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64-526: Miao may refer to: Miao people , linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China Miao script or Pollard script , writing system used for Miao languages Miao (Unicode block) , a block of Unicode characters of the Pollard script Miào (庙), a Chinese temple Miáo (surname) ,

128-666: A Chinese surname written 苗 Miào (surname) , a Chinese surname written 繆 Miao, Chongming County (庙镇), town in Chongming District , Shanghai, China Miao, Changlang , town in Arunachal Pradesh, India Roman Catholic Diocese of Miao , in India " Mr. Miao ", a short story by Pu Songling Miao... , 1998 album by Candy Lo See also [ edit ] Miao Rebellion (disambiguation) Miao Miao Meow (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

192-661: A San Miao ( 三苗 , Three Miao) kingdom around Dongting Lake . It was defeated by Yu the Great . Another Miao kingdom may have emerged in Yunnan around 704 BC that was subjugated by the Chinese in the 3rd century BC. In 2002, the Chu language has been identified as perhaps having influence from Tai–Kam and Miao–Yao languages by researchers at University of Massachusetts Amherst . The Miao were not mentioned again in Chinese records until

256-728: A curriculum and workshop presentations on language learning in East and Southeast Asia, as well as Yao Seng Deng from Thailand . The US delegation took the new writing system to the Iu Mien community in the United States where it was adopted with a vote of 78 to 7 by a conference of Mien American community leaders. [6] This writing system based on the Latin alphabet was designed to be pan-dialectal; it distinguishes 30 syllable initials, 121 syllable finals and eight tones. For an example of how

320-668: A good harvest and worship their ancestors ." The description of Yao religion is similar to the definition of Chinese folk religion as described by Arthur Wolf and Steve Sangren. Like the Han, the Yao engage in patrilineal ancestor worship, celebrate lunar new year, and recognize a set a 18 gods and goddesses, mostly of Han Chinese origin. The Yao had shaman priests as part of their community who engaged in activity such as exorcism, spiritual communication, and divination using chicken bones or bamboo sticks. Taoism has historically been important to

384-677: A group of highlanders who were exempt from forced labour during the Tang dynasty (618-907). Between 200 BCE and 900 CE, the Yao migrated into mountainous areas to the south of the Yangtze River . The Yao were conquered by the Han Chinese between the 900s and 1200s. However they were covered under a loose reign system known as the Jimi system or Tusi . The local chieftains collected tribute and taxes from their own people and paid taxes to

448-473: A low income. On the contrary, Miao men take up jobs that require more physical strengths and less visibility in public, such as engineering roads, building hotels, boats and pavilions. These jobs generally provide a more stable and profitable source of income. The above example of unequal division of labor demonstrates, in spite of socioeconomic changes in China, men are still considered the financial backbone of

512-509: A man of her choice. However, like many other cultures in Asia, there are strict cultural practices on marriage, one being clan exogamy . It is a taboo to marry someone within the same family clan name, even when the couple are not blood related or from the same community. In contrast to the common practice of the right of succession belonging to the firstborn son, the Miao's inheritance descends to

576-928: A subfamily of the Hmong–Mien languages including many mutually unintelligible languages such as the Hmong , Hmub, Xong and A-Hmao . Not all speakers of the Hmongic languages belong to the Miao. For example, the speakers of the Bunu and Bahengic languages are designated as the Yao , and the speakers of the Sheic languages are designated as the She and the Yao. The Kem Di Mun people in Hainan , despite being officially designated as Miao people, are linguistically and culturally identical to

640-525: Is O2a2a2a1a2a1a2-N5 (a subclade of O2a2a-M188), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao. Yao people The Yao people ( simplified Chinese : 瑶族 ; traditional Chinese : 瑤族 ; pinyin : Yáozú ) or Dao ( Vietnamese : người Dao ) is a classification for various ethnic minorities in China and Vietnam . Their majority branch is also known as Mien . They are one of

704-415: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Miao people Miao is a Chinese term, while the component groups of people have their own autonyms, such as (with some variant spellings) Hmong , Hmu , Xong (Qo-Xiong), and A-Hmao . These people (except those in Hainan ) speak Hmongic languages ,

