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73-416: The aim is to maintain low capacity utilisation by changing the organisational structure and local activities in the long term. The Kurhessenbahn has a total of 65 stations (50 of its own) on a 275-kilometre network of five lines. 25 diesel railcars travel 2.5 million train kilometers (140 trains per day) and carry 6,500 passengers per day. This service is provided by 208 employees. The Kurhessenbahn also has

146-688: A DB Class 218 diesel locomotive for freight and special transports. This is mainly used in timber traffic , which originates from the Breidenstein loading station at the Scheldetalbahn , which was established in 2007. The company was launched on 7 December 2000 as the first regional network and founded in early September 2002 as DB RegioNetz Verkehrs GmbH / Infrastruktur GmbH Kurhessenbahn . The Kurhessenbahn has leased several branch lines in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia from DB Netz AG for

219-454: A public university with 25,000 students (2018) and a multicultural population (39% of the citizens in 2017 had a migration background). Kassel was first mentioned in 913 AD, as the place where two deeds were signed by King Conrad I . The place was called Chasella or Chassalla and was a fortification at a bridge crossing the Fulda river . There are several yet unproven assumptions about

292-433: A Voith two speed hydraulic transmission which in turn is driven by a diesel engine, fuel and oil are located between the bogies under the main frame, on either side of the centrally located transmission, there are two cabs (which have slightly different windows). Externally the machines are very similar to the other members of the class, being of the longer variant at 16.4 m. The tractive and braking forces are transmitted to

365-544: A centre of Calvinist Protestantism in Germany. Strong fortifications were built to protect the Protestant stronghold against Catholic enemies. Secret societies, such as Rosicrucianism flourished, with Christian Rosenkreutz's work Fama Fraternitatis first published in 1617. In 1685, Kassel became a refuge for 1,700 Huguenots who found shelter in the newly established borough of Oberneustadt. Landgrave Charles , who

438-509: A dark blue "King Ludwig" livery, sponsored by model train manufacturer Märklin . A number of locomotives have been rebuilt and/or reclassified due to changing requirements: The DB Class 218.9 resulted from the Deutsche Bundesbahn's flirtation with diesel locomotives boosted by gas turbine engines in the 1970s. Problems with gas turbine engine lifespan, and reduced fuel efficiency, coupled with two turbine failures resulted in

511-400: A dynamic economic and social development in the recent years, reducing the unemployment rate by half and attracting many new citizens so that the population has grown constantly. Several international operating companies have factories or headquarters in the city (Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz, SMA, Wintershall, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Rheinmetall, Bombardier). The city is home of several hospitals;

584-418: A grey stripe, after the project ended they retained the livery until the 1990s when they received the orientrot scheme of the 'oriental red' color ( RAL 3031 ) with a white markings, the last 218 135 being repainted in 1996 The remaining Class 218 locomotives are almost entirely in the current traffic-red ( RAL 3020 ) colour scheme. As an oddity 218 473 was, for four years from April 2005 onwards, painted in

657-703: A local subcamp of Dachau concentration camp provided forced labour for the Henschel facilities , which included tank production plants. There was also a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see Romani Holocaust ). Allied prisoners of war from the Stalag IX-A POW camp were deployed to forced labour in the local arms industry in violation of the Geneva Conventions . The most severe bombing of Kassel in World War II destroyed 90% of

730-645: A new standard for the 218, whilst the 218 217 in the burgundy and beige remained a loner, for almost thirty years, until 753 001 (ex 217 001) became the second locomotive from the V160 family to receive this colour scheme. By the late 2000s the turquoise/cream colour had virtually disappeared, the last representative being DB AutoZug 218 320. In 1984 for the City-Bahn railway on the Cologne - Gummersbach ten locomotives were painted in pure orange ( RAL 2004 ) with

