Misplaced Pages

#137862

47-648: According to the 1926 census, 6,335 Kumandins lived within the territory of Russia. In the 2010 census, the number was only 2,892, but possibly the 1926 census included some related peoples. Some Kumandins, living on the banks of the Biya River , from the Kuu River downstream, almost to the city of Biysk , and along the lower course of the Katun River , by 1969 were conflated with the Russians population. In

94-571: A millenarian indigenist religious movement called Ak-Jang or Burkhanism arose among these people. Prior to 1917, the Altai were considered to be made up of many different ethnic groups. With the rise of the 1917 Russian revolution , Altai nationalists and Socialist-Revolutionaries attempted to make a separate Burkhanist republic called the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region), although only as part of

141-499: A genetic separation of the northern and southern Altaians is undeniable. The southern Altaians are dominated by such variants of the Y chromosome haplogroup as Q-M242 and R1a , and there are also I-M170 and O-M175 . Within the northern Altaians, the R1a haplogroup is dominant, Q-M242 is rarely found, and I-M170 and O-M175 are not found at all. Mitochondrial DNA The maternal genetic ancestry of northern and southern Altaian populations

188-472: A greater variety of West Eurasian haplogroups at low frequencies. Shors, who have sometimes been categorized as northern Altaians,18 exhibited a similar haplogroup profile to other northern Altaian ethnic groups, including moderate frequencies of C, D, and F1, although they lacked others (N9a and U). Haplogroups C and D were the most frequent mtDNA lineages in the Altaians, consistent with the overall picture of

235-600: A result of the fusion of Turkic tribes with Samoyeds , Kets , and other indigenous Siberian ethnic groups. The Altaians were annexed by the Four Oirat of Western Mongols in the 16th century. The Mongols called them " Telengid " or " Telengid aimag " in the period of the Northern Yuan dynasty , with the region known as Telengid Province. After the fall of the Zunghar Khanate in the 18th century,

282-720: Is a river in the Altai Republic and Altai Krai in Russia . At its confluence with the Katun , downstream of the city Biysk , the Ob is formed. The Biya is 301 km long; the area of its drainage basin is 37,000 km . It flows out of the Lake Teletskoye . The river freezes up in mid-November to early December (some parts of the river freeze over on a year-to-year basis). It breaks up in early or mid-April. The Biya

329-515: Is attributed to the Kumandy's mountain spirits). The memory about breeding and milking reindeer belongs to some remote historical ancestors of a part of Kumandy; they can be explained by participation in the Kumandy ethnogenesis of the southern Nenets tribes, who cultivated riding deer, typically used not only for transport but also for food and dress. Genetically, the Kumandins are different from

376-593: Is navigable on its entire length. The maximum depth of river is 28 feet (8.5 m). This Altai Krai location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Altai Republic location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Siberia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Altai people The Altai people ( Altay : Алтай-кижи , romanized:  Altay-kiji , pronounced [ɑltɑj-kidʒi] ), also

423-543: Is rich with mythology and supernatural beings . Popular deities included Erlik , the god of the underworld, and Oyrot-Khan, a heroic figure who is a composite blend taken from historical Zungarian (Oirat) Khans and ancient legendary heroes. However, with many migrations, settlement changes, and the presence of Russians and their eventual union with the Russian Empire , the Altaians encountered three world religions: Buddhism , Christianity , and Islam . At first,

470-531: The Altaians ( Altay : Алтайлар , romanized:  Altaylar , pronounced [ɑltɑjlɑr] ), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic , Russia . Several thousand of the Altaians also live in Mongolia ( Altai Mountains ) and China ( Altay Prefecture , Xinjiang ) but are not officially recognized as a distinct group and listed under

517-552: The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia and studied at Buddhist centers of learning before and after the rise of the Burkhanist movement in the early 20th century; indicating a significant Buddhist influence on the new religion. Around 1904, the development of Burkhanism among the Altaians was underway. Burkhanism is a monotheistic religion named after Ak-Burkhan, a deity who is believed and recognized by its adherents to have been

SECTION 10

#1732775857138

564-611: The Cumans ), taiga hunters ( Chuvash ), deer pastoralists ( Nenets ), and fishers ( Tatars ). [The] Kumans belonged to the Kuman-Kipchak confederation (Polevetses of the Rus annals, Comans of Byzantine sources, Folban of German annals) [and] during the period from the end of the 800s to 1230s CE spread their political influence in the broad steppes from Altai to Crimea and Danube . Irtysh with its adjoining steppes (at least below

