37-399: See text Endopterygota Sharp , 1898 Holometabola (from Ancient Greek holo- "complete" + metabolḗ "change"), also known as Endopterygota (from endo- "inner" + ptéryg- "wing" + Neo-Latin -ota "-having"), is a supra- ordinal clade of insects within the infraclass Neoptera that go through distinctive larval , pupal , and adult stages. They undergo
74-722: A meeting held in the Linnean Society in Soho Square led by Rev. William Kirby , resolved to form a "Zoological Club of the Linnean Society of London". Between 1816 and 1826, discussions between Stamford Raffles, Humphry Davy, Joseph Banks and others led to the idea that London should have an establishment similar to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. It would house a zoological collection "which should interest and amuse
111-515: A publication now in the public domain . Fellow of the London Zoological Society The Zoological Society of London ( ZSL ) is a charity devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats . It was founded in 1826. Since 1828, it has maintained London Zoo , and since 1931 Whipsnade Zoo . On 29 November 1822, the birthday of John Ray , "the father of modern zoology",
148-447: A radical metamorphosis , with the larval and adult stages differing considerably in their structure and behaviour. This is called holometabolism , or complete metamorphism. The Holometabola constitute the most diverse insect superorder, with over 1 million living species divided between 11 orders , containing insects such as butterflies , flies , fleas , bees , ants , and beetles . The earliest holometabolan fossils date from
185-738: The Fauna Hawaiiensis brought out by the Royal Society. This was followed by his work on the Beetles of Central America , prepared chiefly from material collected by Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin , and published in 1894 and later years in that monumental work known as the " Fauna Centrali-Americana ". In 1895 appeared the first volume of the Insecta in the Cambridge Natural History, followed by
222-1032: The Carboniferous . The Holometabola are sometimes divided into three assemblages: Neuropterida (Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Strepsiptera and Coleoptera), Hymenopteroida (Hymenoptera), and Panorpida (Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Mecoptera). Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram. Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) [REDACTED] Raphidioptera (snakeflies) [REDACTED] Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) [REDACTED] Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies) [REDACTED] Coleoptera (beetles) [REDACTED] Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) [REDACTED] Trichoptera (caddisflies) [REDACTED] Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) [REDACTED] Diptera (true flies) [REDACTED] Mecoptera (scorpionflies) [REDACTED] Siphonaptera (fleas) [REDACTED] The Endopterygota are distinguished from
259-705: The Crown Estate , but this was changed to 150 years by the Zoological Society of London (Leases) Act 2024 (c. 20). The Institute of Zoology is the scientific research division of the ZSL. It is a government-funded research institute, which specialises in scientific issues relevant to the conservation of species and their habitats. The Institute of Zoology focuses its research on five areas: evolutionary biology , genetics , ecology , reproductive biology and wildlife epidemiology. The Institute of Zoology
296-611: The Entomological Society of London and he was its president in 1887 and 1888, his presidential address being at the end of the former year on the subject of entomological collections, and of the latter on the senses of insects with special reference to that of sight. Between 1889 and 1903 he was on several occasions a vice-president, and he was on the Council from 1893 to 1895 and from 1902 to 1904. While living in London he
333-862: The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine . The Object and Method of Zoological Nomenclature appeared in November 1873. A short paper on the Coleoptera of the Scotch Fir came out in the Scottish Naturalist about this time. The Dascillidae of New Zealand was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in July 1878; while work on water beetles was taken for publication by the Royal Society of Dublin. Sharp and Fowler's Catalogue of
370-684: The Exopterygota by the way in which their wings develop. Endopterygota (literally "internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis involving a pupal stage. Exopterygota ("external winged forms") develop wings on the outside their bodies and do not go through a pupal stage. The latter trait is plesiomorphic , however, as it is found also in groups such as Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), which are not Neoptera, but more basal among insects. David Sharp (entomologist) David Sharp FRS FLS FZS (18 October 1840 – 27 August 1922)
407-692: The Royal Menagerie to the Zoological Society, and in 1847 the public was admitted to aid funding, and Londoners soon christened the Zoological Gardens the " Zoo ". London Zoo soon had the most extensive collection of animals in the world. A History of the ZSL , written by Henry Scherren (FZS), was published in 1905. The History was criticised as inadequately researched by Peter Chalmers Mitchell in 1929; both histories were labelled inaccurate by John Bastin in 1970. As
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#1732772278387444-712: The University of Edinburgh , where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in 1866. After graduation he assisted a friend with his practice in London for a year or two. He had at first some thought of seeking an appointment in connection with entomology at the British Museum, but abandoned the idea; and about ten years later he went so far as to apply for the post of Curator of the City of Glasgow Industrial Museum, being recommended by H.W. Bates and Frederick Smith amongst others. After his short residence in London he