803-504: A number of low-floor buses complete the Kassel public transport system. The introduction of low-floor buses led to the development of the Kassel kerb which improves the accessibility at bus stops. The city is connected to the national rail network at two stations, Kassel Central , and Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe . The traditional central station (Hauptbahnhof) has been reduced to the status of

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876-579: A period of twenty years from 1 January 2002. At the same time, a long-term transport contract was concluded with the responsible authorities. This included the operation of the local transport lines Brilon Wald - Korbach , Kassel - Korbach , Marburg - Frankenberg and Marburg - Erndtebrück . A special feature was the Wabern - Bad Wildungen line, which was operated by the Hessische Landesbahn between 1998 and 2008 and therefore could not fulfil

949-472: A precursor to the planned closure of the gap between Korbach and Frankenberg . However, an expert opinion in 2007 showed that closing the gap in the form planned at that time did not make economic sense. The Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund (NVV) then made use of its right of withdrawal in the implementation contract and the Waldeck-Frankenberg district cancelled its financial participation in

1022-436: A reduction in the demand for these locomotives on passenger services, with many falling out of use, or only finding work pulling freight trains, nevertheless, in 2000 the locomotives were still in use on mainline long-distance trains. By January 2008 there were approximately 220 copies still active. The design of the series as fundamentally the same as the rest of the V 160 family: all four axles are driven via cardan shafts by

1095-535: A regional station since the opening of the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line in 1991 and its station (Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe) on the high-speed line at which the InterCityExpress (ICE) and InterCity services call as well as Nightjet and Flixtrain . Kassel is connected to the motorways A 7 , A 49 and A 44 . The city is served by Kassel Calden Airport . The current mayor of Kassel

1168-526: Is Sven Schoeller of Alliance 90/The Greens , who was elected in March 2023. He succeeded Christian Geselle ( SPD ), who had been in office since 2017. The Kassel city council ( Stadtverordnetenversammlung ) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows: The University of Kassel is a public higher education institution and

1241-495: Is divided into 23 local districts, each of which has a local council with a local mayor as chairman. The local councils are elected every five years by the population of the local districts. The local advisory board can be heard on all important issues affecting the local district. However, the final decision on a measure rests with the Kassel city council. Around Kassel is the administrative district ( Landkreis ) of Landkreis Kassel . The following cities and municipalities border

1314-772: Is the Druselturm; the Brüderkirche and the Martinskirche are also, in part, of medieval origin. The towers of the Martinskirche are from the 1950s. The main Protestant church of Kassel, it was begun in 1364 and finished in 1462. Severely damaged by British bombing in 1943, it was later reconstructed in a more modern style between 1954 and 1958. St. Bonifatius was designed and built in 1956 by Josef Bieling . The complex includes Wilhelmshöhe Palace (with

1387-604: Is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name , and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020. The former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel , it has many palaces and parks, including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Kassel is also known for the documenta exhibitions of contemporary art . Kassel has

1460-519: Is usually a Lorenz Indusi I-60. The original 36-pin inter-unit electrical connectors allows double traction control, auto door locking when not at a standstill, and can transmit driver announcements when attached to a passenger train, in addition to equipment for passenger information systems. Originally the electrical power from the generator for the carriages was controlled with a simple Cycloconverter , later GTO Thyristor controlled supply circuits that had an intermediate DC circuit were used to create

1533-434: The documenta , an international exhibition of modern and contemporary art , has been held regularly in Kassel. The documenta now takes place every five years. As a result of the documenta 6 (1977), Kassel became the first town in the world to be illuminated by laser beams at night (Laserscape, by artist Horst H. Baumann). This laser installation is nowadays still visible at weekends. Artworks from former editions of

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1606-509: The Austro-Prussian War to gain supremacy in Germany, the principality was annexed by Prussia in 1866. The Prussian administration united Nassau , Frankfurt and Hesse-Kassel into the new Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau . Kassel ceased to be a princely residence but soon developed into a major industrial centre, as well as a major railway junction. Henschel & Son , the largest railway locomotive manufacturer in Germany at