611-638: The Oyrot Autonomous Oblast ). The name was inherited from their being former subjects of the 17th-century Oirat -led Dzungar Khanate . The Altai report that many of them became addicted to the Russians' vodka , which they called "fire water". With regard to religion, some of the Altai remained shamanists and others (in a trend beginning in the mid-19th century) have converted to the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1904,

658-831: The indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East . However, in the 2010 Russian Census , the only recognized distinct ethnic groups are the Kumandins and Teleuts. The Altai region came within the sphere of influence of the Scythians , Xiongnu , the Rouran Khaganate , the Turkic Khanganate , the Uyghur Empire , and the Yenisei Kyrgyz . According to one study in 2016,

705-542: The taiga (boreal forests). However, some Altaians also engaged in small scale agriculture , gathering , and fishing . Most of the Southern Altaians traditionally lived in yurts . Many Northern Altaians mainly built polygonal yurts with conic roofs made out of logs and bark. Some Altai-Kizhi also lived in mud huts with birch bark gable roofs and log or plank walling. The Teleuts and a few Northern Altaians lived in conic homes made out of perches or bark. With

752-584: The Altai people. At present, shamanism is practiced by many Telengits, although there is a large amount that also profess Orthodox Christianity. Burkhanism is the main religion of the Altai-Kizhi, the largest group of Altaians, but there is a significant number of Orthodox Christians. The majority of Kumandins, Tubalars, Teleuts, and Chelkans are Russian Orthodox, although there is a significant minority that practice shamanism. A few Altaians are Evangelical Christians and Tibetan Buddhists . In principle,

799-481: The Altai region, which is especially popular among Altaian youth. According to recent statistical studies, up to 70% or 86 % (data of the Research State Institute of Altaic Studies) of the Altaians continue to profess the "Altai Faith": Burkhanism, shamanism, and other native religions . According to Natalia Zhukovskaia , traditional Altai shamanism is the supreme religion of the majority of

846-570: The Altai was driven by their unwillingness to pay yasak (financial tribute) to the Russian sovereign. N. Aristov linked the Kumandins – and the Chelkans – to the ancient Turks, "who in the 6th-8th CC AD created in Central Asia a powerful nomadic state, which received ... the name Turkic Kaganate ". Potapov regarded the Kumandins as being related anthropologically to the peoples of

893-501: The Altaians were indifferent and at times even hostile to these foreign faiths and their expansion in the region (modern Altai Republic ). In 1829, a Russian Orthodox mission was founded in the region soon after it became a protectorate of the Russian Empire . The mission and its missionaries were initially culturally sensitive and tolerant to the Altaians and their customs. However, the rise of Russian nationalism during

940-604: The Altaians were subjugated by the Qing dynasty , which referred to them as Altan Nuur Uriyangkhai . Altaians are genetically related to the Uriyangkhai , which is a common neighbouring Oirat Mongol ethnic group in Mongolia . The Altai people came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. In the Tsarist period , the Altai were also known as Oirot or Oyrot (this name means " Oirat " and would later be carried on for

987-603: The Altaians, precisely some Southern Altaians, assimilated local Yeniseian people which were closely related to the Paleo-Eskimo groups. From the 13th to 18th century, the Altai people were dominated politically and culturally by the Mongols . The origin of the Southern Altaians can be traced during this period from the result of the mixing of Kipchak and Mongol tribes. Meanwhile, the Northern Altaians were

SECTION 20

#1732775857138

1034-798: The Association of Northern Ethnoses of Altai. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 69,963 Altaians who resided within the Altai Republic. This represented 34.5% of the total population of the republic, compared with 56.6% with a Russian background, Altaian families are the majority only in certain villages. However, Altaian culture is still the local culture between people and communities. The Southern Altaians were mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock holders. They raised horses , goats , sheep , and cattle . The Northern Altaians mainly engaged in hunting as their primary form of subsistence. Their main prey were animals from

1081-460: The Kumandins included polygonal yurts made out of bark or log and topped with a conic bark roof. Other types of dwellings also included conic yurts made out of bark or perches. Traditional Kumandin dress included short breeches, linen shirts, and single-breasted robes. Most modern Kumandins are Orthodox Christians , but shamanism and Burkhanism is also practiced by some. Biya River The Biya ( Russian : Би́я ; Altay : Бий , Biy )

1128-488: The Kumandins themselves, no one in Altai has found it in any quantity. By genetic research suggesting that most Kumandin males belong to Y-DNA haplogroups that are generally found in populations further to the west, such as R1b (although the Kumandins belong to R1b-M73 rather than R1b-M269, the latter being the subclade to which a majority of Europeans belong) and N-P43 have remarked that, in fact, Chelkans and Kumandins have N-P43 Y chromosomes very similar to ones found in

