages of economic development, income inequality increased first, but as far as national economy was growing, it tended to decrease. This assumption formed the basis of so-called " Kuznets curve " empirical conception. Kuznets helped the U.S. Department of Commerce to standardize

9225-499: The economic and social structure and process of development." Kuznets made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history . Kuznets pioneered the concept of gross domestic product , which seeks to capture all economic production in a state by a single measure. Simon Kuznets was born in 1901 in Pinsk , Russian Empire , in modern Belarus , to

9348-501: The emergence of quantitative economic history. Kuznets is credited with revolutionising econometrics , and this work is credited with fueling the so-called Keynesian revolution. Kuznets' views and scientific methodology were highly influenced by methodological settings received by him in Kharkiv and fully shared by Mitchell for the statistical, inductive construction of hypotheses in economics and its empirical testing. Kuznets treated

9471-412: The emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler , William Halsted , Howard Kelly , and William Welch . During this period the university further made history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelor's degree , based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett , who had endowed the school at Gilman's request. The school of medicine

9594-596: The finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House . Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are on this campus. Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus,

9717-422: The first successful blue baby operation in 1944. Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s. Hopkins's most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett , M. Carey Thomas , Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers. They donated and raised the funds needed to open

9840-629: The full financial need of all admitted students. The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes and includes ten main divisions across the university's campuses. The largest segment of this system is the Sheridan Libraries, encompassing the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (the main library of the Homewood campus ), the Brody Learning Commons, the Hutzler Reading Room ("The Hut") in Gilman Hall,

9963-598: The guidance of Wesley Clair Mitchell . He graduated with a B.S. in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. As his magister thesis, he defended his essay "Economic system of Dr. Schumpeter , presented and analyzed", written in Kharkiv . From 1925 to 1926, Kuznets spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Council . It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as

10086-449: The heart of Washington, D.C. , with plans to locate all of its Washington, D.C.-based graduate programs there. In an interview with The Atlantic , the president of Johns Hopkins stated that, "the purchase is an opportunity to position the university, literally, to better contribute its expertise to national- and international-policy discussions." In late 2019, the university's Coronavirus Research Center began tracking worldwide cases of

10209-414: The idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated. To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known researchers including the mathematician James Joseph Sylvester ; the biologist H. Newell Martin ; the physicist Henry A. Rowland , the first president of

10332-445: The income disparity between rich and poor people. In wealthier countries, economic growth narrowed the difference. By noting patterns of income inequality in developed and underdeveloped countries, he proposed that as countries experienced economic growth, the income inequality first increases and then decreases. The reasoning was that in order to experience growth, countries had to shift from agricultural to industrial sectors. While there

10455-516: The influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally." Nevertheless, Hayek accepted the award. According to Samuel Brittan of the Financial Times , both the former Swedish minister for finance , Kjell-Olof Feldt , and the former Swedish minister for commerce, Gunnar Myrdal , wanted the prize abolished, with "Myrdal rather less graciously want[ing]

10578-530: The interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore, delaying plans to site the university in Clifton. In the early 20th century, the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and 30 acres (12 ha) of the estate had to be sold to

10701-495: The largest of America's university presses. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the Center for Talented Youth program, a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to

10824-452: The largest private donation in modern history to an institution of higher education and bringing Bloomberg's total contribution to the school in excess of $ 3.3 billion. Bloomberg's $ 1.8 billion gift allows the school to practice need-blind admission and meet the full financial need of admitted students. In January 2019, the university announced an agreement to purchase the Newseum , located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, in

10947-516: The law, officer recruitment and training began in spring of 2024, with officers starting active duty in the summer of 2024. Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War . After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins's first African-American student, Kelly Miller , a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics. As time passed,

11070-465: The leading recipient of NASA research and development funding. In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $ 1 billion threshold on either list, recording $ 1.14 billion in total research and $ 1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $ 1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for