1679-557: The Brothers Grimm lived in Kassel. They collected and wrote most of their fairy tales there. At that time, around 1803, the Landgraviate was elevated to a Principality and its ruler to Prince-elector . Shortly after, it was annexed by Napoleon and in 1807 it became the capital of the short-lived Kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon's brother Jérôme . The Electorate was restored in 1813. Having sided with Austria in

1752-501: The Class 218 locomotives forming the sub-series 225.8. The Class 218 was a successful design made with the most modern and sophisticated components that were available in 1968. With a relatively high speed of 140 km/h, the locomotives proved useful on TEE Bavaria , and with n-wagons with which they operated well past the year 2000. Furthermore, after the dissolution of the GDR, and

1825-862: The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 Napoléon III was imprisoned in Wilhelmshöhe. In 1918, Wilhelmshöhe became the seat of the German Army High Command (OHL): it was there that the military commanders Hindenburg and Ludendorff prepared the German capitulation. Another large park and also part of the European Garden Heritage Network is the Karlsaue along the Fulda River. Established in

1898-603: The Kassel - Korbach line was closed for several months and rehabilitated and upgraded for the operation of the Kassel RegioTram . From December 2006, the regional railway in the Kassel - Wolfhagen section was replaced by the Kassel RegioTram RT4 line with two-power railcars, whereby a second external transport company operates local transport services on the Kurhessenbahn network. Since then,

1971-647: The Kurhessenbahn has only operated the regional express trains between Kassel and Korbach . At the same time, free-cutting work began in 2005 in the Frankenberg - Herzhausen section to reactivate the section of line. With the financial support of the Waldeck-Frankenberg district , excursion traffic was introduced every two hours on Sundays and public holidays in the Herzhausen - Frankenberg - Battenberg (Eder) section from 2005. This traffic should be

2044-669: The Museum Fridericianum was founded in 1779. By the end of the 19th century the museum held one of the largest collections of watches and clocks in the world. Other art museums in Kassel include: Hessen Kassel is the football club in the city, who plays in the Hessenliga after being relegated from the Regionalliga Südwest in the 2017/2018 season. The city's own football stadium, the Auestadion

2117-553: The Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund (NVV) the Kurhessenbahn was able to secure the operation of the line ( Kassel -) Wabern - Bad Wildungen (17 km). The line was taken over by Hessische Landesbahn , which had previously operated the line for ten years, with the 2008/2009 timetable change in December 2008. In 2010, work began on the rehabilitation of the Marburg - Frankenberg section. The stops and

2190-447: The documenta (mainly sculptures) can be found in many places in Kassel; among those are the " 7000 Oaks ", a work of land art by the German artist Joseph Beuys . The latest/current edition of the documenta , known as " documenta 15 ", runs from 18 June until 25 September 2022. Kassel experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) but not so far from marine climates, with a more notable continental influence than Berlin . Using

2263-778: The 16th century, it is famous for the Orangerie , a palace built in 1710 as a summer residence for the landgraves. Today, the Orangerie contains the Museum of Astronomy and Technology, with a scale model of the Solar System spanning the entire park and beyond. In addition, the Park Schönfeld contains a small, municipal botanical garden , the Botanischer Garten Kassel . Europe's first public museum,

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2336-622: The 1961–1990 normal and 0 °C isotherm, the city already had a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). Kassel has a population of about 200,000 and is the 3rd largest city in Hesse state and the only large city in the North Hesse region. Kassel is often called the city that located on the center of Germany, due to its position; however, the real center of Germany is not far away. Kassel first reached its first population peak of over 100,000 in 1899 and its second in 1943 with about 225,000. Kassel

2409-474: The 1970s up to the reunification of Germany. Despite being displaced from many workings by DMUs , electrification, and inherited DR Class 130s , as of 2009 a significant number of the class still remain active throughout Germany. The locomotives of series 218 were the last of the V 160 family to be developed; the main new feature was the use of a single engine to provide tractive power as well as electrical train heating when required (via an attached generator),

