72-675: Hmong or Mong ( / ˈ m ʌ ŋ / MUNG ; RPA : Hmoob , Nyiakeng Puachue : 𞄀𞄩𞄰 , Pahawh : 𖬌𖬣𖬵 , [m̥ɔ̃́] ) is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Southwestern China , northern Vietnam , Thailand , and Laos . There are an estimated 4.5 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 Hmong Americans as of 2013. Over half of all Hmong speakers speak
144-631: A career employee, or as a political appointment that does not require Senate confirmation , with the latter method typically being used. The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time. On January 20, 2025, the CDC Director position will change to require Senate confirmation, due to a provision in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 . The CDC Director concurrently serves as
216-723: A cluster analysis tend to argue on the basis of general phonetic principles (other examples of labial phonemes with lateral release appear extremely rare or nonexistent). ^** Some linguists prefer to analyze the prenasalized consonants as clusters whose first element is /n/ . However, this cluster analysis is not as common as the above one involving /l/ . ^*** Only used in Hmong RPA and not in Pahawh Hmong , since Hmong RPA uses Latin script and Pahawh Hmong does not. For example, in Hmong RPA, to write keeb ,
288-419: A comprehensive book, CDC Health Information for International Travel , which is commonly known as the "yellow book." The book is available online and in print as a new edition every other year and includes current travel health guidelines, vaccine recommendations, and information on specific travel destinations . The CDC also issues travel health notices on its website, consisting of three levels: The CDC uses
360-592: A dagger or double dagger respectively.) i ⟨i⟩ 𖬂, 𖬃 ɨ ⟨w⟩ 𖬘, 𖬙 u ⟨u⟩ 𖬆, 𖬇 e ⟨e⟩ 𖬈, 𖬉 ẽ ~ eŋ ⟨ee⟩ 𖬀, 𖬁 ɔ ⟨o⟩ 𖬒, 𖬓 ɔ̃ ~ ɔŋ ⟨oo⟩ 𖬌, 𖬍 a ⟨a⟩ 𖬖, 𖬗 ã ~ aŋ ⟨aa⟩ 𖬚, 𖬛 ‡ ai ⟨ai⟩ 𞄤𞄦, 𞄣 𖬊, 𖬋 iə ⟨ia⟩ 𞄦𞄤, 𞄞 𖬔, 𖬕 † aɨ ⟨aw⟩ 𞄤𞄬, 𞄢 𖬎, 𖬏 au ⟨au⟩ 𞄤𞄨, 𞄠 𖬄, 𖬅 uə ⟨ua⟩ 𞄧𞄤, 𞄜 𖬐, 𖬑 The Dananshan standard of China
432-400: A dialect not their own, for the most part, Mong Leng seem to do better when understanding both dialects." The three dialects described here are Hmong Daw (also called White Miao or Hmong Der), Mong Leeg (also called Blue/Green Miao or Mong Leng), and Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao). Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans . Although mutually intelligible,
504-560: A few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin . In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent samples of communicable diseases to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989 which were subsequently repurposed for biological warfare, including Botulinum toxin , West Nile virus , Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus. On April 21, 2005, then–CDC Director Julie Gerberding formally announced
576-405: A list of the latest safety information, side effects, and answers to common questions about CDC recommended vaccines. The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) works with a network of healthcare organizations to share data on vaccine safety and adverse events. The Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) project is a network of vaccine experts and health centers that research and assist the CDC in
648-710: A measure against the spread of antibiotic resistance in the United States. This initiative has a budget of $ 161 million and includes the development of the Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network . Globally, the CDC works with other organizations to address global health challenges and contain disease threats at their source. They work with many international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as ministries of health and other groups on
720-488: A number of notable training and fellowship programs, including those indicated below. The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is composed of "boots-on-the-ground disease detectives" who investigate public health problems domestically and globally. When called upon by a governmental body, EIS officers may embark on short-term epidemiological assistance assignments, or "Epi-Aids", to provide technical expertise in containing and investigating disease outbreaks. The EIS program
792-437: A number of phonemic contrasts unfamiliar to English speakers. All non-glottal stops and affricates distinguish aspirated and unaspirated forms, and most also distinguish prenasalization independently of this. The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to Hmong Daw † and Mong Leeg ‡ are color-coded and indicated by a dagger or double dagger respectively.) The Dananshan standard of China
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#1732765243414864-448: A number of tools to monitor the safety of vaccines. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a national vaccine safety surveillance program run by CDC and the FDA. "VAERS detects possible safety issues with U.S. vaccines by collecting information about adverse events (possible side effects or health problems) after vaccination." The CDC's Safety Information by Vaccine page provides
