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71-554: The maximum depth of river is 28 feet (8.5 m). This Altai Krai location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Altai Republic location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Siberia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Altai Krai Altai Krai ( Russian : Алта́йский край , romanized :  Altayskiy kray , IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj] )

142-511: A 2012 survey 22.6% of the population of Altay Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are adherents of other Orthodox churches , 1% are adherents of Islam . In addition, 31% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 27% is atheist , and 14.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to

213-605: A 500,000 strong Ming army and captured the Zhengtong Emperor in what came to be known as the Tumu Crisis . However, after this astounding victory, Esen failed to take the Ming capital of Beijing . In the following year a peace was concluded between the two sides and the captive emperor was allowed to return home. After executing the rebellious Tayisung Khan (r. 1433–1453) and his brother Agbarjin in 1453, Esen took

284-658: A Khalkha army of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chikhundorji and his brother Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar fled across the Gobi Desert to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the Kangxi Emperor . By 1690, Galdan had control of Outer Mongolia as far as the edge of Manchuria, before turning his attention east towards Beijing. This expansion of

355-473: A century. Despite this decentralization, there was a remarkable concord within the new Mongol order created by Dayan Khan. After Dayan Khan's death, the Mongols began falling apart again under the two succeeding khans. By 1540 new regional circles of taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in-law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khan's domains. The khagan and the jinong had titular authority over

426-571: A formal alliance with the Jurchens from 1612 to 1624. In response, Ligdan waged war on the Mongol allies of the Jurchens in 1625. The Jurchen-Mongol army defeated Ligdan and forced him back. In the following year, Uuba Noyan of the Khorchin had his younger brother marry one of Nurhaci's daughters, cementing the alliance. Many of the Jurchens married Mongols. Ligdan appointed his own officials over

497-639: A large-scale conversion to Tibetan Buddhism in the Right Wing Tumens occurred. Jasagtu appointed a Tibetan Buddhist chaplain of the Karmapa order and agreed that Buddhism would henceforth become the state religion of Mongolia. In 1577, Altan and Sechen received the 3rd Dalai Lama , which started the conversion of Tumed and Ordos Mongols to Buddhism. Soon after the Oirats also adopted Buddhism. Numerous Tibetan lamas entered Mongolia to proselytize. By

568-635: A result, in 1639, Gombodorj's son became the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , the spiritual head of the Gelug Buddhists in Mongolia. Gombodorj did his best to maintain peaceful relations with the rising Manchus by sending tribute. He also stopped providing horses to the Ming dynasty . Diplomacy failed after the Manchus defeated the Ming in 1644 and seized Beijing . In 1646, a Mongol noyan rebelled against

639-403: A sharp part in the middle of the bottom part. Bottom edges of the shield are rounded. The shield is divided with a horizontal stripe into two equal parts. In the upper part has a blue background, which is a symbol of glory, is a steamy oven of the 18th century, which reflects a historical past of the krai. In the bottom part on the red background, which is a symbol of dignity, braveness and courage,

710-767: A small handful of followers. In 1697 he died in the Altai Mountains near Khovd on 4 April. Back in Dzungaria, his nephew Tsewang Rabtan , who had revolted in 1689, was already in control as of 1691. Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar. The Qing forces occupied Hami but did not advance into Dzungaria. The Dzungars later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan, but they too were conquered by

781-562: A succession of Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings" ( Бага хаадын үе ). On one side stood the Western Mongols and on the other the Eastern Mongols . While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes, Arugtai of

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852-625: Is a federal subject of Russia (a krai ). It borders clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan ( East Kazakhstan Region and Pavlodar Region ), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Oblasts , and the Altai Republic . The krai's administrative centre is the city of Barnaul . As of the 2021 Census , the population of the krai was   2,163,693. The region is named after the Altai Mountains . Altai Krai has rolling foothills, grasslands, lakes, rivers, and mountains. The highest point of

923-585: Is also located in Altai Krai. In January 2019, the average wage in Altai Krai was 23,941 RUB , which was an increase of 6.3% over the previous year. Population : 2,163,693 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,419,755 ( 2010 Census ) ; 2,607,426 ( 2002 Census ) ; 2,822,305 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.35 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.60 years (male   — 64.08, female   — 73.10) According to

994-806: Is also referred to as " Post-Imperial Mongolia ", the " Mongol(ian) Khaganate " or the " Mongol(ian) Khanate " in some modern sources, Although most of these English terms can also refer to the Mongol Empire or the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and the 14th centuries. In chronicles written in the Mongolian language, this period is also known as " The Forty and the Four " ( Döchin Dörben ), meaning forty tümen of Eastern Mongols ( Eastern Mongolia ) and four tümen of Western Mongols . Mongolian historiography also uses