2482-549: The AC carriage supply. (see Inverter ) The first locomotives were delivered in the usual 'crimson' ( RAL 3004 ) of that time. In 1974 218 217 and 218 218 were used as test vehicles for new colour schemes : 218 218 was the first locomotive in the new ocean blue-beige (turquoise/cream) finish ( RAL 5020 / RAL 1001 ). 218 217 received an experimental livery in the TEE red and beige ( RAL 1001 / RAL 3004 ). The turquoise/cream colour became

2555-666: The Antiquities Collection and Old Masters), the Hercules monument, and the Lions Castle. Wilhelmshöhe Palace above the city was built in 1786, by landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel. The palace is now a museum and houses an important collection of Graeco-Roman antiques and a fine gallery of paintings comprising the second largest collection of Rembrandts in Germany. It is surrounded by the beautiful Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe with many appealing sights. The complex

2628-600: The S-Bahn area of Frankfurt , 218 191 in the S-Bahn around Stuttgart , others at Darmstadt and Plochingen (218 191). Some of this sub-class were equipped for towing ICE trains, and used in multiple on the new (rebuilt) lines of Cologne - Rhine Main and Nuremberg - Ingolstadt . These 15 locomotives are based at the locomotive depots at Frankfurt/Main (nine locomotives) and Berlin-Rummelsburg (six locomotives). Class 215 and Class 218 locomotives transferred to DB Railion for freight work were renumbered as Class 225, with

2701-578: The ability to work in multiple with related classes 215, 216, 217 and 218 as well as other classes, and coupled with electric heating and a low speed gear for heavier freight trains the locomotives became the main source of motive power in West Germany on both passenger and freight trains outside electrified sections. The turn of the second millennium and the preceding few years saw a change from locomotive hauled trains to increasing use of 'diesel railcars' (or DMUs, diesel multiple units ). This led to

2774-515: The ancient buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings, however, such as the Museum Fridericianum (see below), were restored. In 1949, the interim parliament (" Parlamentarischer Rat ") eliminated Kassel in the first round as a city to become the provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bonn won). In 1964,

2847-493: The championship playoffs, losing to Adler Mannheim , and reached the semi-finals on three more occasions. The Huskies ran into financial difficulties and dissolved in 2010. The "Young Huskies", which is a junior and youth hockey club, decided to enter a men's team in the Hessenliga. This is the fifth division and the lowest men's competition in the state of Hesse . The new club was expecting no more than 3,000 supporters for

2920-402: The city of Kassel (starting clockwise in the north): Ahnatal , Vellmar , Fuldatal , Staufenberg , Niestetal , Kaufungen , Lohfelden , Fuldabrück , Baunatal , Schauenburg , Habichtswald . Of these, Vellmar and Fuldatal in the north, Kaufungen in the east, Lohfelden in the southeast and Baunatal in the south are growing ever closer to the urban area. In 1558 the first German observatory

2993-542: The date when they were granted is not known. The first castle in Kassel was constructed in 1277, which was later replaced by a Renaissance castle, the Kassel City Palace , which burned down in 1811. In 1567 the Landgraviate of Hesse , until then centered in Marburg , was divided among four sons, with Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) becoming one of its successor states. Kassel was its capital and became

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3066-695: The downtown area, and some 10,000 people were killed and 150,000 were made homeless. Most of the casualties were civilians or wounded soldiers recuperating in local hospitals, whereas factories survived the attack generally undamaged. Karl Gerland replaced the regional Gauleiter , Karl Weinrich , soon after the raid. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Kassel at the beginning of April 1945. The US 80th Infantry Division captured Kassel in bitter house-to-house fighting during 1–4 April 1945, which included numerous German panzer-grenadier counterattacks, and resulted in further widespread devastation to bombed and unbombed structures alike. Post-war , most of