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768-418: Is not one final masterpiece exactly the same as another. The Miao embroidery and silver jewelry are highly valued, delicate and beautiful. Silver jewelry is a highly valuable craftwork of the Miao people. Apart from being a cultural tradition, it also symbolises the wealth of Miao women. As a Miao saying goes, "decorated with no silver or embroidery, a girl is not a girl", Miao women are occasionally defined by

832-456: Is traditionally patrilineal , with sons inheriting from their fathers. The Yao follow patrilocal residence . Polygyny was allowed until it was banned in China in the 1950s. Adoption was common among the wealthy The Yao people have been farmers for over a thousand years, mostly rice cultivation through plowing, although a few practice slash-and-burn agriculture. Where the Yao live nearby forested regions, they also engage in hunting. During

896-642: The Battle of Zhuolu ( 涿鹿 ; Zhuōlù , a defunct prefecture on the border of present provinces of Hebei and Liaoning ) by the military coalition of Huang Di ( 黃帝 ; Huángdì ) and Yan Di, leaders of the Huaxia ( 華夏 ; Huáxià ) tribe as the two tribes struggled for supremacy of the Yellow River valley. The San Miao, according to legend, are the descendants of the Jiuli Tribe. Chinese records record

960-573: The Kim Mun people in continental China who are classified as a subgroup of the Yao . The term "Miao" gained official status in 1949 as a minzu (ethnic group) encompassing a group of linguistically related ethnic minorities in Southwest China . This was part of a larger effort to identify and classify minority groups to clarify their role in the national government, including establishing autonomous administrative divisions and allocating

1024-472: The Southern Song (1127–1279) , an imperial Chinese observer, Zhou Qufei, described the Yao as wearing distinctive fine blue clothing produced using indigo . The Yao celebrate their Pan Wang (King Pan) festival annually on the sixteenth day of the tenth lunar month . The festival celebrates the mythical original story of the Yao people, and has evolved "into a happy holiday for the Yao to celebrate

1088-540: The Tang dynasty (618–907). In the following period, the Miao migrated throughout southern China and Southeast Asia . They generally inhabited mountainous or marginal lands and took up swidden or slash-and-burn cultivation techniques to farm these lands. During the Miao Rebellions of the Ming dynasty , thousands of Miao were killed by the imperial forces. Mass castrations of Miao boys also took place. During

1152-1113: The 1990 Chinese census, as given in the Hunan Province Gazetteer (1997). After 1982, the Guangxi Nationality Institute and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences together created a new Yao writing system which was unified with the research results of the Yao-American scholar Yuēsè Hòu ( Traditional Chinese : 約瑟·候/ Simplified Chinese : 约瑟·候). The writing system was finalized in 1984 in Ruyuan County (乳源瑤族自治縣), Guangdong , which included Chinese professors Pan Chengqian (盤承乾/盘承乾), Deng Fanggui (鄧方貴/邓方贵), Liu Baoyuan (劉保元/刘保元), Su Defu (蘇德富/苏德富) and Yauz Mengh Borngh; Chinese government officials; Mien Americans Sengfo Chao (Zhao Fuming), Kao Chiem Chao (Zhao Youcai), and Chua Meng Chao; David T. Lee. American linguist Herbert C. Purnell developed

1216-402: The 19th century. According to André-Georges Haudricourt and David Strecker's claims based on limited secondary data, the Miao were among the first people to settle in present-day China. They claim that the Han borrowed a lot of words from the Miao in regard to rice farming. This indicated that the Miao were among the first rice farmers in China. In addition, some have connected the Miao to

1280-751: The 439,000 people categorised as Bunu in the 1982 census speak Bunu ; 100,000 speak the Tai–Kadai Zhuang languages , and 181,000 speak Chinese and the Tai–Kadai Bouyei language . Mao Zongwu (2004:7-8) gives a detailed list of various Yao endonyms (i.e., self-designated names) and the Chinese names of various groups and clans associated with them. Endonyms are written in the International Phonetic Alphabet with numerical Chao tones . Groups considered to be "Plains Yao" (Pingdi Yao 平地瑶) include: Tim Doling (2010:82-83) lists

1344-534: The 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China and reside in the mountainous southwest and south of the country. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. They numbered 2,796,003 in the 2010 Chinese census and 891,151 in the 2019 Vietnamese census. An estimated 60,000 Yao of the Iu Mien branch reside in the United States, mostly in the Western coastal states. The origins of