1065-663: Is an image of the Koluvan Queen of Vases mainly in green color, which is kept in the Hermitage Museum. The shield is framed with golden wheat ears which represent agriculture as a main industry of Altai Krai. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Altai CPSU Committee (who in reality had the most authority), the chairman of

1136-485: Is known by various names, including the Northern Yuan (dynasty). The dynastic name of " Great Yuan' " ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ) was officially used between 1368 and 1388, as was the preceding Yuan dynasty . Following the death of Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür , the "Great Yuan" dynastic name along with other Han -style imperial titles were abandoned by his successor Jorightu Khan Yesüder ; hence,

1207-597: Is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The area is home to animals considered rare, including the endangered snow leopard . Bone fragments of the Denisova hominin originate from the Denisova Cave in Altai Krai. This area is part of a great crossroads in the ancient world. Nomadic tribes crossed through the territory during periods of migration. These nomadic tribes consisted of different peoples. Archeological sites reveal that ancient humans lived in

1278-537: Is red, with the leftmost portion blue. The blue portion contains, in golden yellow, a stylized depiction of an upright ear of wheat . Centered in the red field is the coat of arms of the territory. It is derived from the flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . The coat of arms of Altai Krai was established in 2000. It includes a shield of French heraldry form with a basement of 8/10th of its height and

1349-620: The Asud supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent. The House of Ogedei also briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule. The Mongols eventually split into three main groups: the Oirats in the west, the Uriankhai in northeast, and the Khorchin between the two. The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into the Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu. Mongol relations with

1420-674: The Federation Council - Sergey Belousov and Alexander Karlin . The chairperson of the Altai Krai Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of that legislature . As of 2013 the Krai's largest enterprises were supermarket chain Maria-Ra  [ ru ] , coke fuel producer Altai-Koks and rolling stock manufacturer Altaivagon. Evalar - a prominent dietary supplement manufacturer -

1491-598: The Four Oirats . Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan. From 1495 onward, Dayan exerted pressure on the Ming dynasty, which closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming. As a result, the Tümed Mongols ruled in

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1562-566: The Jurchens to the east. Abtai and Sechen brought many of the Oirat tribes under their domination. Altan conquered large parts of Qinghai and left one of his sons in charge there. Jasagtu also tried to unify the Mongols under a new code of law, written in the old Mongol script derived from the Uyghur script . A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder

1633-545: The Manchus , and the successors of the Mongol Empire were also under Manchu authority. The son of Ligdan Khan, Ejei , died under mysterious circumstances. His rank was given to his brother Abunai, who refused to attend court with the Manchus. Abunai's rank was then passed on to his son, Burni, who rebelled against the Manchus in 1675, but the uprising was defeated and Burni died in battle. The Qing emperors then placed

1704-515: The Ordos region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern Qinghai . In 1517, Dayan even threatened Beijing itself. Mongol armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming dynasty lost Kara Del as a protectorate to the Turpan Khanate at the same time. Dayan kept defeating the Ming in battle right up until his death in 1543. At

1775-744: The Russian Revolution and the rise of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , the policy of war communism was imposed on the rural population of Altai Krai, destroying the livelihood of many local farmers. In response, the peasant rebellion of Sorokino broke out in 1921; this uprising was quickly crushed by the Red Army . Many locals who had taken part in the rebellion were later put on trial and convicted to hard labor or execution, in accordance with NKVD Order No. 00447 in 1937. During

1846-531: The State Duma of the 7th convocation (2016–2021), Altai Krai is represented by 10 deputies: Nikolai Gerasimenko , Victor Zobnev , Daniil Bessarabov , Oleg Bykov, Valery Yelykomov, Natalya Kuvshinova, Ivan Loor , and Alexander Prokopyev from United Russia; from A Just Russia - Alexander Terentyev ; from the Communist Party - Sergey Shargunov . Two representatives of the region work in

1917-519: The Uyghurs and they might have had some ties with the Hami oasis. During his reign, Manduulun Khan (1475–1478) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478. Manduulun's young khatun Mandukhai proclaimed a seven-year-old boy named Batumongke of Genghisid descent as khan. Mandukhai made persistent efforts to bring the various Mongol tribes under control. The new khan took

1988-614: The imperial rule . Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligdan Khan (1604–1634), who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty. The last sixty years of this period featured the intensive penetration of Tibetan Buddhism into Mongol society. The regime that existed between 1368 and 1635