936-676: A period of 65 years; the Atlanta City Council had voted to do so the prior December. The CDC and Emory University had requested that the Atlanta city government annex the area, paving the way for a MARTA expansion through the Emory campus, funded by city tax dollars. The headquarters were located in an unincorporated area , statistically in the Druid Hills census-designated place . On August 17, 2022, Dr. Walensky said
1008-427: A result of these conversations this colleague believes that many of these lects are likely to have high inherent mutual intelligibility within the cluster. Culturally, while each sub-group prides itself on its own distinctives, they also recognize that other sub-groups within this category are culturally similar to themselves and accept the others as members of the same general ethnic group. However, this category of lects
1080-459: A short [ʔ] may accompany the low-falling creaky tone. Dananshan has a syllabic /l̩/ (written ⟨l⟩ ) in Chinese loans, such as lf 'two' and lx 'child'. Hmong is a tonal language and makes use of seven (Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg) or eight (Dananshan) distinct tones . The Dananshan tones are transcribed as pure tone. However, given how similar several of them are, it
1152-578: A version of the script. The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA: Hmoob Dawb ) and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA: Moob Leeg ) dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in White Hmong (denoted with †) or Green Mong (denoted with ⁂) are color-coded respectively. Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for Albanian , White Hmong
1224-511: Is a model for the international Field Epidemiology Training Program . The CDC also operates the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP), a two-year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States. PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently has 159 associates in 34 states. The Director of CDC is a Senior Executive Service position that may be filled either by
1296-702: Is a system of romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language . Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and Hmong advisers, it has gone on to become the most widespread system for writing the Hmong language in the West. It is also used in Southeast Asia and China alongside other writing systems, most notably Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong and Pahawh Hmong . In Xiangkhoang Province , Protestant missionary G. Linwood Barney began working on
1368-601: Is internally varied and geographically scattered and mixed over a broad land area, and comprehensive intelligibility testing would be required to confirm reports of mutual intelligibility throughout the cluster. According to the CDC, "although there is no official preference for one dialect over the other, White Hmong seems to be favored in many ways": the Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) most closely reflects that of White Hmong ( Hmong Daw ); most educated Hmong speak White Hmong because White Hmong people lack
1440-567: Is likely that there are also phonational differences as in Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg. Tones 4 and 6, for example, are said to make tenuis plosives breathy voiced ( 浊送气 ), suggesting they may be breathy/murmured like the Hmong g -tone. Tones 7 and 8 are used in early Chinese loans with entering tone , suggesting they may once have marked checked syllables. Because voiceless consonants apart from tenuis plosives are restricted to appearing before certain tones (1, 3, 5, 7), those are placed first in
1512-430: Is not written; it is not distinct from a zero initial. There is also a /w/ , which occurs only in foreign words. ^* The status of the consonants described here as single phonemes with lateral release is controversial. A number of scholars instead analyze them as biphonemic clusters with /l/ as the second element. The difference in analysis (e.g., between /pˡ/ and /pl/ ) is not based on any disagreement in
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#17327652434141584-562: Is ordered alphabetically by the RPA, apart from prenasalized stops and voiceless sonorants, which come after their oral and voiced homologues. There are three overriding patterns to the correspondences: RPA doubles a vowel for nasalization, whereas pinyin uses ⟨ng⟩ ; RPA uses ⟨h⟩ for aspiration, whereas pinyin uses the voicing distinction of the Latin script; pinyin uses ⟨h⟩ (and ⟨r⟩ ) to derive
1656-439: Is similar. (Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are color-coded and marked as absent or added. Minor differences, such as the voicing of prenasalized stops, or whether /c/ is an affricate or /h/ is velar, may be a matter of transcription.) Aspirates, voiceless fricatives, voiceless nasals, and glottal stop only occur with yin tones (1, 3, 5, 7). Standard orthography is added in angled brackets . The glottal stop
1728-442: Is similar. Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are color-coded and marked as absent or added. Dananshan [ɨ] occurs only after non-palatal affricates, and is written ⟨i⟩ , much like Mandarin Chinese. /u/ is pronounced [y] after palatal consonants. There is also a triphthong /jeβ/ ⟨ieu⟩ , as well as other i- and u-initial sequences in Chinese borrowings, such as /waj/ . Hmong makes