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1408-982: The Chinese-Miao for the Communists. However, after the war the Vietnamese were very aggressive towards the Hmong who suffered many years of reprisals. Most Hmong in Thailand also supported a brief Communist uprising during the war. Some of the origins of the Hmong and Miao clan names are a result of the marriage of Hmong women to Han Chinese men, with distinct Han Chinese-descended clans and lineages practicing Han Chinese burial customs. These clans were called "Han Chinese Hmong" ("Hmong Sua") in Sichuan , and were instructed in military tactics by fugitive Han Chinese rebels. Such Chinese "surname groups" are comparable to

1472-700: The Daxi Culture (5,300 – 6,000 years ago) in the middle Yangtze River region. The Daxi Culture has been credited with being amongst the first cultivators of rice in the Far East by Western scholars. However, in 2006 rice cultivation was found to have existed in the Shandong province even earlier than the Daxi Culture. Though the Yuezhuang culture has cultivated rice, it is more of collected wild rice and not actual cultivated and domesticated rice like that of

1536-627: The Daxi. A western study mention that the Miao (especially the Miao-Hunan) has its origins in southern China but have some DNA from the Northeast people of China. Recent DNA samples of Miao males contradict this theory. The White Hmong have 25% C, 8% D, & 6% N(Tat) yet they have the least contact with the Han population. According to the 2000 census, the number of Miao in China was estimated to be about 9.6 million. Outside of China, members of

1600-577: The Han, Hmong leaders made allies with Han merchants. The imperial government had to rely on political means to bring in Hmong people into the government: they created multiple competing positions of substantial prestige for Miao people to participate and assimilate into the Qing government system. During the Ming and Qing times, the official position of Kiatong was created in Indochina. The Miao would employ

1664-499: The Miao language family. This language family, which consists of 6 languages and around 35 dialects (some of which are mutually intelligible) belongs to the Hmong/Miao branch of the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) language family . A large population of the Hmong have emigrated to the northern mountainous reaches of Southeast Asia including Thailand, Laos , Vietnam, and Burma . However, many continue to live in far Southwest China mostly in

1728-581: The Miao sub-group or nations of the Hmong live in Thailand , Laos , Vietnam and Burma due to outward migrations starting in the 18th century. As a result of recent migrations in the aftermath of the Indochina and Vietnam Wars from 1949 to 1975, many Hmong people now live in the United States , French Guiana , France and Australia . Altogether, there are approximately 10 million speakers in

1792-657: The Miao. Those became the ancestors of a part of the Miao population in Guizhou. The Hmong Tian clan in Sizhou began in the seventh century as a migrant Han Chinese clan. The origin of the Tunbao people traces back to the Ming dynasty when the Hongwu Emperor sent 300,000 Han Chinese male soldiers in 1381 to conquer Yunnan, with some of the men marrying Yao and Miao women. The presence of women presiding over weddings

1856-657: The Qing Dynasty the Miao fought three wars against the empire. The issue was so serious that the Yongzheng emperor sent one of his most important officials, Ortai , to be the Viceroy of the provinces with significant Miao populations in 1726, and through 1731, he spent his time putting down rebellions. In 1735 in the southeastern province of Guizhou, the Miao rose up against the government's forced assimilation. Eight counties involving 1,224 villages fought until 1738 when

1920-597: The Yao can be traced back two millennia to Hunan around the Dongting Lake region. According to a Yao tale, the Chinese Emperor Gao Xin was saved from an enemy chieftain by his faithful dog, Pan Hu. As a reward, Pan Hu was turned into a man and given the emperor's daughter in marriage. The descendants of the two became the Yao people. This tale was used as a basis for their connection to the Mo Yao,

1984-484: The Yao do not believe in Buddhism at all. They are resolutely Taoist." There are several distinct groups within the Yao nationality, and they speak several different languages, The Iu Mien comprise 70% of the Yao population. In addition to China, Yao also live in northern Vietnam (where they are called Dao ), northern Laos , and Myanmar . There are around 60,000 Yao in northern Thailand , where they are one of

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2048-510: The Yao who have immigrated to the United States have settled along the Western part of the US, mainly in central and northern California such as Visalia, Oakland , Oroville , Redding, Richmond, Sacramento , but also in parts of Oregon like Portland , Salem, and Beaverton as well as the state of Washington in Seattle and Renton. See Mien American for those identified as Mien. Yao society