2059-417: The "Great Yuan" dynastic name and Han-style imperial titles during their rule up to the early 17th century. In English, the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is generally used to cover the entire period from 1368 to 1635 for historiographical purpose. Apart from "Great Yuan" (before 1388 and during the rule of Esen Taishi ), the Mongols called their regime " Ikh Mongol Uls ", meaning the "Great Mongol State". It

2130-728: The Chahar Mongols under their direct rule. In Outer Mongolia the Khalkhas still against Manchu rule, Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj retained his independence and suzerainty over the Sechen and Jasagtu khans. However another independent entity known as Altan Khan of the Khalkha emerged in Jasagtu territory. With the loss of Inner Mongolia and the Imperial Mongol Seal, the Mongols had to search for a new source of authority. As

2201-652: The Dzungar state was viewed with worry by the Qing, which led the Kangxi Emperor (Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan. Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the Kherlen River with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at Battle of Ulan Butung 350 kilometers north of Beijing near the western headwaters of the Liao River . Galdan was forced to retreat and escaped total destruction because

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2272-637: The Korean historical text Goryeosa written in Classical Chinese . Some scholars believe that the reign of Dayan Khan whose regnal name "Dayan" came from the Chinese term "大元" ( Dà Yuán ; lit. "Great Yuan"). Contrary to this, other views hold that the title "Dayan" is derived from the Mongolian word means "origin" or "whole". Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that Taisun Khan , Esen Taishi , Manduul Khan , and Ligdan Khan had also used

2343-754: The Krai Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Altai Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Altai Krai is the regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

2414-533: The Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty. In 1388, the Mongol throne was taken over by Jorightu Khan Yesüder , a descendant of Arik Böke ( Tolui 's son), with the support of the Oirats. He abolished the Han -style title of former Yuan dynasty. In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan , founded his own small state called Kara Del in Hami . The following century saw

2485-645: The Ming dynasty in 1387–88. The Yuan loyalists under the Kublaid prince Basalawarmi (the Prince of Liang ) in Yunnan and Guizhou were also defeated and killed by the Ming earlier in 1381–82. In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum, although they were eventually forced to withdraw. Around 70,000 Mongol captives were taken. In 1387, the Ming defeated the Uriankhai Mongols , and in

2556-492: The Ming dynasty consisted of sporadic bursts of conflict intermingled with periods of peaceful relations and border trade. The Oirat-backed Örüg Temür Khan (Gulichi) was defeated by Elbeg Khan's son Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri, r. 1408–1412), the protégé of Tamerlane (d. 1405), in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai chingsang sided with Öljei Temur. The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) issued Öljei Temür an ultimatum demanding his acceptance of tributary relations to

2627-523: The Ming dynasty. In 1616, the Jurchens rose to the forefront of East Asian powers under the reign of Nurhaci . Although sharing many similar characteristics with the Mongols, the Jurchens were not nomads, but tribal people who had adopted Chinese agricultural practices. Nurhaci had ambitions to conquer the Ming dynasty and sought allies in the Khorchin Mongols, subjects of Ligdan. The princes of Khorchin , Jarud, and southern Khalkha Mongols made

2698-626: The Ming dynasty. Öljei Temur refused, resulting in the Ming dynasty conducting several campaigns against the Mongols . In 1409, a Ming army of 100,000 entered Mongolia but suffered a defeat against Öljei Temur and Arugtai at the Battle of Kherlen . In the following year, the Yongle Emperor personally led an expedition into Mongolia and defeated the Mongols. After the death of Öljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu ( Mahmud ) (d. 1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid Delbeg Khan in 1412. Originally

2769-494: The Ming had supported the Oirats in their power struggle with the eastern Mongols, but as the Oirats gained supremacy over them, the Ming withdrew their support. By 1422 Arugtai turned hostile again as the Ming did not grant him the trading privileges he wanted, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the Greater Khingan range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in

2840-469: The Qing army did not have the supplies or ability to pursue him. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor led 100,000 troops into Mongolia . Galdan fled from the Kherlen only to be caught by another Qing army attacking from the west. He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River . Galdan's wife, Anu , was killed and the Qing army captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with

2911-434: The Qing but was crushed under overwhelming odds. In 1647, Gombodorj met the Qing in battle with 50,000 cavalry and neither side were able to obtain a decisive victory. Although both sides suffered heavy losses, the Mongol army constituted a larger part of their overall forces than the Qing, signalling that the Mongols no longer had the numbers to directly confront the Qing in battle. In the mid-17th century, Gombodorj died and

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2982-635: The South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in the law of the taijis created a decentralized system of Borjigin rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for