481-731: The ZR was transferred to BIOSIS . The Society has published the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , now called the Journal of Zoology , since 1830. Since 1998 it has also published Animal Conservation . Other publications include the International Zoo Yearbook and Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation . The society administers the following award programmes: Individuals can be elected Fellows of
518-951: The British Coleoptera appeared in 1893; the Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan in 1896; the articles Insecta and Termites in the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1902; and an article on the Orders of Insects , a subject in which Sharp was much interested, in the Entomologist for 1909. The Distribution of Plants and Animals on the Globe (a paper read before the Dumfries Nat. Hist. Society in 1883); Stridulation in Ants , 1893; an Account of
555-584: The Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera by Frederick Arthur Godfrey Muir, an exhaustive treatise of 166 pages and 37 plates. All the beetle families were examined, and the results of numerous dissections are included. Among Sharp's most impressive works are the annual volumes of The Zoological Record , published by the Zoological Society. These are lists of the publications for each year in all branches of zoology, British and foreign, classified under
592-716: The New Forest, to Rannoch, and to Spain. Sharp often spoke of the primitive conditions in years gone by to be found in the New Forest and in Scotland, and told amusing stories of their difficulties in the way of procuring food and lodgings. With another friend, Bishop, he visited Sherwood Forest, and the last letter he wrote during his illness was to this friend, who died only so recently as 26 August last. In Brockenhurst Sharp, worked assiduously with one of his daughters, Margaret Annie Sharp (who later married Frederick Arthur Godfrey Muir ) in his entomological laboratory, elucidating
629-677: The Phasmidae , 1898; and the Grouse-fly , 1907, are away from Coleoptera, and A Scheme for a National System of Rest-Funds (or Pensions) for Working People (1892) shows that he could detach himself from entomology altogether. Sharp's major papers included those on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands published by the Entomological Society of London in 1878, 1879 and 1880. These were followed in 1899 and 1908 by
666-424: The Zoological Society of London and therefore granted the post-nominal letters FZS . Living Honorary ZSL Fellows ( Hon. FZS ) comprise: The council is the governing body of the ZSL. There are 15 council members, led by the president and served by the secretary and treasurer. Council members are the trustees of the society and serve for up to five years at a time. The Presidency is a voluntary position, with
703-530: The building of the first animal houses, a parcel of land in Regent's Park having already been obtained from the Crown at the inaugural meeting. It received a royal charter from George IV on 27 March 1829. The purpose of the society was to create a collection of animals for study at leisure, an associated museum and library. In April 1828, the Zoological Gardens were opened to members. In 1831 William IV presented
740-655: The headings of author and subject. He was editor for the whole and recorder also for insects. This continued into his final illness, in which he read the final proofs of 1920's records. Sharp knew most of the British naturalists of his time – Huxley , Bates , Wallace , Buchanan White , etc. He was a great friend of Spencer , and in 1904 wrote an article in the Zoologist, entitled The Place of Herbert Spencer in Biology , having particular reference to him in connection with
777-725: The life-story or the anatomy of numerous insects, chiefly Coleoptera. His beetle collection went to his daughter, Mrs Margaret Annie Muir. Sharp's extensive collection, including several thousand type specimens , is housed at the Natural History Museum , London. His library was purchased by the Cawthron Institute at Nelson, New Zealand. Sharp also contributed to two catalogues of British Coleoptera (with Oliver Erichson Janson , in 1871, and with William Weekes Fowler , in 1893). This article incorporates text from The Entomologist Vol.55, pp.217–221 (1922),
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#1732772278387814-623: The next year the University of Cambridge conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts, honoris causa . Sharp was the author of more than 250 papers and larger works. Being connected with the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine and the Entomologist , in either an editorial or a reference capacity, many of his numerous shorter papers appear in these magazines. Yet others, as well as some of his more pretentious papers, will be found in
851-594: The public." The society was founded in April 1826 by Sir Stamford Raffles , the Marquess of Lansdowne , Lord Auckland , Sir Humphry Davy , Robert Peel , Joseph Sabine , Nicholas Aylward Vigors along with various other nobility, clergy, and naturalists. Raffles was the first chairman and president, but died after only a few months in office, in July 1826. He was succeeded by the Marquess of Lansdowne who supervised
888-524: The second volume in 1899. Its popularity prevented Sharp for producing a new edition incorporating improvements in the classification of the insects. He published on the topic in the Entomologist . In 1910 the Insecta was translated into Russian by N. Y. Kuznetsov . In 1912 the Entomological Society of London, with the assistance of the Royal Society, brought out as Part III of the Transactions The Comparative Anatomy of
