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83-415: The name Kuyavia first appeared in written sources in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno ( Polish : Bulla Gnieźnieńska , Latin: Ex commisso nobis ) issued by Pope Innocent II , and was then mentioned in many documents from medieval times. It is also mentioned in the chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek . In the north, Kuyavia borders with the historic regions of Gdańsk Pomerania ( Pomerelia ) and Chełmno Land , in

166-585: A border zone. Under his reign, the placement of garrison and the main lines of commerce became permanent. The creation of Roman Dacia had a great effect on Pannonia. In Trajan's Dacian Wars , the Iazyges allied with the Romans, seeking to retain Oltenia where they were expelled by Decebalus. A brief confrontation in 107 was resolved Hadrian , then-governor of Pannonia Inferior and it may have been agreed that

249-591: A part of Pomeranian Voivodeship . In 1934 the Muzeum Nadgoplańskie in Kruszwica was built. It was opened in 1939, and it had valuable collection of ethnographical objects, inter alia: furniture and clothing. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, it was occupied by Nazi Germany . During the occupation , almost all of Kuyavia was annexed into

332-613: A praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius , it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian . Under Diocletian and his successors, a fourfold division of the country was made: Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and incorporated them in Noricum . In 324 AD, Constantine I enlarged

415-460: A result of which the military emphasis shifted to the Danube frontier. At the end of 85 or the beginning of 86, the reemerging Dacians under Decebalus raided Moesia , killing its governor and eradicating a legion. After a brief stay, Domitian left Cornelius Fuscus to deal with the situation. After clearing the province of raiders, Fuscus undertook a disastrous campaign and lost his life (86). Finally, in 88, Tettius Julianus defeated Decebalus and

498-401: A short time. Pannonia had sanctuaries for Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , official deities of empire, and also for old Celtic deities. In Aquincum there was one for the mother goddess. The imperial cult was also present. In addition, Judaism and eastern mystery cults also appeared, the latter centered around Mithra , Isis , Anubis and Serapis . Christianity began to spread inside

581-538: A third campaign over the Danube at about. This campaign was smaller, and its leader, Tigidius Perennis , achieved a victory. Another victorious expedition was conducted in 188. During the Year of the Five Emperors (193), no attack was made on Pannonia. According to Herodian , Septimius Severus ( r.  193–211 ) calmed the barbarian tribes via negotiations before marching off his troops to Italy and gaining

664-645: The Bull of Gniezno , was a papal bull issued on July 7, 1136 by Pope Innocent II . The bull split off the Bishopric of Gniezno from the Archbishop of Magdeburg . From a historical perspective, the bull is especially important as it contains the earliest written record of the Polish language . Slavic language scholar Aleksander Brückner called the document " złota bulla języka polskiego " ("the golden bull of

747-678: The Dagome iudex papal regesta. According to Andrzej Bańkowski, the Polans had moved into the region of Greater Poland after they had to leave together with the Morawianie, their former Pannonian territories, conquered by the Avars . According to some sources, during the war with the Goplans, the Polans were supported by a Great Moravian army. As a result of occupation of the Goplans' territory,

830-584: The Intelligenzaktion . Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region included Gniewkowo , Fordon , Otorowo , Buszkowo , Tryszczyn , Odolion and Borówno . The Germans also operated subcamps of the Potulice and Stutthof concentration camps in Bydgoszcz, and the large Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, British, French, Australian and Soviet POWs in southern Toruń . In 1945,

913-833: The Archdiocese of Gniezno . In the times of the Polish fragmentation upon the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty , Kuyavia at first became part of the Duchy of Masovia under Bolesław IV the Curly and his son Leszek ; it was claimed by the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just in 1186, contested by his elder brother Mieszko III the Old and his son Bolesław . Casimir's son Duke Konrad I of Masovia in 1233 created

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996-748: The Bastarnae (at the Danube Delta ) to break into Italy and subdue them on the way. Despite Philip's defeat at the hands of the Romans in 197 BC and the failure of the Bastarnae, in this time the Dardani's power crumbled under the pressure from the Macedonians and Scordisci. Finally, Perseus annihilated them, giving way to hundred years of Scordisci hegemony in the Balkans . During this time,