3053-709: The Yellow River flooded and changed course, causing widespread droughts, flooding, and making the Grand Canal impassable. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion erupted in the Huai River valley, which saw the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang , a Han peasant, who eventually established the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in southern China. In 1368, a Ming army advanced on the Yuan capital Khanbaliq or Dadu (present-day Beijing ). Toghon Temür (r. 1333–1370),

3124-491: The apogee of Dayan's reign, the Northern Yuan stretched from the Siberian tundra and Lake Baikal in the north, across the Gobi , to the edge of the Yellow River and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of Manchuria in the East past the Altai Mountains and out onto the steppes of Central Asia . Dayan Khan's reorganization of the Mongols into six Eastern Mongol tümens (literally "ten thousand") and four Oirats tümens had far-reaching effects on

3195-403: The area. The Altay people are a Turkic people , some of whom settled here, who were originally nomadic and date back to the 2nd millennium BC. The territory of the krai has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC–93 AD), the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), the Golden Horde , the Northern Yuan (1368–1691) and the Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758). After

3266-470: The development of Mongol society. The six Eastern Mongol tümens were granted to his 11 sons while the four Oirat tümens were ruled by taishi nobles. His youngest son Gersenji Khongtaiji of the Jalayir became the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, the largest of the six tümens. The tümens functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to

3337-482: The districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens. By the end of the 16th century, the Uriankhai Three Guards had lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the Nonni River . Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas. Although Yuan emperors had previously adopted Buddhism , most Mongols ignored it and remained shamanist in their belief. From 1575,

3408-419: The following year they achieved decisive victory around the Buir Lake against Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür . The defeat of Uskhal Khan effectively shattered Yuan power in the steppes and allowed the Western Oirat Mongols to rise and become kingmaker of the Northern Yuan realm. The Genghisid (Major descendants of Kublai ) rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China, and held tenaciously to

3479-432: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Krai Administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of

3550-548: The interwar period, the Soviet state collectivised the livestock and husbandry activities of the Altai population within Altai Krai, resulting in local resistance to the measures and their subsequent migration, with their herds, to China and Mongolia. In June 1942 Altai Krai was one of the territories to which the families of men deported from Eastern Europe, in particular "foreigners" and "other ethnicities" such as Kola Norwegians , Lithuanians and Latvians , by Soviet Russia to GULAG hard labor camps. The flag of Altai Krai

3621-515: The krai is 2,490 metres (8,170 ft) high Mayak Shangina . The climate is severe with long cold dry winters and hot, usually dry summers. The region's main waterway is the Ob River , which gives its name to the Ob Plateau . The Biya and Katun Rivers are also important. The biggest lakes are Lake Kulunda , Lake Kuchuk , Bolshoye Topolnoye , Bolshoye Yarovoye and Lake Mikhaylov . Altai Krai has rich natural resources, including lumber, as well as significant mineral reserves. These include

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3692-443: The last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia ) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces. He tried to regain Dadu but failed and died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. The Mongols retreated to Karakorum in the Mongol heartland after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they maintained

3763-462: The name "Northern Yuan" is sometimes limited in its usage to referencing only the period between 1368 and 1388. The historiographical term "Northern Yuan" in the English language is derived from the corresponding term "北元" ( Běi Yuán ) in the Chinese language, in which the prefix "Northern" is used to distinguish between the Yuan dynasty established in 1271 and the regime that existed after 1368. The historiographical name "Northern Yuan" first appeared in

3834-469: The non-Chahar tumens. Ligdan died on his way to Qinghai to punish the Gelug order in 1634. His son, Ejei Khan , surrendered to the Qing dynasty and was said to give the Imperial Seal of the Mongols to Qing emperor Hong Taiji the next year (February 1635), ending the Kublaid descent ruled Northern Yuan. After Ligdan Khan's death in 1634, the Mongols formed four Khanates, from west to east: In 1636, all of Inner Mongolia had already been conquered by

3905-407: The nonferrous metals lead , manganese , tungsten , molybdenum , bauxite , and gold , as well as iron ore . Forests cover about 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) of the krai's land. See also Geography of South-Central Siberia . This region of Siberia is extremely important due to its biodiversity , an area of over 1.6 million hectares (16,000 square kilometres; 6,200 square miles)

3976-402: The observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . On August   7, 2005, the krai's then-head of administration Mikhail Yevdokimov died in a car crash. In the regional parliament election held in 2016, the United Russia party received 44 seats; the A Just Russia party received 6; the Communist Party and Liberal Democratic Party received 8 each. In