1800-854: Is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services , and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia . The agency's main goal is the protection of public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and worldwide. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease , food borne pathogens , environmental health , occupational safety and health , health promotion , injury prevention , and educational activities designed to improve
1872-603: The Ebola virus . The program, called the Federal Select Agent Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens. During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa , the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at Emory University Hospital , the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases. As a response to
1944-636: The Korean War spurred the creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) as a two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology. The success of the EIS program led to the launch of Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP) in 1980, training more than 18,000 disease detectives in over 80 countries. In 2020, FETP celebrated the 40th anniversary of the CDC's support for Thailand's Field Epidemiology Training Program. Thailand
2016-933: The Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals. From 1995 to 2022, the Foundation raised over $ 1.6 billion and launched more than 1,200 health programs. Bill Cosby formerly served as a member of the Foundation's Board of Directors, continuing as an honorary member after completing his term. The Foundation engages in research projects and health programs in more than 160 countries every year, including in focus areas such as cardiovascular disease , cancer , emergency response , and infectious diseases , particularly HIV/AIDS , Ebola , rotavirus , and COVID-19 . In 2015, BMJ associate editor Jeanne Lenzer raised concerns that
2088-565: The Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973 , it was promoted to being a principal operating agency of PHS. It was renamed to the plural Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980, as the modern organization of having multiple constituent centers was established. By 1990, it had four centers formed in the 1980s: the Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
2160-529: The Vietnamese alphabet . In addition, in 1959 Shong Lue Yang , a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos, created an 81 symbol writing system called Pahawh . Yang was not previously literate in any language. Chao Fa, an anti-Laotian government Hmong group, uses this writing system. In the 1980s, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was created by a Hmong Minister, Reverend Chervang Kong Vang, to be able to capture Hmong vocabulary clearly and also to remedy redundancies in
2232-577: The "Chuanqiandian cluster " in English (or "Miao cluster" in other languages) since West Hmongic is also called Chuanqiandian Miao . The variety spoken from Sichuan in China to Thailand and Laos is referred to in China as the "First Local Variety" ( 第一土语 ) of the cluster. Mong Leng and Hmong Daw are just those varieties of the cluster that migrated to Laos. The names Mong Leng , Hmong Dleu/Der , and Hmong Daw are also used in China for various dialects of
Hmong language - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-556: The "first local dialect" ( 第一土语 ) of the Chuanqiandian cluster in Chinese, the proposer made the following statement on mutual intelligibility: A colleague has talked with speakers of a number of these closely-related lects in the US, in Thailand and in China, and has had many discussions with Chinese linguists and foreign researchers or community development workers who have had extensive contact with speakers of these lects. As
2376-605: The "gift" was Robert W. Woodruff , chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company . Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established. In 1951, Chief Epidemiologist Alexander Langmuir's warnings of potential biological warfare during
2448-564: The 2014 Ebola outbreak, Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $ 30,000,000 towards CDC's efforts to fight the virus. The CDC also works on non-communicable diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity , physical inactivity and tobacco-use. The work of the Division for Cancer Prevention and Control, led from 2010 by Lisa C. Richardson , is also within this remit. The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as
2520-652: The Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Twenty directors have served the CDC or its predecessor agencies, including three who have served during the Trump administration (including Anne Schuchat who twice served as acting director) and three who have served during the Carter administration (including one acting director not shown here). Two served under Bill Clinton, but only one under
2592-471: The CDC continued to be an advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases . In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $ 10 to Emory University for 15 acres (61,000 m ) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters as of 2019. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind
2664-485: The CDC would make drastic changes in the wake of mistakes during the COVID-19 pandemic. She outlined an overhaul of how the CDC would analyze and share data and how they would communicate information to the general public. In her statement to all CDC employees, she said: "For 75 years, CDC and public health have been preparing for COVID-19, and in our big moment, our performance did not reliably meet expectations." Based on
2736-644: The Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, and the Center for Prevention Services; as well as two centers that had been absorbed by CDC from outside: the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in 1973, and the National Center for Health Statistics in 1987. An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that
2808-691: The Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that the Qing Dynasty had caused a previous Hmong writing system to die out when it stated that the death penalty would be imposed on those who wrote it down. Since the end of the 19th century, linguists created over two dozen Hmong writing systems, including systems using Chinese characters , the Lao alphabet , the Russian alphabet , the Thai alphabet , and
2880-650: The Hebrew alphabets, although the characters themselves are different. Other experiments by Hmong and non-Hmong orthographers have been undertaken using invented letters. The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA), the most widely used script for Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, was developed in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by three Western missionaries. In the United States Hmong do not use RPA for spelling of proper nouns, because they want their names to be easily pronounced by people unfamiliar with RPA. For instance Hmong in
2952-546: The Nixon to Ford terms. The CDC's programs address more than 400 diseases, health threats, and conditions that are major causes of death, disease, and disability. The CDC's website has information on various infectious (and noninfectious) diseases, including smallpox , measles , and others. The CDC targets the transmission of influenza , including the H1N1 swine flu, and launched websites to educate people about hygiene. Within
Hmong language - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-731: The U.S. The CDC budget for fiscal year 2024 is $ 11.581 billion. As of 2021, CDC staff numbered approximately 15,000 personnel (including 6,000 contractors and 840 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations. Eighty percent held bachelor's degrees or higher; almost half had advanced degrees (a master's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD, D.O. , or M.D. ). Common CDC job titles include engineer, entomologist , epidemiologist , biologist, physician, veterinarian , behavioral scientist , nurse , medical technologist , economist, public health advisor, health communicator, toxicologist , chemist, computer scientist , and statistician. The CDC also operates
3096-452: The U.S. spell Hmoob as "Hmong," and Liab Lis is spelled as Lia Lee . The Dananshan standard in China is written in a pinyin-based alphabet, with tone letters similar to those used in RPA. The following is a list of pairs of RPA and Dananshan segments having the same sound (or very similar sounds). Note however that RPA and the standard in China not only differ in orthographic rules, but are also used to write different languages. The list
3168-686: The Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established. It became the National Communicable Disease Center effective July 1, 1967, and the Center for Disease Control on June 24, 1970. At the end of
3240-719: The WHO to implement the International Health Regulations (IHR) , an agreement between 196 countries to prevent, control, and report on the international spread of disease, through initiatives including the Global Disease Detection Program (GDD). The CDC has also been involved in implementing the U.S. global health initiatives President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and President's Malaria Initiative . The CDC collects and publishes health information for travelers in
3312-451: The White and Leng dialects "are said to be mutually intelligible to a well-trained ear, with pronunciation and vocabulary differences analogous to the differences between British and American English ." Several Chinese varieties may overlap with or be more distinct than the varieties listed above: In the 2007 request to establish an ISO code for the Chuanqiandian cluster, corresponding to
3384-577: The ability to understand Mong Leng; and most Hmong dictionaries only include the White Hmong dialect. Furthermore, younger generations of Hmong are more likely to speak White Hmong, and speakers of Mong Leng are more likely to understand White Hmong than speakers of White Hmong are. Most Hmong in the United States speak White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb) and Mong Leng (Moob Leeg), with around 60% speaking White Hmong and 40% Mong Leng. The CDC states that "though some Hmong report difficulty understanding speakers of