3139-623: The end of the nineteenth century, was based in Kassel. In 1870, after the Battle of Sedan , Napoleon III was sent as a prisoner to the Wilhelmshöhe Palace above the city. During World War I the German military headquarters were located in the Wilhelmshöhe Palace. In the late 1930s, Nazis destroyed Heinrich Hübsch 's Kassel Synagogue . During World War II Kassel was the headquarters for Germany's Wehrkreis IX, and

3212-458: The excursion traffic, to which it was suspended. At this time, plans envisaged investments of 43 million euros to close the gap and accelerate the Cölbe - Korbach route. Subsequently, a slimmed-down variant was developed, which provides for only one two-hour cycle instead of one hour and no more acceleration measures. An economic benefit could be determined for this variant. In a tender procedure of

3285-457: The famous water features take place. They start at the Oktagon and during a one-hour walk through the park visitors can follow the water's way until they reach the lake of the Wilhelmshöhe Palace, where a fountain of about 50 metres (160 ft) marks the end of the spectacle. The Löwenburg ("Lions Castle") is a replica of a medieval castle, also built during the reign of Wilhelm IX. After

3358-452: The final major revision of the DB V 160 family of locomotives ; having the preferred features of the antecedent locomotives, including a hydrodynamic brake, and a single engine providing electrical train heating via a generator as well as tractive power. The class were also the most numerous of the family, providing the backbone of the Deutsche Bundesbahn's main-line diesel locomotive traction from

3431-517: The first decommissioning of machines that were found to be in a bad state of repair on their scheduled inspections. At this time DBAG began to economise its fleet: In March 2008 there were 235 active machines, or about 60% of the total Serienloks. Kassel Kassel ( German pronunciation: [ˈkasl̩] ; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926 ) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse , in central Germany. It

3504-407: The first home game in the Hessenliga. However, they had over 5,000 supporters come to watch. Kassel has seven tram lines (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), with trams arriving usually every 15 minutes. The city also operates a light rail Stadtbahn network called RegioTram using Regio Citadis low-floor trams which run on both tram and main line railway tracks with three lines (RT1, RT4, RT5). Moreover,

3577-542: The first series received the MA MTU 12V 956 TB10 with 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) Because of the available power at rail being reduced when operating at full electric heating power some machines were fitted with a French 16 Pielstick PA4 V200 engine with around 2,700 horsepower (2,000 kW) built under license by KHD . MTU developed from the TB10 engine a TB11 with greater power of 2,800 hp (2,100 kW) which

3650-506: The line the locomotives returned to normal stock duties, in December 1998 the locomotives were rebuilt again and became Class 218 machines once again. 15 locomotives were converted (in Bremen ) for towing and shunting tasks - being fitted with a Scharfenberg coupler for modern coaching stock, they are used on the S-Bahn networks; found in all the major railway stations. 218 228 is found in

3723-410: The locomotives needed to be approved for running at 160 km/h (the same maximum speed at which the original Class 210 had run). The original hydraulic transmission was rated in its upper gear to 160 km/h, but the drive shafts needed to be uprated for the increased speed. . The individual locomotive numbers were preserved - thus DB 218 430 became DB 210 430. Following the full electrification of

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3796-447: The main mass of the locomotive via transverse beams attached to the main longitudinal supporting beams, the superstructure is made from sheet steel, forming a shell. The framework supported on coil springs on the bogies, from 218 299 onwards flexicoil suspension was used, per bogie side and from the bogies. There are two walkways connecting the cabins inside the body. Over time, several diesel engines have been used as propulsion;

3869-576: The merging of the two German railway systems they proved useful again on non-electrified sections of the former Deutsche Reichsbahn , however in the former West Germany some intercity services began to be operated by the DB Class 232 and 234 locomotives. The locomotives were stationed in the depots of Regensburg , Stendal , Lübeck , Brunswick , Ulm , Hagen , Mühldorf , Karlsruhe , Rostock Hbf, Kempten , Halting and Kaiserslautern . In 2000 there were 415 active machines, at this time also began