1079-731: The Bellum Batonianum , Tiberius finally defeated all peoples between the Danube and the Adriatic Sea. No Illyrian resistance is known after this, not due to the natives' compliance with the new status quo , but due to their extreme exhaustion. The eligible Pannonian youth were conscripted and commanded to other provinces. The communities taking part in the uprising were afterward relocated and organized into civitates under military supervision. The military occupation of Pannonia may have been carried out in gradual steps. The Romans felt it necessary to resettle certain tribes to

1162-647: The Drava River didn't participate in nor this, nor the subsequent fights. In 35 BC, Octavian led a campaign against the Iapydes and the Pannonians, in which he captured Siscia in a month-long siege and occupied a large part of the Sava River valley. This was in accordance with Caesar's plan of creating a base for an invasion of Dacia, not realized due to his assassination . However, Octavian only used

1245-518: The Flavian emperors continually moved them to the border. This way they were prevented from interfering in domestic policy , while the conquests were already pacified. Systematic circulation of money in the region situated north of the Drava shows that by this time Roman civilization had firmly taken root there. Domitian 's ( r.  81–96 ) emperorship saw expensive wars with the barbarians, as

1328-636: The Goths highly endangered Rome's clients, who wanted the Empire to give its lands to settlement and extend its protection over the tribes. Rome was unwilling to grant these requests. The Romans may not have been aware of the dangerous situation at the start of the Parthian war of Lucius Verus because they sent a whole legion and many vexillationes away from Pannonia. It is thanks to the diplomatic efforts made by regional governors that tensions were eased until

1411-655: The Greater Poland uprising of 1848 and January Uprising of 1863–1864. That division outlasted the 1871 unification of Germany until the end of World War I . Following World War I , Poland regained independence and control of the region. Within the Second Polish Republic , from 1918, the western part of Kuyavia belonged to Poznań Voivodeship , and the eastern part belonged to the Warsaw Voivodeship . In 1938 almost all Kuyavia became

1494-670: The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War was fought in the region on 10 October 1410, and ended in a Polish victory. As a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia took a considerable part of Inowrocław Voivodeship and the western part of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, and included it within its newly formed Netze District . After the Second Partition of 1793 the whole of Kuyavia

1577-768: The Rhine and another one under Tiberius crossing the Danube at Carnuntum . Before witnessing any result, Tiberius had to rush back in 6 AD and face a new uprising. The unfolding Bellum Batonianum lasted for three years. The Breuci (under Bato the Breucian ) and Daesitiates (under Bato the Daesitiate and Pinnes ) took the leading role, while the tribes north of the Drava stayed out again. The insurgents attempted to invade Italy and Macedonia , but due to their lack of success they united to besiege Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica , Serbia). There, Caecina Severus defeated

1660-642: The hoax of the "Dacian threat" as a pretense to gain control over a large amount of land in the Second Triumvirate . In 15 BC, the future-emperor Tiberius defeated the Scordisci, forcing them to become allies. This was in response to Pannonian and Scordisci incursions the previous year. The following events were part of the Roman Empire 's efforts to reach the Danube and are sometimes known thematically as Bellum Pannonicum . In 14 BC,

1743-565: The "Diocese of Cuiavia-Kalisz" from 1818 to 1925. The capital of this Duchy, and - from the late 14th century - the residences of the Voivode governors were Inowrocław , Brześć Kujawski , and Radziejów as the seat of the shared regional Sejmik council of the two voivodeships . Today, the biggest center of Kuyavia is Bydgoszcz . Also the southern part of Toruń (Podgórz) lies in the historical region. Some ethnographers and historians, for example Oskar Kolberg and Zygmunt Gloger , count

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1826-908: The 6th century. The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were: Now in Austria: Now in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Now in Croatia: Now in Hungary: Now in Serbia: Now in Slovakia: Now in Slovenia: The country was fairly productive, especially after

1909-613: The 7th century. In 790s, it was invaded by the Franks , who used the name "Pannonia" to designate the newly formed frontier province, the March of Pannonia . The term Pannonia was also used for Slavic polity like Lower Pannonia that was vassal to the Frankish Empire . Though through roman influence, a dialect of Latin now called Pannonian Latin developed in the region, the several major political shifts would see it extinct around

1992-601: The Barbaricum and the line of the limes was stabilized. The Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) passed with peace in Pannonia. Flavianus declared for Vespasian and led his legions to Italy against Vitellius . Vespasian ( r.  69 – 79 AD ) invested greatly in the construction of the limes . Discarding the Augustan strategy where the legions' role was with maintaining order in their provinces,