3456-512: The agency's activities in a particular area of expertise while also providing intra-agency support and resource-sharing for cross-cutting issues and specific health threats. As of the most recent reorganization in February 2023, the CIOs are: The Office of Public Health Preparedness was created during the 2001 anthrax attacks shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Its purpose
3528-667: The agency. The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. With a budget at the time of about $ 1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with
3600-475: The area of vaccine safety. CDC also runs a program called V-safe, a smartphone web application that allows COVID-19 vaccine recipients to be surveyed in detail about their health in response to getting the shot. The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia . The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of
3672-422: The book, so, in the words of Anne Fadiman , author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down , "no text was equal to the task of representing a culture as rich as that of the Hmong." Therefore, the folktale states that the Hmong language was exclusively oral from that point onwards. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among
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#17327652434143744-645: The cluster. Ethnologue once distinguished only the Laotian varieties (Hmong Daw, Mong Leng), Sinicized Miao (Hmong Shua), and the Vietnamese varieties (Hmong Dô, Hmong Don). The Vietnamese varieties are very poorly known; population estimates are not even available. In 2007, Horned Miao, Small Flowery Miao , and the Chuanqiandian cluster of China were split off from Mong Leng [blu]. These varieties are as follows, along with some alternative names. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that
3816-491: The dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Mong Leeg lacks the voiceless/aspirated /m̥/ of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their names) and has a third nasalized vowel, /ã/ ; Dananshan has a couple of extra diphthongs in native words, numerous Chinese loans, and an eighth tone. The vowel systems of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are as shown in the following charts. (Phonemes particular to Hmong Daw † and Mong Leeg ‡ are color-coded and indicated by
3888-610: The division are two programs: the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) and the Import Permit Program. The FSAP is run jointly with an office within the U.S. Department of Agriculture, regulating agents that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. The Import Permit Program regulates the importation of "infectious biological materials." The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and
3960-515: The findings of an internal report, Walensky concluded that "The CDC must refocus itself on public health needs, respond much faster to emergencies and outbreaks of disease, and provide information in a way that ordinary people and state and local health authorities can understand and put to use" (as summarized by the New York Times). The CDC is organized into "Centers, Institutes, and Offices" (CIOs), with each organizational unit implementing
4032-508: The front lines of outbreaks. The agency maintains staff in more than 60 countries, including some from the U.S. but more from the countries in which they operate. The agency's global divisions include the Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM), the Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), and the Global Immunization Division (GID). The CDC has been working with
4104-485: The health of United States citizens . The CDC also conducts research and provides information on non-infectious diseases , such as obesity and diabetes , and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes . The CDC's current Director is Mandy Cohen who assumed office on July 10, 2023. The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as
4176-442: The initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition. Since the 1990s, the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases , disabilities , injury control, workplace hazards , environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects , West Nile virus , obesity , avian , swine , and pandemic flu , E. coli , and bioterrorism , to name
4248-470: The language as well as address semantic confusions that was lacking in other scripts. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was mainly used by United Christians Liberty Evangelical Church, a church also founded by Vang, although the script have been found to be in use in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Australia. The script bears strong resemblance to the Lao alphabet in structure and form and characters inspired from
4320-439: The objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States (see National Malaria Eradication Program ). Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT . In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn. Under Joseph Walter Mountin ,