4047-503: The official dynastic title "Great Yuan", known retroactively as the "Northern Yuan". The Ming army pursued the Yuan remnants into the Mongolian steppe in 1372 but was defeated by Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (r. 1370–1378) and his general Köke Temür (d. 1375). In 1375, Naghachu , a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with the aim of restoring Mongol power in China proper. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria , Naghachu eventually surrendered to

4118-402: The question. Northern Yuan The Northern Yuan ( Chinese : 北元 ; pinyin : Běi Yuán ) was a Mongol dynastic regime ruled by the Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau . It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen -led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with

4189-400: The reign of Ligdan Khan (r. 1604–1634), the Eastern Mongol tumens had ceased to function as a unified entity. Ligdan only controlled the Chahar tumen and the Khalkha and Oirat Mongols no longer obeyed his authority. Ligdan built a new capital in Chahar land known as Chaghan Baishin (White House) and promoted the building of Buddhist monasteries, translation of Tibetan literature, and trade with

4260-418: The retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan . Dayan Khan and Mandukhai Khatun reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century. However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs caused the decentralization of

4331-402: The term "Period of political disunion", "Period of small khagans", "Mongolia's period of political disruption" and "Mongolia's 14th–17th century", etc. The Chinese Ming Dynasty called them “Tatar” ( Chinese : 鞑靼 ; pinyin : Dádá ) and “Wala” (Oirats, Chinese : 瓦剌 ; pinyin : Wǎlà ) after the Mongols were divided into eastern and western parts. The Northern Yuan dynasty

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4402-402: The three right wing tumens. Darayisung Gödeng Khan (r. 1547–1557) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins Altan , ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin. Under Tümen Jasagtu Khan (r. 1558–92), the realm was unified again with the aid of Altan Khan, Abtai Sain Khan , and Khutughtai Sechen Khongtaiji of Ordos. Jasagtu defeated the Uriankhai and Daghur Mongols and subjugated

4473-427: The title Dayan meaning "the whole" or “Great Yuan” (大元; "Da Yuan"). Mandukhai and Dayan Khan defeated the Oirats and the taishis who ruled the Yellow River Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as jinong (crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and

4544-444: The title of Emperor (or Great Khan ) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗) to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler in China proper. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as Emperor of China (see Mandate of Heaven ), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although

4615-507: The title of not just khan, but also Yuan Emperor. This caused widespread dissent among the Genghisids, and in 1455, a series of revolts resulted in Esen's death. His death started the decline of the Oirats, who would not recover until their rise as the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. From Esen's death to 1481 different warlords of the Kharchin , the Belguteids and Ordos Mongols fought over succession and had their Genghisid khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them

4686-453: The tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. In 1628, Ligdan defeated the Khorchins and Jurchen auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Jurchen punitive expedition. Only Tsogt Taiji (1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. In 1632, Hong Taiji of the Jurchens and his Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family. Ligdan lost any authority he had over

4757-421: The west of Baotou the next year. Arugtai's ally Adai Khan (r. 1425–1438) made a last stand in Ejene before he was murdered too. Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son Esen Taishi (r. 1438–1454) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his puppet khans, he drove back Moghulistan and crushed the Uriankhai Three Guards, Kara Del and the Jurchens . In 1449 he defeated

4828-477: Was killed in battle. Chikhundorj then murdered Degdeehei Mergen Ahai of the Jasagtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. To avenge the death of his brother, Galdan established friendly relations with the Russians who were already at war with Chikhundorj over territories near Lake Baikal . Armed with Russian firearms, Galdan led 30,000 Dzungar troops into Outer Mongolia in 1688 and defeated Chikhundorj in three days. The Siberian Cossacks , meanwhile, attacked and defeated

4899-462: Was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans. When the Jasagtu Khan Shira lost part of his subjects to the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj, Galdan Boshugtu Khan of the Dzungars moved his orda near the Altai Mountains to prepare an attack. Chikhundorj attacked the right wing of the Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. In 1688, Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against Chikhundorj but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav

4970-412: Was succeeded by his young and inexperienced son Chikhundorj. In 1655, the Qing began interfering in Tusheet affairs by appointing their own lamas in Tusheet territory. Thus Outer Mongolia also gradually fell under Qing control. Meanwhile, to the west, about 1600–1620 the Oirats united under Kharkhul . In 1635, the Oirats under Kharkhul's son Erdeni Batur formed the Dzungar Khanate . This unification

5041-411: Was the remnant of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) founded by Kublai Khan . After eliminating the Song dynasty in 1279, the Yuan dynasty ruled all of China proper for about a century. Even prior to the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols had ruled Northern China for more than 40 years, since the time they conquered the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in 1234. Yuan rule in China proper began to collapse in 1344 when

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