2075-643: The Breucian delivered Pinnes to the Romans, becoming a vassal king of his tribe. However, the revolt flared up once again as the Daesitiates captured and executed Bato the Breucian, and persuaded his people to continue the resistance. Silvanus reconquered them and ousted Bato the Daesitiate into the Dinaric Alps , where he laid down arms in 9 AD. Illyricum was divided into Dalmatia (initially called Illyricum Superius) and Pannonia (initially Illyricum Inferius) in 8 or 9 AD. According to Suetonius , with

2158-870: The Celts met with heavy resistance from the locals and were not able to overrun the southern part of Transdanubia. Some tribes advanced as far as Delphi , with the Scordisci settling in Syrmia (279 BC) upon being forced to withdraw. The arrival of the Celts in Transdanubia disrupted the flow of amber from the Baltic Sea region , through the Amber Road , to the Illyrians. They founded many villages. Those that held prominent economic significance developed into oppida . Independent tribes minted their own coins with

2241-785: The Danube. According to the Posidonius 's record of the Cimbri migration (preserved by Strabo), they were first repulsed by the Boii, then by the Scordisci, and then by the Taurisci towards the Helvetii . This describes the balance of power in the region. In the early 1st century BC, the Dacians emerged as a new dominant power. While their hold on the area between the Danube and the Tisza river

2324-524: The Danubian Germans again under Nerva ( r.  96–98 ). Between 103 and 107, Trajan ( r.  98–117 ) executed the division of the province into Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior . This allowed the Empire to better combat the radically different Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. While Superior had most urbanized areas and a shorter frontier with three legions, Inferior contained one municipium and one legion, virtually being

2407-639: The Duchy of Kuyavia for his second son Casimir I . When Casimir's elder brother Duke Bolesław I of Masovia died in 1248, he took the occasion and took Dobrzyń Land east of the Vistula River from the heritage of his younger brother Siemowit I . Upon Casimir's death 1267, the Duchy of Kuyavia was divided by his sons Leszek II the Black (d. 1288), Ziemomysł (d. 1287) and Władysław I the Elbow-high into

2490-622: The German occupation ended and the region was restored to Poland. In the years 1945-1975 Kuyavia was in the borders of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship . The Włocławek Voivodeship was created in 1975, and the western part of Kuyavia remained in the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. In 1999 almost the whole of Kuyavia was joined to the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Furthermore, small parts of the region were included in

2573-514: The Iazyges to make peace. In the same year, the land of the Danubian Germans was occupied by a force Cassius Dio claims to be 40,000 men—the number of soldiers stationed in Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior combined. Control over tribes was taken over by prefects. Valerius Maximianus , born in Pannonia, was an important general here. Any possible plans with the creation of two new provinces—Marcomannia and Sarmatia—were aborted after

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2656-771: The Kingdom of Prussia. While the Brześć Kujawski province (counties: Aleksandrów, Radziejów and Włocławek) remained with the Masovia Governorate of Congress Poland in Russian Empire, Inowrocław ( Hohensalza ) and Bydgoszcz ( Bromberg ) was incorporated into the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen . The Polish population resisted anti-Polish policies, which included forced Germanisation and Russification , and took part in several uprisings incl.

2739-456: The Kuyavians, had created a country with the main centers in Kruszwica on the northern shore of Lake Gopło . During the 10th century, their territory was conquered by another West Slavic tribe, the Polans settling in the adjacent Greater Polish land around Poznań and Gniezno and upon the death of Duke Mieszko I of Poland in 992, the Kuyavia lands were part of the early Duchy of Poland , mentioned as Civitas Schinesghe as circumscribed in

2822-419: The Pannonians rose up. Vipsanius Agrippa was sent to the region after another rebellion in 13 BC. After his death the following year, the campaign was taken over by Tiberius, who celebrated his triumph in 11 BC. The province of Illyricum was established between the Sava and the Adriatic Sea . In 10 BC, Tiberius returned to quell a new uprising of the Pannonians and Dalmatae. After winning in 9 BC, he sold

2905-453: The Polish language"). The election of Pope Innocent II in 1130 prompted a schism in the Roman Catholic Church . The Polish church supported the appointment of the Antipope Anacletus II , while Saint Norbert of Xanten , Archbishop of Magdeburg , remained faithful to Innocent. In Norbert's last years, he was chancellor and adviser to Lothair II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and persuaded him to lead an army to Rome to restore Innocent to