1175-870: The Russian Federation. They also hoped to extend its territory to form a larger Oyrot republic that would include other former subjects of the Dzungar Khanate or even all Turkic peoples of Siberia. Many Altai leaders supported the Mensheviks during the Civil War . After the Bolshevik victory, a separate Oyrot Autonomous Oblast was established as a national home for the Altais. In the 1940s, during World War II, Joseph Stalin 's government accused Altai nationalists of being pro-Japanese . After

1222-778: The Soviet years and until 2000, the authorities considered the Kumandins to be part of the Altai people . Currently, according to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 255 dated March 24, 2000 , as well as the Russian Census (2002) , they are recognized as a separate ethnic group within indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East . For ethnic rights protection

1269-656: The Ugric-speaking Khanty). However, a majority of mitochondrial DNA lines belonged to the North East Asian haplogroups C or D with also a large minority of west Eurasian lineages such as U5a1 (5/52), H8 (3/52), U4b1b (2/52), X2e (2/52), and T1a (1/52). The Kumandins were originally hunters and animals living in the taiga were vital to the local subsistence economy. Around the 19th century, Kumandins took up picking cedar nuts as an additional economic activity. The traditional dwellings of

1316-593: The Urals, and suggested that they were less East Asian than the Altaians proper. This subjective impression has been borne out to an extent by genetic research (see below). Six seoks have been identified: An ancient Turkic legend recorded in the Chinese annal ( Book of Zhou 周書, 636 CE) mentions the origin of the Göktürks' ancestors from a possession or state named Suǒ (索國; MC : * sak̚-kwək̚ ), located "north of

1363-475: The Xiongnu country" (which, in this case, apparently meant Mongolia). The name of the seok Ton is explained as an ethnonym that reflects their economic specialization, as a word meaning "deer" and "reindeer breeder". Potapov (1969) , pp. 60, 61 The remote ancestors of this Kumandy seok Ton were reindeer breeders, reflected in Kumandy hunting legends and fairy tales, for example about milking deer (which

1410-683: The basis of tribes of Kimek - Kipchaks . In the Soviet Union until 1991 and the Russian Federation until 2000, the authorities considered the Northern Altaians and the Teleuts to be part of the Altai people. Currently, according to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 255 dated March 24, 2000 , the Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, and Tubalars were recognized as separate ethnic groups as well as

1457-403: The chaos. This was believed to have occurred because ancient religious beliefs could be easily orally transmitted from generation to another. It's also likely that no Burkhanist texts survived the repression and main sources for the beliefs of the religion come from Russian missionaries, travellers, and scholars. Recently, both Burkhanism and traditional Altai shamanism have seen a revival in

Kumandins - Misplaced Pages Continue

1504-483: The division into the Burkhanists and shamanists has ceased to be relevant for the contemporary religiosity of the Altaians. According to a number of studies, by the beginning of the 21st century, there were practically no traditional shamans or classical Burkhanists anti-shamanists. The main one was the single " Altai Faith " ( Altay : Алтай јаҥ , romanized:  Altai jang )—a traditional ethnic religion in

1551-441: The fact that most Altaians today wear modern clothes, traditional wear still remains in use. Altai cuisine consists of soups of horseflesh or mutton . Dishes with gopher , badger , marmot , fermented milk , cream (from boiled milk), blood pudding, butter, fried barley flour, and certain vegetables are also staples of Altai cuisine. Popular drinks include aryki (hard liquor made from kumis ). Traditional Altai shamanism

1598-436: The faith among the Altaians during the 19th century. The Buddhist missionaries also encouraged the Altaians to unite together against the Russians. However, their activities and preaching were suppressed both by the Russian state and Orthodox Christian missionaries. Buddhism made little headway among the Altaians but many Buddhist ideas and principles filtered into Altai spiritual beliefs. However, some Altaians reportedly visited

1645-604: The form of a synthesis of Burkhanism with the remnants of Altai shamanism, Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhism , and other tribal beliefs and customs. Y Chromosome Altai population can be divided into northern and southern clusters based on linguistics, culture, and genetics. According to a 2012 study that analyzed mtDNA (by PCR - RFLP analysis and control region sequencing) and nonrecombinant Y-DNA (by scoring more than 100 biallelic markers and 17 Y-STRs ) obtained from Altaian samples, northern Altaians are genetically more similar to Yeniseian , Ugric , and Samoyeds to