925-471: The teachings of Charles Darwin . At around the age of seventeen or eighteen – Sharp went with his father to Switzerland , and greatly enjoyed the trip. In later life he went to stay with Oberthur in France. The loss of his friend G.R. Crotch , Librarian to the University of Cambridge, was a great blow to him. They had been closely associated in entomological work, and had made several excursions together – to
962-447: The transactions of societies with which he was connected. His earliest contribution to entomological literature was a paper on the British species of Agathidium (Coleoptera) read before the Entomological Society of London on 6 November 1865. A discussion on heredity and kindred subjects between he and Wallace, arising in connection with Westwood's introduction of the mimicry subject at the Entomological Society of London in November 1866,
999-410: The twentieth century began, the need to maintain and research large animals in a more natural environment became clear. Peter Chalmers Mitchell (ZSL Secretary 1903–35) conceived the vision of a new park no more than 70 miles (110 km) away from London and thus accessible to the public, and at least 200 acres (0.81 km ) in extent. In 1926, profiting from the agricultural depression, the ideal place
1036-479: Was Secretary to the Society during 1867. In 1886, he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and he was on the Council from 1901 to 1905. The Linnean Society is also able to claim him as a Fellow since 1888; and he was connected by membership or correspondence with the chief entomological societies throughout the world. The high distinction of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society fell to his lot in 1890, and
1073-686: Was also here that his marriage took place. In 1883, upon the death of a wealthy patient, William Cunninghame Graham Bontine (1825-1883), to whom he served as a special medical attendant, he returned to England. Bontine had been injured on the head by an Irishman during the Irish famine. The injury led to serious mental issues and the patient was declared "insane" and admitted to the Crichton Royal Institution. Sharp initially went to live at Southampton, but, finding it too far from London, after about two years he removed to Dartford. In 1885 he
1110-731: Was an English physician and entomologist who worked mainly on Beetles . He was among the most prolific publishers in the history of entomology with more than 250 papers that included seven major revisions and reviews and a highly influential work on the structure and modifications of the male genital structures of beetles. He edited The Zoological Record for three decades. David Sharp was born at Towcester and lived his early years in Stony Stratford . Some twelve years later his parents moved to London , where he received most of his education. After attending one or two preparatory schools, in 1853 he entered St. John's Foundation School which
1147-544: Was found: Hall Farm, near Whipsnade village , was derelict, and held almost 600 acres (2.4 km ) on the Chiltern Hills . ZSL bought the farm in December 1926 for £13,480 12s 10d. In 1928 the first animals arrived at the new Whipsnade Park —two Amherst pheasants , a golden pheasant and five red jungle fowl . Others soon followed, including muntjac deer , llamas , wombats and skunks . In 1931 Whipsnade Park
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1184-569: Was graded 4 in the 1997–2001 UK Research Assessment Exercise, and publishes reports annually. From the late 1980s the Institute of Zoology had been affiliated to the University of London . However, in 2000 this was replaced with a partnership with the University of Cambridge. ZSL runs London Zoo , Whipsnade Zoo and had planned to open an aquarium, Biota! . The society published the Zoological Record ( ZR ) from 1864 to 1980, when
1221-479: Was invited to go to Cambridge as Curator of the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology . There he spent the next nineteen years of his life, till in 1909, when he retired to Brockenhurst, where he had built a residence, Lawnside, on the very edge of the New Forest, facing the extensive heath of Black Knowl where he resided till his death on 27 August 1922. In 1862, Sharp became a fellow of
1258-593: Was offered a post as medical officer in the Crichton Asylum at Dumfries, which led to his taking charge of a case at Thornhill in the neighbourhood, where he joined the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Scientific, Natural History, and Antiquarian Society upon its reconstruction in 1876. This engagement gave him the leisure he desired for prosecuting the studies on which his heart was set, and it was during this period that he published some of his earlier papers. It
1295-496: Was opened to the public as the world's first open zoological park. In 1960–61, Lord Zuckerman , then Secretary of ZSL, raised funds from two medical foundations to found laboratories as an Institute of Zoology where scientists would be employed by ZSL and undertake research. The Society is a registered charity under English law. Under the Crown Estate Act 1961 , the ZSL had a maximum lease length of 60 years from
1332-612: Was reported in the Athenaeum of 1, 8, and 15 December 1866. A Revision of the British Species of Homalota (Coleoptera) was published by the Entomological Society of London soon after his graduation at Edinburgh. In November 1873 appeared a paper in Spanish – Especies nuevas de Coleópteros por Don David Sharp. This refers to insects collected by his friend G.R. Crotch , whose obituary notice Sharp contributed to volume 11 of
1369-437: Was then at Kilburn . At the age of seventeen he commenced to help his father, a leather merchant, and about the same time he began collecting beetles, some of his favourite haunts being Ken Wood and Hammersmith Marshes, as well as the sandy shores about Deal and Dover. Lacking an interest in business life, he choose to pursue a career in medicine. He accordingly, after studying for two years at St. Bartholomew's Hospital , went to
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