2988-401: The Romans as early as 156 BC and 119 BC. In both wars, the Romans failed to take Siscia (now Sisak , Croatia), which laid in a key position. After these setbacks, Rome instead turned towards Noricum which had both iron and silver mines. As part of a new Celtic migration wave at the end of the 2nd century BC, the Boii left Northern Italy and established themselves as an important power at

3071-452: The Sarmatians "from access to the Danube", says Florus . Locally more important was the offensive of Marcus Vinicius against the tribes east of the Danube Bend , showing an intent of "monopolizing" the Northern Transdanubian region politically. The last decade of the century saw the Marcomanni under their king Maroboduus —settling north of Pannonia. Augustus planned a two-sided attack on them, with one army approaching their territory from

3154-412: The ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Slavery held a less important role in Pannonia's economy than in earlier established provinces. Rich civilians had domestic slaves do the housework while soldiers who had been awarded with land had their slaves cultivate it. Slaves worked in workshops primarily in western cities for rich industrialist. In Aquincum, they were freed in

3237-411: The borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the limes that he created: the Devil's Dykes . In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia . It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as

3320-539: The borders of the Masovian Voivodeship (regions between the border of the province and Skrwa Lewa River) and Greater Poland Voivodeship ( Przedecz , Wierzbinek ). The most successful and popular sports clubs in the region include motorcycle speedway team Polonia Bydgoszcz , basketball teams Anwil Włocławek , Astoria Bydgoszcz (men) and Basket 25 Bydgoszcz (women) and volleyball teams Chemik Bydgoszcz (men) and Pałac Bydgoszcz (women). Bull of Gniezno Ex commisso nobis , more commonly known as

3403-411: The boundaries of lIIyricum to the bank of the Danube. Pannonia was invaded by the Dacians in 10 BC. The Romans launched campaigns through the Danube in order to secure it as the imperial border and defend the threatened new land. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 's (consul 16 BC) operation in 1 AD extended as far as the Elbe. In 10 AD, Cornelius Lentulus Augur was able to debar not just the Dacians, but also

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3486-505: The bull, along with numerous other artefacts, were moved west towards Germany . The Nazis were intercepted by the Soviet Red Army , however, and the bull was taken to Moscow . The document remained in the Russian capital for fifty years before being returned to Gniezno. Upon the document's return, the National Library of Poland performed a series of tests on the bull under the authority of Professor Andrzej Wyczański . The scientists discovered that when viewed under ultraviolet light ,

3569-432: The dangerous Dacians. At first, the primary goal of the Roman administration was the conclusion of the barbarian conflicts outside the province. In Nero 's time ( r.  54 – 68 AD ) as many as 100,000 barbarians were moved from Pannonia to Moesia by Plautius Silvanus Aelianus , and 50,000 may have been settled in Pannonia by Tampius Flavianus . During his important governorship, money began to circulate in

3652-509: The death of Casimir's son Władysław the White in 1388, the Kuyavian line of the Piast dynasty became extinct. After the reunification of Polish lands in the 14th century, the division into provinces and counties was introduced. That division finalized in the 15th century, existed until the dissolution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. Kuyavia was divided into the two administrative divisions of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship and Inowrocław Voivodeship . The Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship

3735-417: The death of Marcus in 180. Commodus returned to the old border and client system, to which new residents were seemingly willing to join. As the barbarians pillaged during the war, taking cattle and captives away en masse, the destruction and loss of life in Pannonia was huge. Commodus vigorously started to strengthen the limes with new fortifications. Minor raids on the province continued to occur, prompting

3818-415: The death of governor of Moesia Superior and Dacia Claudius Fronto and praetorian prefect Macrinius Vindex . Claudius Pompeianus and future-emperor Pertinax returned part of the spoils taken by the enemy and led the offensive starting from 172. Against severe losses, the Romans forced first the Quadi, then the Marcomanni to surrender (172-173), while the military emphasis shifted to the Iazyges. Despite

3901-406: The disloyal Danubian Germans. When the Romans started supporting the Lugii against them, they made a pact with the Iazyges. This produced another war, almost completely unknown except for another catastrophe and destruction of a legion at the hands of the nomads. In 92 or 93, he finished the war, but held only an ovation , indicating he probably had further plans in Pannonia. We hear of war with