11193-604: The measurement of GNP . He disapproved, however, of its use as a general indication of welfare, writing that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income." Exploring the formation of the national income, Kuznets studied proportions between output and income, consumption and savings, etc. After analyzing the long-term data sets of economic conditions for 20 countries, Kuznets revealed long-term trends in capital / output ratios, shares of net capital formation, net investment, and so on. Collected and systematized data allowed exposing to empirical testing

11316-440: The medical school, and required Hopkins's officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students. Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president Ira Remsen in 1907. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882. The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change

11439-623: The moral and political climate in society, and their impact on the progress and results of economic growth. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Although not one of the five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel's will in 1895, it is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , and is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation. Winners of

11562-467: The national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations. The Johns Hopkins University Press , founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation. With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in

11685-528: The new university and he became the university's first president. Gilman, a Yale -educated scholar, had been serving as president of the University of California, Berkeley prior to this appointment. In preparation for the university's founding, Gilman visited University of Freiburg and other German universities. Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed

11808-545: The nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in interdisciplinary research and be active in undergraduate education . Directed by Vice Provost for Research Denis Wirtz , there are currently thirty two Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including three Nobel Laureates , eight fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , ten members of

11931-534: The nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the original Nobel Prizes. Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prize "in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will", which stipulate that

12054-419: The plan. In early March, it was revealed that "on January 9, 2019, nine senior administrators and one retired hospital CEO...contributed a total of $ 16,000" to then Baltimore Mayor Catherine Pugh 's re-election campaign, shortly after which a bill to institute a Johns Hopkins private police force was introduced into the Maryland General Assembly at "request [of] Baltimore City Administration." On April 8, 2019,

12177-535: The policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD. The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male. In 2020, the undergraduate population of Hopkins was 53% female. On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor Matthew Green posted

12300-604: The population, cross-country flows of goods, capital, labor and knowledge, the organization of industry and governmental regulation. Such changes, in his opinion, are essential for overall growth and, once started, shape, constrain or support the subsequent economic development of the country. Kuznets made a profound analysis of the impact on economic growth by demographic processes and characteristics. His major thesis, which argued that underdeveloped countries of today possess characteristics different from those that industrialized countries faced before they developed, helped put an end to

12423-464: The potential for increased production and the resources from which it would come, and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion. After the war, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. Kuznets cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale University,

12546-501: The presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, "build men, not buildings." In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , which would have generated most of

12669-473: The prize abolished because it had been given to such reactionaries as Hayek (and afterwards Milton Friedman )." Relatedly, it has been noted that several members of the awarding committee have been affiliated with the Mont Pelerin Society . Milton Friedman was awarded the 1976 prize in part for his work on monetarism . Awarding the prize to Friedman caused international protests. Friedman

12792-752: The prize be awarded annually to "those who ... shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". According to its official website, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel,

12915-457: The prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations cannot be disclosed publicly for 50 years. Like the Nobel laureates in physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , and literature , each laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at

13038-510: The rules governing the committee during 1994: The prize's scope was redefined as one of social sciences, and Prize Committee members were limited to serve for three years. The award's official Swedish name is Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne . The Nobel Foundation's translations of the Swedish name into English have varied since 1969: Johns Hopkins University The Johns Hopkins University (often abbreviated as Johns Hopkins , Hopkins , or JHU )

13161-501: The sentiment from the community, quoting a Johns Hopkins physician and professor who said "Hopkins engineers very closed and stage-managed town halls and does not execute any changes based on these town halls." The Baltimore Sun reported that the Coalition Against Policing by Hopkins planned to continue to obstruct the formation of JHPD, but that it must resort to "shutting down more university events," referring to

13284-549: The simplistic view that all countries went through the same "linear stages" in their history and launched the separate field of development economics – which now focused on the analysis of modern underdeveloped countries' distinct experiences. Among his several observations which sparked important theoretical research programs was the Kuznets curve , an inverted U-shaped relation between income inequality and economic growth (1955, 1963). In poor countries, economic growth increased