3942-466: The name's origin. It could be derived from the ancient Castellum Cattorum , a castle of the Chatti, a German tribe that had lived in the area since Roman times. Another assumption is a portmanteau from Frankonian cas , meaning "valley or recess", and sali meaning "hall or service building", which can be interpreted as "(town) hall in a valley". A deed from 1189 certifies that Cassel had city rights, but

4015-568: The new transport contract, vehicle maintenance is transferred to Korbach , where the foundation stone for the new workshop was laid on 29 September 2017. Kurhessenbahn baptized the following vehicles to communities and towns: DB Class 218 The DB Class 218 (before 1968 the DB Class V 164 ) are a class of 4-axle, diesel-hydraulic locomotives acquired by the Deutsche Bundesbahn for use on main and secondary lines for both passenger and freight trains. The class represents

4088-402: The number 218 as the reporting code for this class of locomotives. The main series of 398 machines was produced between 1971 and 1979, by Krupp, Henschel , Krauss-Maffei and MaK . Additionally the engine DB 215 112, after being badly damaged in 1975 was repaired to Class 218 specification, and renumbered 218 399. With a power of 2500 to 2800 hp and a top speed of 140 km/h, and

4161-557: The original Class 120 was used. Between the stations of Nauen and 'Berlin Zoological Gardens' the route was only partially electrified; in this electrification gap the train (complete with a DB Class 120 E-Lok) was towed by the diesels. In 1996 the machines for this task were created from locomotives 218 430 to 434 and 218 456 to 462 which were stationed in Lübeck and were in particularly good condition. For this task

4234-468: The public Klinikum Kassel is one of the largest hospitals in the federal state, offering a wide range of health services. Kassel is the largest city in the north of the federated state of Hesse in the south-western part of Germany, about 70 kilometers northwest of the geographic center of Germany. It is located on both sides of the river Fulda. Kassel's deepest point is in the north-eastern Fulda valley at 132.9 m above sea level. The urban area of Kassel

4307-424: The roof with a scoop like appearance – the purpose of these is to direct the exhaust flow, preventing overhead wire being coated by any particulate or condensed emissions. The 'scoops' also increase the exhaust flow speed, by reducing the diameter of the exhaust - thus launching the combusted vapours higher in the air, and reducing the likelihood of passengers being coated with engine smoke. The Indusi safety system

4380-615: The route infrastructure were modernized and the signalling was converted to an ESTW. After years of political debate, it was finally decided in September 2012 that the entire Frankenberg (Eder) - Korbach route would again be served by passenger services from December 2014. The reopening was officially celebrated on 14 September 2015 with a track festival with historical and modern vehicles. Since then, traffic has been offered every 2 hours. In addition, continuous connections from Brilon Stadt or Bestwig to Marburg are again offered. With

4453-526: The simplification over the two engined DB Class 217 was preferred, and was made possible by the availability of a higher powered (~1840 kW) engine compared to the original DB Class V 160 (~1400 kW). In 1966 an initial twelve prototype locomotives were ordered from Krupp by the DB, for which the V 164 numbering was given, the main order came after the change to a 'computer compatible' UIC numbering scheme (See DB locomotive classification ) which gave

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4526-490: The small class of eight Class 210 machines being rebuilt as class 218.9 at the beginning of the 1980s. This subclass was number 218-901 to 218-908 . They were decommissioned and scrapped between 2004 and 2006. A second set of locomotives designated Class 210 was created by the Deutsche Bahn AG in 1996 for the inter-city line from Munich via Berlin to Hamburg with non powered driving trailers , on which

4599-484: The synergy effects between network and operation, which was highlighted by those responsible. At the end of 2003, the Willingen - Korbach section of the line, which was closed for four years due to dilapidated viaducts, was put back into operation. At the same time, the line was comprehensively rehabilitated and the top speed increased, reducing the travel time between Korbach and Brilon Wald by 13 minutes. In 2006,