3984-446: The dispatched forces could get back. When the threat became fully clear, Marcus even raised new legions. The first attack came in the winter of 166-167, from the Lombards and Ubii , between Brigetio and Arrabona . It was quickly repulsed by two auxiliary units. Cassius Dio tells of a legation of 11 tribes led by the Marcomanni subsequently petitioning the governor of Pannonia Superior, Iallius Bassus to concede. This may have been

4067-426: The document showed traces of different washed-out text. Due to the lack of adequate testing facilities, the library abandoned further research efforts, which have not been resumed since. Pannonia Pannonia ( / p ə ˈ n oʊ n i ə / , Latin: [panˈnɔnia] ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube , on the west by Noricum and upper Italy , and on

4150-399: The ending of a new campaign but the reestablishment of foederatus relationship by the investiture of a new Quadi king. Discharges and detachments of troops happened. Findings of hoards of coins likely buried during the rule of Marcus Aurelius ( r.  161–180 ) evidence turmoil due to barbarian attacks. Large-scale population movements in Northern and Eastern Europe related to

4233-417: The faces of their leaders. These were at first modelled on Macedonian and, later, Roman currency . Upon the Scordisci's withdrawal and settlement, they and the Dardani (in Dardania ) both became strong powers opposing each other. The Dardani consistently raided Macedon and developed close ties to Rome. Philip V , who was a vehement enemy of the Dardani, allied with the Scordisci and in 179 BC persuaded

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4316-409: The glacial formations there are layers of rock-salt and potassium, and under Tertiary Period sediments there is lignite and ceramic clay. In Kuyavia there are black fertile soils, thanks to which Kuyavia is called "the granary of Poland". The episcopal see of Kuyavia was probably Kruszwica , and later Włocławek (after the episcopal see in the early 12th century): the Diocese of Włocławek became

4399-409: The great forests had been cleared by Probus and Galerius . Before that time, timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and barley , from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of beer named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by

4482-442: The independence of the Polish episcopate, Bolesław III Wrymouth , Duke of Poland , declared himself a vassal of Emperor Lothair and agreed to pay tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. On July 7, 1136, Pope Innocent upheld the independence of the Polish church from the Archdiocese of Magdeburg in a papal bull entitled Ex commisso nobis. During World War II , the archdiocesan archives in Gniezno were plundered by Nazi Germany , and

4565-429: The insurgents, who retreated into the Fruška gora Mountains . He annihilated them the following year when they tried to intercept him on his way to join Tiberius at Siscia. Tiberius competently initiated a scorched-earth policy which was unsatisfactory for Augustus, who sent more generals, including Germanicus and Plautius Silvanus (consul 2 BC) to the war theatre . A capitulation was forced out in 8 AD, and Bato

4648-436: The lands of Dobrzyń and Chełmno north-east of the Vistula as parts of the Kuyavia region. The Linear Pottery culture existed in the area. The earliest solid evidence of cheese -making, dating to 5,500 BC , was found in Kuyavia. The beginnings of the state in Kuyavia are connected with the tribal state of the West Slavic Goplans . The Goplans, which some researchers identify with the Mazowszanie-Kłobianie or simply with

4731-419: The lands of Kuyavia were under the strong influence of the Pannonian culture and they lost their primary Masovian spirit. When the name Cuiavia arose for the first time in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno, it referred to the lands east of Greater Poland around Kruszwica and Włocławek, bordering with the Vistula river. The bull confirmed the position of the Bishopric of Kuyavia at Włocławek as a suffragan diocese of

4814-437: The last attempt at making peace, as next, a barbarian coalition formed to fight Rome. In 168, Marcus and Verus returned to Aquileia and set up their base there. The Marcomanni and Quadi broke through the border and the Alps' crosses, besieging the city and burning the small town of Opitergium . The peak of the Antonine Plague in the peninsula was at this time, causing Verus's death. The next years' heavy fighting resulted in

4897-442: The last years of Hadrian's reign, which his adopted son and joint governor of the Pannonian provinces, Aelius Caesar successfully handled until he died in 138. Command of Pannonia Superior was taken over by Haterius Nepos , who ended the war with a Roman victory, becoming the last person to be awarded with ornamenta triumphalia . Under Antoninus Pius 's ( r.  138–161 ) quiet reign, some coins were issued propagating not

4980-405: The local limes . Systematic integration into the Empire accompanied by the establishment of settled Roman life progressed subsequently. In 50 AD, Vannius was overthrown by Vangio and Sido , who enjoyed the emperor's support. By this date, the nomadic Sarmatian population of the Iazyges had taken possession of the Danube–Tisza Interfluve , helping the Romans by being a buffer state against

5063-408: The newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland , except the northwestern part with the city of Bydgoszcz that was annexed to the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . The Polish population was subjected to various crimes , such as mass arrests, imprisonment, slave labor , expulsions , kidnapping of children , deportations to Nazi concentration camps and extermination, incl.