2112-492: The Yao. Jinag Yingliang, in a 1948 study, argued that Yao religion was characterized by (1) a process of Han Chinese-influenced Daoisation ( Chinese : 道教化 ; pinyin : Dàojiào huà ); (2) the endurance of pre-Daoist folk religion ; and (3) some Buddhist beliefs . Scholar Zhang Youjun takes issue with claims of "strong Buddhist influence" on the Yao, arguing that "although Yao ritual texts contain Buddhist expression,

2176-454: The amount of silver jewelry she wears or owns. It is especially important to wear heavy and intricate silver headdresses and jewelry during significant occasions and festivals, notably during weddings, funerals and springtime celebration. Silver jewelry is an essential element of Miao marriages, particularly to the bride. Miao families would begin saving silver jewellery for the girls at an early age, wishing their daughters could marry well with

2240-432: The emperor. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, rule over the Yao was tightened. Ming and Qing authorities sent in their own bureaucrats to directly collect taxes, supplanting the role of the Yao chieftains. The Yao and Miao people were among the rebels during the Miao Rebellions against the Ming dynasty during the 1370s and 1449. Conflict drove the Yao further south into the highlands between Hunan and Guizhou to

2304-467: The family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way. Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeast Guizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers in Taijiang in Guizhou before the second half of

2368-610: The family. While the Miao people have had their own unique culture, the Confucian ideology exerted significant influences on this ethnic group. It is expected that men are the dominant figures and breadwinners of the family, while women occupy more domestic roles (like cooking and cleaning). There are strict social standards on women to be "virtuous wives and good mothers", and to abide by "three obediences and four virtues", which include cultural moral specifications of women's behavior. A Miao woman has some cultural freedom in marrying

2432-747: The following Yao (spelled Dao in the Vietnamese alphabet ) subgroups in northern Vietnam . According to Doling (2010), only Kim Mun, Kim Mien, and Lô Gang may be found outside Vietnam. Nguyen (2004:14-15, 128) lists Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Khố Bạch, and Làn Tiẻn as the 4 primary subdivisions of ethnic Yao in Vietnam. Yao peoples are distributed primarily in the provinces Hunan , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan of China. Ethnic Yao are also found in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. (Only counties or county equivalents with more than 0.1% of county population are shown.) The Yao of Guizhou are found in

2496-461: The following autonyms for Yao subgroups of Jiangyong County. The Yao of Shaoyang Prefecture are found in the following locations ( Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer 1997). Population statistics are from 1990. The Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997) reports that the Yao of Shaoyang Prefecture, Hunan speak the following languages. The following population statistics of ethnic Yao in Hunan are from

2560-430: The following locations ( Guizhou Province Gazetteer 贵州志 2002). The Yao of Guizhou have various autonyms, such as: The Jianghua Yao Autonomous County is the only Yao-designated autonomous county in Hunan. Some subgroups of ethnic Yao in Hunan include: The Hunan Province Gazetteer (1997) gives the following autonyms for various peoples classified by the Chinese government as Yao. Tan Xiaoping (2012) also gives

2624-821: The four major groups of Miao in China: Compared to the Confucian principles traditionally exercised over women in some regions of China, the Miao culture is generally less strict in categorization of women's roles in society. Miao women exercise relatively more independence, mobility and social freedom. They are known to be strong willed and politically minded. They actively contribute to their communities in social welfare, education, arts and culture, and agricultural farming. Miao women demonstrate great skill and artistry when making traditional clothing and handicrafts. They excel at embroidering, weaving, paper-cutting, batik, and intricate jewelry casting. From vests, coats, hats, collars and cuffs, to full skirts, and baby carriers,

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2688-632: The king of the Hmong, aided Ho Chi Minh 's nationalist move against the French, and thus secured the Hmong's position in Vietnam. In Điện Biên Phủ , Hmongs fought on the side of the communist Viet Minh against the pro-French Tai Dam aristocrats. During the Vietnam War , Miao fought on both sides, the Hmong in Laos primarily for the US, across the border in Vietnam for the North-Vietnam coalition,

2752-468: The large amount of silver jewelry representing the wealth of the family. Although a growing Miao population is moving from rural Miao regions to cities, the new generation respects the families' silver heritage and is willing to pass on the practice as a cultural tradition more than a showcase of family wealth. Although Miao women are not strictly-governed, their social status is often seen as lower than that of men, as in most patriarchal societies. Be it in