4672-774: The timetable change 2015/2016 in December 2015, a new timetable concept was introduced on the Main–Weser Railway in the Kassel - Treysa section, which extended most journeys on the Wabern - Bad Wildungen line to Kassel and ordered additional journeys to Treysa from the Kurhessenbahn during peak traffic hours. In March 2016, the Kurhessenbahn won the tender for the Northwest Hesse diesel network and will thus operate its existing network for another 15 years from December 2017. The operation will be completely converted to use Stadler GTW (number: 13) and Siemens Desiro (number: 14) low-floor multiple units. As part of

4745-581: The town hosted the fourth Hessentag state festival (again in 2013). In 1972 the Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt and the prime minister of the German Democratic Republic Willy Stoph met in Wilhelmshöhe Palace for negotiations between the two German states. In 1991, the central rail station moved from "Hauptbahnhof" ( main station ) (today only used for regional trains) to "Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe". The city had

4818-535: The university in 2017. The university offers a wide range of study programs from organic agriculture to social work. Furthermore, it offers several English master's programs as well as two short-term international programs, the Summer University and the Winter University . The Kunsthochschule Kassel (University of Fine Arts) is also part of the university with a satellite campus directly at

4891-449: Was built in 1953 and is able to hold 18,737 people. It is located in the south of Kassel at the quarter Südstadt, next to the Karlsaue. Kassel has a long ice hockey tradition, but it was not until 1977 that the Kassel ice rink (Eissporthalle) opened on a private initiative. The Kassel Huskies were founding members of the DEL in 1994, belonging to the league from 1994 to 2006 and again from 2008 to 2010. In 1997 , they were runners-up in

4964-444: Was built in Kassel, and a later version from 1714 survives as the Bellevue Palace . The Ottoneum , the first permanent German theatre building, was built in 1604. The old building is today the Natural History Museum, and the now-called Staatstheater Kassel is located in a nearby building that was constructed in the 1950s. Since 1927 Kassel has been home to Bärenreiter , one of the world's most important music publishers. Since 1955

5037-544: Was destroyed during World War II and became an industrial city in 1950s. Today, Kassel is home to a few companies and universities. The bombing raids of 1943 destroyed 90% of the city center. The city center was almost completely rebuilt during the 1950s and is a combination of renovated or reconstructed old buildings and architecture of the 1950s. Outside the city center, the suburbs are dominated by 19th-century architecture. Timber-framed old towns are situated in suburbs like Harleshausen and Bad Wilhelmshöhe. The oldest monument

5110-452: Was fitted to more than half the class. With the introduction of more stringent emission requirements , as well as the original engines being badly worn, or in an attempt to improve efficiency, a number of upgrades have been investigated or fitted, including: Following the upgrades most of the class have either emission-improved TB11 engines or MTU 4000 engines. Since 1985, the locomotives have had additional engine exhaust devices fitted on

5183-473: Was founded in 1971 as a so-called reform university offering new and innovative models of teaching. It is the newest university in the state of Hessen and has an urban and lively inner-city campus between the city center and the Northern city district, a typical working-class area with a multicultural population. There were 25,000 students enrolled at the university in 2018, 3381 of them non-Germans. Two hundred and twenty-four students obtained their doctorate from

5256-469: Was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013. The Hercules monument is a huge octagonal stone structure carrying a giant replica of Hercules "Farnese" (now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy). From its base down to Wilhelmshöhe Palace runs a long set of artificial cascades which delight visitors during the summer months. Every Sunday and Wednesday afternoon at 14:30 (from May until October)

5329-695: Was responsible for this humanitarian act, also ordered the construction of the Oktogon ( Hercules monument ) and of the Orangerie . In the late 18th Century, Hesse-Kassel became infamous for selling mercenaries ( Hessians ) to the British crown to help suppress the American Revolution and to finance the construction of palaces and the Landgrave's opulent lifestyle. In the early 19th century,

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