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5146-432: The nomads would instead take possession of the region between the Tisza and the Apuseni Mountains , not incorporated into the new province. However, taking advantage of Trajan's death and the preoccupation of the Empire with the Parthian war , they joined forces with the relative Roxolani and attacked again in 117, to which Dacia's governor, Julius Quadratus Bassus fell victim. Hadrian ( r.  117–138 ) traveled to

5229-430: The north (64 BC), the territory he was to cross is noted to have belonged to the Pannonians. Immediately after Burebista's death ( c.  44 BC ), Dacia 's kingdom dissolved too, leaving no entity in the region that Rome would make allowances for. The Pannonians were driven into conflict due to their support of the Dalmatae in their strife against Rome, but weren't long-term and known enemies. The tribes north of

5312-407: The papacy in 1133. Following Norbert's death, Lothair pressured Innocent to issue an order rejecting the independence and authority of the Archbishop of Gniezno , and affirming the Archbishop of Magdeburg's authority over the Archdiocese of Gniezno and, by default, the entirety of the Polish church. As a result, the Polish prelates swore fealty to the Antipope. In August 1135, in exchange for

5395-453: The province as foederati . The Eastern Roman Empire controlled southern parts of Pannonia in the 6th century, during the reign of Justinian I . The Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia. Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, and the Slavs , who first may settled c. 480s but became independent only from

5478-409: The province benefited from many constructions. The road network was fully repaired, civilian and military buildings were inaugurated, military camps were improved and cities were protected with walls thus increasing their rank. Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under

5561-453: The provinces of Dalmatia , Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense. In the 4th century, the Romans (especially under Valentinian I ) fortified the villas and relocated barbarians to the border regions. In 358 they won a great victory over the Sarmatians , but raids didn't stop. In 401 the Visigoths fled to the province from the Huns , and the border guarding peoples fled to Italia from them, but were beaten by Uldin in exchange for

5644-424: The sides agreed to make peace. Vangio and Sido were most likely dead by now, the Marcomanni and Quadi denied vassal duties. When the emperor's punitive expedition (partially sent through Dacian territory) was repelled in 89, he—despite the damages suffered—settled for mild terms with Decebalus, instead committing his forces elsewhere. In the same year, he held his triumphs over the Dacians and Chatti , but not over

5727-466: The southward by Dalmatia and upper Moesia . It included the modern regions western Hungary , western Slovakia , eastern Austria , northern Croatia , north-western Serbia , northern Slovenia , and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the Early Iron Age , Transdanubia was inhabited by the Pannonians or Pannonii, a collection of Illyrian tribes. The Celts invaded in the Late Iron Age and Gallo-Roman historian Pompeius Trogus writes that

5810-411: The spot and invested Marcius Turbo as governor of both Dacia and Pannonia Inferior to defeat the barbarians. The Roxolani were pacified first. Turbo's authorization was over in 119 as Iazyx peace envoys appeared in Rome. The postal connection between the two provinces through the Danube–Tisza Interfluve—which aggravated relations with the Sarmatians—was completed. War with the Quadi broke out again in

5893-493: The territory of the peoples north of the Drava, which, for them, had no economic, but strategic significance. Augustus formed a kind of alliance where the Romans would act as supervisors, and it was not until his death (14 AD) that legions would be moved over from South Pannonia. The second emperor Tiberius ( r.  17 – 37 AD ) founded multiple coloniae in the province and developed its road network. However, due to these land's unsuitability for cultivation, it

5976-508: The throne. In the coming years, the arrival of foreign groups led to new conflicts, but these were centered on Dacia and Pannonia only experienced collateral effects. The Severans' rule was supported by the Pannonian military and other provinces of the collective "Illyricum" region, which became politically important. In 202, a thorough visit to Pannonia by the imperial house was organized. Partly during this tour and throughout Severus' reign,