2816-512: The neighbouring provinces. By the time the war ended Professor Wu said only 30 percent of the Miao were left in their home regions. This defeat led to the Hmong people migrating out of China into Laos and Vietnam. During Qing times, more military garrisons were established in southwest China. Han Chinese soldiers moved into the Taijiang region of Guizhou , married Miao women, and the children were brought up as Miao. In spite of rebellion against

2880-666: The new communist Laotian government to target Yao tribal groups once the war was over. This triggered further immigration into Thailand , where the tribes would be put into camps along the Thailand-Laos border. After obtaining refugee status from the Thai government, and with the help of the United Nations , many Yao people were able to obtain sponsorship into the United States (although many remain in Thailand). Most of

2944-416: The north and Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, and stretching into Eastern Yunnan . Some left for Southeast Asia. Around 1890, the Guangdong government started taking action against Yao in Northwestern Guangdong. After the Mao Zedong 's Communist Party won the civil war in the late 1940s, the Yao benefited greatly from the ideology of equality and were able to access education, becoming part of

3008-431: The patrilineal Hmong clans and also practice exogamy. Han Chinese male soldiers who fought against the Miao rebellions during the Qing and Ming dynasties were known to have married with non-Han women such as the Miao because Han women were less desirable. The Wang clan, founded among the Hmong in Gongxian county of Sichuan's Yibin district, is one such clan and can trace its origins to several such marriages around

3072-419: The patterns on their clothes are extremely complicated and colorful with clean lines. Girls of around seven will learn embroidering from mothers and sisters, and by the time they are teenagers, they are quite deft. Additionally, Miao silver jewelry is distinctive for its design, style and craftsmanship. Miao silver jewelry is completely handmade, carved with fine decorative patterns. It's not easy to make and there

3136-419: The potential derogatory use of the term Miao. In modern China, however, the term continues to be used regarding the Miao people there. Though the Miao themselves use various self-designations, the Chinese traditionally classify them according to the most characteristic color of the women's clothes. The list below contains some of these self-designations, the color designations, and the main regions inhabited by

3200-827: The provinces of Yunnan , Guangxi and to a very limited extent in Guizhou . Most Miao currently live in China. Miao population growth in China: 3,600,000 Miao, about half of the entire Chinese Miao population, were in Guizhou in 1990. The Guizhou Miao and those in the following six provinces make up over 98% of all Chinese Miao: In the above provinces, there are 6 Miao autonomous prefectures (shared officially with one other ethnic minority): There are in addition 23 Miao autonomous counties : Most Miao reside in hills or on mountains, such as Several thousands of Miao left their homeland to move to larger cities like Guangzhou and Beijing . There are 789,000 Hmong spread throughout northern Vietnam , Laos , Burma , and on other continents. 174,000 live in Thailand , where they are one of

3264-430: The regional and national elite. They were often recruited as specialists to assist with the ethnic identification program within the framework of a large unified China. During the Laotian Civil War , the Yao tribes of Laos had a good relationship with U.S. forces and were dubbed to be an "efficient friendly force". They fought in favour of the (South Vietnamese) government against the communists. This relationship caused

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3328-522: The revolt ended. According to Xiangtan University Professor Wu half the Miao populations were affected by the war. The second war (1795–1806) involved the provinces of Guizhou and Hunan. Shi Sanbao and Shi Liudeng led this second revolt. Again, it ended in failure, but it took 11 years to quell the uprising. The greatest of the three wars occurred from 1854 to 1873 . Zhang Xiu-mei led this revolt in Guizhou until his capture and death in Changsha, Hunan. This revolt affected over one million people and all

3392-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Miao . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miao&oldid=1214945163 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3456-399: The seats for representatives in provincial and national government. Historically, the term "Miao" had been applied inconsistently to a variety of non- Han peoples. Early Chinese-based names use various transcriptions: Miao, Miao-tse, Miao-tsze, Meau, Meo, mo, Miao-tseu etc. In Southeast Asian contexts, words derived from the Chinese "Miao" took on a sense which was perceived as derogatory by