4392-589: The order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT) must be followed, so it is k + ee + b = keeb , but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just Keeb " 𖬀 " (3rd-Stage Version). Hmong syllables have simple structure: all syllables have an onset consonant (except in a few particles), nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and the only coda consonants that occur are nasals. In Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, nasal codas have become nasalized vowels, though they may be accompanied by weakly articulated [ŋ] . Similarly,
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#17327652434144464-471: The reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats". She established four Coordinating Centers. In 2009 the Obama administration re-evaluated this change and ordered them cut as an unnecessary management layer. As of 2013, the CDC's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories were among the few that exist in the world. They included one of only two official repositories of smallpox in
4536-709: The retroflex and uvular series from the dental and velar, whereas RPA uses sequences based on ⟨t, x, k⟩ vs. ⟨r, s, q⟩ for the same. There is no simple correspondence between the tone letters. The historical connection between the tones is as follows. The Chinese names reflect the tones given to early Chinese loan words with those tones in Chinese. Tones 4 and 7 merged in Hmoob Dawb, whereas tones 4 and 6 merged in Mong Leeg. Romanized Popular Alphabet The Romanized Popular Alphabet ( RPA ) or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet ),
4608-443: The sound or pronunciation of the consonants in question, but on differing theoretical grounds. Those in favor of a unit-phoneme analysis generally argue for this based on distributional evidence (i.e., if clusters, these would be the only clusters in the language, although see below) and dialect evidence (the laterally released dentals in Mong Leeg, e.g. /tˡʰ/ , correspond to the voiced dentals of White Hmong), whereas those in favor of
4680-845: The successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities. Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation . The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control, sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with
4752-459: The table: So much information is conveyed by the tones that it is possible to speak intelligibly using musical tunes only; there is a tradition of young lovers communicating covertly playing a Jew's harp to convey vowel sounds. Robert Cooper, an anthropologist, collected a Hmong folktale saying that the Hmong used to have a written language, and important information was written down in a treasured book. The folktale explains that cows and rats ate
4824-466: The various dialects in China, where the Dananshan dialect forms the basis of the standard language. However, Hmong Daw and Mong Leng are widely known only in Laos and the United States; Dananshan is more widely known in the native region of Hmong. Mong Leng ( Moob Leeg ) and Hmong Daw ( Hmoob Dawb ) are part of a dialect cluster known in China as Chuanqiandian Miao ( Chinese : 川黔滇苗 ; lit. 'Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao'), called
4896-426: The world, with the other one located at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation. In 2014, the CDC revealed they had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples while their lab workers were "potentially infected" with anthrax . The city of Atlanta annexed the property of the CDC headquarters effective January 1, 2018, as a part of the city's largest annexation within
4968-466: The writing system with speakers of Green Mong (Mong Leng), Geu Yang and Tua Xiong, among others. He consulted with William A. Smalley , a missionary studying the Khmu language in Luang Prabang Province at the time. Concurrently, Yves Bertrais, a Roman Catholic missionary in Kiu Katiam, Luang Prabang, was undertaking a similar project with Chong Yeng Yang and Chue Her Thao. The two working groups met in 1952 and reconciled any differences by 1953 to produce
5040-526: Was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant. RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable, similarly to Gwoyeu Romatzyh or Zhuang , rather than with diacritics like those used in the Vietnamese alphabet or Pinyin . Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC )
5112-400: Was the first FETP site created outside of North America and is found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally. The Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network ( TEPHINET ) has graduated 950 students. The mission of the CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when
5184-529: Was to coordinate among the government the response to a range of biological terrorism threats. Most CDC centers are located in Atlanta . Building 18, which opened in 2005 at the CDC's main Roybal campus (named in honor of the late Representative Edward R. Roybal ), contains the premier BSL4 laboratory in the United States. A few of the centers are based in or operate other domestic locations: In addition, CDC operates quarantine facilities in 20 cities in
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