1692-405: The influx of Russians near the homeland of the Altaians, there was an increase of the construction of large huts with two to four slope roofs in consequence of Russian influence. Despite the many social and political changes the Altaians have endured, many modern and settled families still keep a yurt in their yards. These yurts are usually used as a summertime kitchen or extra room. Historically,

1739-545: The lake Zaisan ) was in the sphere of that confederation. Members of the confederation undoubtedly also were the ancestors of the present Kumandy and Teleuts, which is evidenced by their language that like the language of the Tobol-Irtysh and Baraba Tatars belongs to the Kypchak group . By the 17th century, the Kumandins lived along the river Charysh , near its confluence with the river Ob . A subsequent relocation to

1786-824: The late 19th century caused the Russification of Orthodox Christianity in the country, and the mostly Russian clergy in Siberia also took up the ideology. This created intolerant views of the natives of Siberia (including the Altaians) and of their culture. This led to the rejection of Christianity by many Altaians, who saw it as a foreign Russian religion. However, Russian rule continued to grow increasingly strict both politically and religiously. Russian Orthodox missionaries regularly confiscated land from Altaians who refused to convert to Christianity. Altaians were often forcefully converted to Christianity. Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhist missionaries attempted to spread

1833-467: The name "Oirats" as a part of the Mongols , as well as in Kazakhstan where they number around 200. For alternative ethnonyms see also Tele , Black Tatar , and Oirats . During the Northern Yuan dynasty , they were ruled in the administrative area known as Telengid Province. The Altaians are represented by two ethnographic groups: The Northern and Southern Altaians formed in the Altai area on

1880-414: The neighboring Altai people , into which they were tried to be included in the Soviet years. They are genetically isolated not only from the southern, but also from the northern Altaians. This is evidenced by the complete absence of the variants of the Y chromosome haplogroups —R1a and Q—which are absolutely dominant in Altai. At the same time, the haplogroup R1b is widespread within them, and except for

1927-532: The north, while southern Altaians having greater affinities to other Turkic speaking populations of southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same study conducted a high-resolution analysis of Y chromosome Haplogroup Q-M242 that was found in Altaian samples and concluded that southern Altaians and indigenous peoples of the Americas share a recent common ancestor . According to a new study by Russian geneticists,

Kumandins - Misplaced Pages Continue

1974-587: The sole god. Burkhanism was opposed to both the Russians and the traditional Altai shamans. The hostility towards the shamans was so great that the shamans had to seek protection from Russian authorities. The rise of the Bolsheviks in the first quarter of the 20th century also led to the brutal repression of all religions , which included the indigenous faiths of the Altai people. For the next few decades, public expressions of religion severely declined with only shamanistic and ancient polytheistic beliefs surviving

2021-596: The total population from 50% to 20%. In 1990, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast was declared an autonomous republic, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which was renamed to the Altai Republic in 1992. In the early 21st century, ethnic Altaians make up about 31% of the Altai Republic's population. Today, the special interests of the Altaians are articulated and defended by

2068-402: The traditional clothing of Southern Altaian men and women was very similar with little differences between the two. Average clothing consisted of long shirts with wide breeches, robes, and fur coats. Other apparel often included fur hats, high boots, and sheepskin coats. Northern Altaians and some Teleuts traditionally wore short breeches, linen shirts, and single-breasted oriental robes. Despite

2115-466: The war, the word "Oyrot" was declared to be counter-revolutionary due to its associations with the idea of a larger Oyrot state that could secede from the USSR. Because of that, the oblast was renamed to Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast . By 1950, Soviet industrialization policies and development in this area resulted in considerable migration of Russians to this republic, reducing the proportion of Altai in

2162-616: Was established the "Association of the Kumandin People Revival". Omeljan Pritsak claimed that kuman- in the name of the Kumandins is identical in meaning to the names given to the Turkic people , Cumans -Kipchaks and Polovets (a Slavic term for Cumans ). However, the seoks (tribes) of the Kumandins have varying origin myths; L. Potapov proposed that they were originally a federation of peoples from different backgrounds: nomadic steppe pastoralists (such as

2209-586: Was explored by characterizing coding region SNPs and control region sequences from 490 inhabitants of the Altai Republic. Differences in mtDNA haplogroup profiles were observed among northern Altaian ethnic groups and between northern Altaians and Altai-kizhi, with the Chelkans being extraordinarily distinct. Nevertheless, comparisons among other Altaian ethnic groups revealed some consistent patterns. mtDNA haplogroups B, C, D, and U4 were found in all Altaian populations, but at varying frequencies, whereas southern Altaians (Altai-kizhi, Telengits, and Teleuts) tended to have

#137862