3520-511: The six main hill tribes . The 2000 Chinese census recorded 8,940,116 Miao in mainland China . (Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.25% of mainland China's Miao population.) Miao fish (苗鱼 miáo yǘ) is a dish made by steaming fish with a mixture of fresh herbs, green peppers, ginger slices and garlic. Huang et al. (2022) found that the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Miao and Pa-Hng from Hunan, and Thailand Hmong)

3584-681: The six main hill tribes . The lowland-living Lanten of Laos, who speak Kim Mun , and the highland-living Iu Mien of Laos are two different Yao groups. There are also many Iu Mien Americans , mainly refugees from the highlands of Laos . The Iu Mien do not call themselves "Yao". Not all "Yao" are Iu Mien. A group of 61,000 people on Hainan speak the Yao language Kim Mun; 139,000 speakers of Kim Mun live in other parts of China ( Yunnan and Guangxi ), and 174,500 live in Laos and Vietnam. The Bunu people call themselves Nuox [no13] , Buod nuox [po43 no13] , Dungb nuox [tuŋ33no13] , or their official name Yaof zuf [ʑau21su21] . Only 258,000 of

3648-444: The subgroups living in that region. The term re-appeared in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), by which time it had taken on the connotation of "barbarian". Being a variation of Nanman, it was used to refer to the indigenous people in southern China who had not been assimilated into Han culture. During this time, references to "raw" (生 Sheng) and "cooked" (熟 Shu) Miao appear, referring to the level of assimilation and political cooperation of

3712-710: The subsistence economy or otherwise, men are the main economic force and provide the stable source of income for the family. Women are primarily involved in social welfare, domestic responsibilities, and additionally earn supplementary income. As tourism became a major economic activity to this ethnic group, Miao women gained more opportunities to join the labor force and earn an income. Women mostly take up jobs that require modern day customer service skills; for example, working as tour guides, selling craftwork and souvenirs, teaching tourists how to make flower wreaths, and even renting ethnic costumes. These jobs require soft skills and hospitality and more visibility in public, but provide

3776-654: The time of the Ming dynasty suppression of the Ah rebels. Nicholas Tapp wrote that, according to The Story of the Ha Kings in the village, one such Han ancestor was Wang Wu. It is also noted that the Wang typically sided with the Chinese, being what Tapp calls "cooked" as opposed to the "raw" peoples who rebelled against the Chinese. Hmong women who married Han Chinese men founded a new Xem clan among Northern Thailand's Hmong. Fifty years later in Chiangmai two of their Hmong boy descendants were Catholics. A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, , with another Han Chinese man of

3840-410: The two groups, making them easier to classify. Not until the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) do more finely grained distinctions appear in writing. Even then, discerning which ethnic groups are included in various classifications can be complex. There has been a historical tendency by the Hmong, who resisted assimilation and political cooperation, to group all Miao peoples together under the term Hmong because of

3904-439: The unified alphabet is used to write Iu Mien, a common Yao language, see Iu Mien language . There is a separate written standard for Bunu, since it is from the Hmong/Miao side, rather than the Mien/Yao side, of the Miao–Yao language family. Some people think that a variety of Yao is, or was, written in Nüshu , an indigenous script in Southern part of Hunan Province in China. But this connection between Yao language and Nüshu

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3968-423: The use of the Kiatong government structure until the 1900s when they entered into French colonial politics in Indochina . During the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Miao played an important role in its birth when they helped Mao Zedong to escape the Kuomintang in the Long March with supplies and guides through their territory. In Vietnam, a powerful Hmong named Vuong Chinh Duc, dubbed

4032-458: The youngest son. The older sons leave the family and build their own residences, usually in the same province and close to the family. The youngest son is responsible for living with and caring for the aging parents, even after marriage. He receives a larger share of the family's inheritance and his mother's silver jewelry collection, which is used as bridal wealth or dowry . Some imperially commissioned Han Chinese chieftaincies assimilated with

4096-476: Was a feature noted in "Southeast Asian" marriages, such as in 1667 when a Miao woman in Yunnan married a Chinese official. Some Sinicization occurred, in Yunnan a Miao chief's daughter married a scholar in the 1600s who wrote that she could read, write, and listen in Chinese and read Chinese classics. According to a Tang dynasty Chinese legend, the Miao who descended from the Jiuli tribe led by Chiyou ( Chinese : 蚩尤 ; pinyin : Chīyóu ) were defeated at

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