13407-466: The standard in the field. (He explicitly notes his work as an update of W. I. King's 1930 "The National income and Its Purchasing Power" in https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c4231/c4231.pdf , as well as the contribution of Lillian Epstein, Elizabeth Jenk, and Edna Ehrenberg, the first of which had also contributed to King's 1930 book.) Kuznets had success to solve numerous problems ranging from lack of sources of information and bias assessments, to

13530-404: The university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions. The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967. James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school. African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas was instrumental in developing and conducting

13653-559: The university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 1. There is also another binding Early Decision II application due January 3. Many students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round. These applications are due January 3 and students are notified in mid-March. The cost to apply to Hopkins is $ 70, though fee waivers are available. In 2014, Johns Hopkins ended legacy preference in admissions. Johns Hopkins practices need-blind admission and meets

13776-586: The university was the largest philanthropic gift in U.S. history up to that time. Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as Johns Hopkins's first president on February 22, 1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research. In 1900, Johns Hopkins became a founding member of the American Association of Universities . The university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures for over four consecutive decades ($ 3.18 billion as of fiscal year 2021). While its primary campus

13899-562: The university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower , a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the master of ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pitt burgh". The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany. Building on

14022-642: The way for Milton Friedman 's permanent income hypothesis , and several more modern alternatives such as the life-cycle hypothesis and the relative income hypothesis . By the end of the Second World War Kuznets moved into a new research area, related to the tie between changes in income and growth. He proposed a research program that involved extensive empirical studies on the four key elements of economic growth. The elements were demographic growth, growth of knowledge, in-country adaptation to growth factors, and external economic relations between

14145-429: The work of Moses Abramovitz [1912–1999]). In 1931, at Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts. In 1934, an assessment of the national income of the United States for the period 1929–1932 was given; further, it was extended to 1919–1938, and then, until 1869. Although Kuznets was not the first economist to try this, his work was so comprehensive and meticulous that it set

14268-803: The world. The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology. Johns Hopkins offers a number of degrees in various undergraduate majors leading to the BA and BS and various majors leading to the MA, MS and PhD for graduate students. Because Hopkins offers both undergraduate and graduate areas of study, many disciplines have multiple degrees available. Biomedical engineering , perhaps one of Hopkins's best-known programs, offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. The opportunity to participate in important research

14391-404: Was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed

14514-892: Was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet , and a controversial six-day trip he took to Chile during March 1975 (less than two years after the coup that ended with the suicide of its democratically elected President Salvador Allende ). Friedman himself answered that he never was an adviser to the dictatorship, but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation and met with officials, including Augusto Pinochet , in Chile. Four Nobel Prize laureates – George Wald , Linus Pauling , David Baltimore and Salvador Luria  – wrote letters in October 1976 to The New York Times protesting Friedman's award. The 2005 prize to Robert Aumann

14637-406: Was criticized by the European press for his alleged use of game theory to justify his stance against the dismantling of illegal Israeli settlements in occupied Palestine . Paul Krugman 's left-wing commentary has attracted both widespread praise and criticism. The 1994 prize to mathematician John Forbes Nash caused controversy within the selection committee. This resulted in a change to

14760-1011: Was elected as the President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the Econometric Society , the International Statistical Institute , the American Philosophical Society , the Royal Swedish Academy and a corresponding member of

14883-415: Was established in 1968 by an endowment "in perpetuity" from Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank , to commemorate the bank's 300th anniversary. Laureates in the Prize in Economic Sciences are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen and Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for

15006-403: Was little variation in the agricultural income, industrialization led to large differences in income. Additionally, as economies experienced growth, mass education provided greater opportunities which decreased the inequality and the lower income portion of the population gained political power to change governmental policies. He also discovered the patterns in savings-income behavior which launched

15129-498: Was the first woman to win the award solo. In February 1995, following acrimony within the selection committee pertaining to the awarding of the 1994 Prize in Economics to John Forbes Nash , the Prize in Economics was redefined as a prize in social sciences. This made it available to researchers in such topics as political science, psychology, and sociology. Moreover, the composition of the Economics Prize Committee changed to include two non-economists. This has not been confirmed by

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