6059-755: The transferring of Eastern Pannonia. In 433 Rome completely handed over the territory to Attila for the subjugation of the Burgundians attacking Gaul . During the Migration Period in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia were ceded to the Huns in 433 by Flavius Aetius , the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire . After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor Marcian in

6142-584: The tribe started raiding the new province of Macedonia , and — Strabo says— expanded as far as Paeonia , Illyria and Thrace . Aquileia 's foundation in 181 BC was the first step towards the Roman takeover of Pannonia. The town functioned as the starting station of the Amber Road and the starting point of attacks in that direction. The Scordisci, in alliance with the Dalmatae were in armed conflict with

6225-662: The two separate duchies of Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski. In 1306 Ziemomysł's son Casimir II swore allegiance to his uncle Władysław I, who began to re-unite the Lands of the Polish Crown under his rule. The duchy was devastated during the Polish–Teutonic War of 1326–32, culminating in the 1331 Battle of Płowce , but was finally restored to Poland by the Teutonic Knights in the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz . With

6308-571: The upper Noteć River. The borders also enclose Brdowski Lake , Przedecz and Lubień Kujawski through the Skrwa Lewa, ending at the Vistula River . The Kuyavian lowlands have an average elevation of 100–130 meters above sea level. It is post-glacial landscape, slightly undulating, in some places there are moraine hills and sandy gravel embankments. In deep dykes and depressions there are approximately 600 lakes larger than 1 km. Under

6391-611: The west with proper (exact) Greater Poland , in the south with Łęczyca Land and in the east with Masovia and Dobrzyń Land . The borders of Kuyavia stretch out on the left bank of Vistula River: from the mouth of Skrwa Lewa in the south-east, almost to the mouth of the Wda River to the north. The borders of Kuyavia spread out to the west from Koronowo and Nakło to the Noteć River where they turn south-west, cross Trląg Lake , and on to Strzelneński Forest, reaching Skulski Lake and

6474-552: The winter incursion of the Iazyges was crushed (173-174), the Quadi overthrew their Roman-installed king and started to support the nomads. While the two nations tried to negotiate, Marcus eventually defeated both of them in separate campaigns. The second phase of the war started in 177. The attacking barbarians were kept in check, with Marcus and his son, the newly acclaimed Commodus ( r.  177–192 ) coming to Pannonia. A decisive campaign by Tarrutenius Paternus in 179 convinced

6557-585: The youth of the Breuci and Amantini as slaves in Italy and held an ovation . His operations between 12 and 9 BC included constant expeditions into territories north of the Drava and almost certainly brought the whole Transdanubia under Roman control even though there's no direct evidence to that. Through Tiberius Nero, then my stepson and legate, I brought under Roman authority Pannonian peoples which no Roman army had approached before I became princeps and advanced

6640-474: Was a hard task to persuade veterans to comply with settling there, and he had to silence a mutiny right when assuming power. He sent his son Drusus Julius Caesar to create tranquility and depose Maroboduus, who needed Roman support for his war against Arminius . This ultimately caused the rise of Vannius (20 AD), who ruled over an extended realm. It was Claudius ( r.  41 – 54 AD ) who finished Pannonia's occupation and began to construct of

6723-591: Was further divided into five powiats (counties): Brześć, Kowal , Kruszwica , Przedecz and Radziejów , while the Inowrocław Voivodeship was divided into the Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław powiats and Dobrzyń Land east of the Vistula. Both voivodeships formed part of the larger Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Battle of Koronowo of

6806-648: Was loose, they had considerable influence in the territories beyond. In 88 BC, Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC) defeated the Scordisci so badly that they retreated to the eastern part of Syrmia. Taking advantage of this situation, the Dacian king Burebista vanquished them sometime between 65 and 50 BC, and subsequently the Boii and the Taurisci too. Thanks to the ebb of these entities, several local tribes regained their independence and influence. In context of Mithridates VI Eupator 's unfulfilled plan to invade Italy from

6889-713: Was taken by Prussia and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia . Upon the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit , it was part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and administered within the Bydgoszcz Department . In 1815 under the provisions of the Congress of Vienna , Kuyavia was divided between the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland remaining in a personal union with the Russian Empire , from 1831 direct part of Russian Empire) and

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