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67-506: Holland House , originally known as Cope Castle , was an early Jacobean country house in Kensington , London , situated in a country estate that is now Holland Park . It was built in 1605 by the diplomat Sir Walter Cope . The building later passed by marriage to Henry Rich, 1st Baron Kensington, 1st Earl of Holland , and by descent through the Rich family , then became the property of

134-500: A Whig statesman. During his life, Holland House became a glittering social, literary and political centre, and the social centre of the Whig party, with his nephew, the third Baron, acting as host for his Whig dinners. Following his death in 1806, a statue of him was placed in the house's hall. Celebrated visitors to the house included the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay , the poets Lord Byron , Thomas Campbell , and Samuel Rogers ,

201-405: A centre block and two porches. The building received a large expansion between 1625 and 1635 at the direction of the first Earl of Holland, who added two wings and arcades. The house had a Great Chamber which became known as the "Gilt Chamber". This central reception room was reworked with three stone arches provided by the master mason Nicholas Stone in 1632. The decoration is often attributed to

268-580: A decade before his mother. His titles, but not his estates, were inherited by his cousin Edward Henry Rich , while the house was inherited by his aunt Lady Elizabeth Rich, who was married to Francis Edwardes of Pembrokeshire , Wales , whose family owned extensive lands in Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire , and Ceredigion . On his death in 1725 Holland House passed to his son Edward Henry Edwardes, who in turn at his death in 1737 bequeathed

335-402: A distant relative of her husband: Henry Fox-Strangways, 5th Earl of Ilchester , the descendant of the first Earl, Stephen Fox-Strangways , the elder brother of Henry Fox, the first Baron Holland. As part of the terms of sale he allowed Lady Holland to continue living in the house, as well as granting her an annuity for life of £6,000. The first Baron Holland's second son Charles James Fox was

402-579: A happy one, and died there three years later in 1719. Among his favoured venues for spending his leisure hours was the White Horse Inn, sited at the entrance of the back lane to Holland House. A century later Addison Avenue , Crescent, Gardens, Place, and Road on the § Ilchester Estate west of Holland Park were named after him. Ownership of the house passed from the sixth Earl to his son Edward Henry Rich, 4th Earl of Holland, 7th Earl of Warwick . He died in 1721 aged 23, childless and unmarried,

469-452: A large country house at Kingsgate in Kent . Fox died at Holland House in 1774, whereupon his title passed to his son Stephen , but Stephen died only five weeks later. Stephen and his wife Lady Mary FitzPatrick had had two children. Caroline was born in 1767, and whilst living at Little Holland House in 1842, she founded a charity school, known today as Fox Primary School . Her brother Henry

536-464: A leading Whig politician who would later be created Baron Holland – for 99 years or three lives. By 1767, Fox was leasing all of Edwardes' estate north of the Hammersmith road (the modern Kensington High Street ), and in 1768 completed the purchase of the 200 acres of land for £ 17,000, with a further £2,500 paid in compensation to Rowland Edwardes and John Owen Edwardes, the beneficiaries of

603-465: A letter dated 13 May 1823, he referred to the marking out of the future Addison Road as an "important profitable but melancholy occupation", and in 1824 he mentioned the "tremendous and I hope... profitable works" then being undertaken. Lady Holland was circumspect of the beneficial prospects, writing to him in the same year that "remote posterity may benefit because for some generations it must be tightly mortgaged... none now alive will be much bettered by

670-482: A local style of architecture popular in Northeast England in the early to mid 17th century. Historians often classify this architecture as a subtype of colonial American architecture, called First Period architecture, however there is an enormous amount of overlap between the architecture of the commoner class in early 17th century England and colonial America architecture, where some of the key features of

737-554: A very bitter and sad pill to me". After her death in 1889, he moved into Holland House. Most of the already developed land had been let on long leases not expiring until 1904, after which he had scope to effect further development. Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester inherited the house in 1905. During his ownership much of the land to its west was developed for housing as the Ilchester Estate, including Ilchester Place , completed in 1928, Abbotsbury Road (now forming

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804-480: Is an example of the later extension of the Elizabethan prodigy house , with turreted Tudor-style wings at each end with their mullioned windows but the two wings linked by an Italianate Renaissance facade. This central facade, originally an open loggia , has been attributed to Inigo Jones himself; however, the central porch carries a heavier quasi-gatehouse emphasis, so the attribution is probably false. Inside

871-399: Is commemorated locally by Warwick Road and Warwick Gardens to the southwest of Holland House. The house and titles of Rich, Warwick, and Holland passed from him to his son Edward Rich . King William III (1689–1702) considered moving to Holland House for health reasons. He had been a lifelong sufferer from asthma , which condition was exacerbated by the damp air at the riverside location of

938-484: The Commonwealth Institute . Following the 7th Earl's death in 1964 the estate passed to his only daughter, Lady Theresa Jane Fox-Strangways. The family retains the developed land adjoining the west side of Holland Park. Today, the remains of Holland House form a backdrop for the open air Holland Park Theatre, home of Opera Holland Park . The YHA (England and Wales) "London Holland Park" youth hostel

1005-601: The Convention Parliament and chose to sit for Canterbury. Shortly afterwards he was appointed Solicitor General , in which capacity he served as the prosecutor of the regicides of Charles I , and was created a baronet the day after he was knighted . In May 1661 he was elected MP for Oxford University in the Cavalier Parliament . In 1665 the university created him a D.C.L. In 1670 he became Attorney General , and in 1675 Lord Chancellor. He

1072-646: The Court of St. James's . On 30 July 1646, he was married to Elizabeth Harvey, daughter of William Harvey 's younger brother Daniel, and his wife Elizabeth Kinnersley. Together, Elizabeth and Heneage were the parents of six children, including: Lord Nottingham died in Great Queen Street, London on 18 December 1682. He was buried in the church of Ravenstone in Buckinghamshire. His son Daniel inherited his earldom, and would later also inherit

1139-607: The Earldom of Winchilsea . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , his contemporaries on both sides of politics agree in their high estimate of his integrity, moderation and eloquence, while his abilities as a lawyer are sufficiently attested by the fact that he is still spoken of as the father of equity . His most important contribution to the statute book is The Statute of Frauds . While attorney-general he superintended

1206-507: The Fox family , during which time it became a noted gathering-place for Whigs in the 19th century. The house was largely destroyed by German firebombing during the Blitz in 1940 and today only the east wing and some ruins of the ground floor and south facade remain, along with various outbuildings and formal gardens. In 1949 the ruin was designated a grade I listed building and it is now owned by

1273-591: The Greater London Council (GLC) in 1965, and upon the dissolution of the GLC in 1986 to the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . The 6th Earl died in 1959, and his remaining interest in the estate passed to his son Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester who in 1962 sold a piece of land immediately to the south of what is now the sports field for the construction of

1340-551: The Palace of Whitehall . In 1689, attempting to improve his health, he decided to move his court. After a short time spent at Hampton Court , he decided to find another home that was near enough to the capital to easily carry out royal business, but far enough away from the air of London not to threaten his health. He considered Holland House for the purpose, and stayed there for some weeks. Several of his letters are dated from Holland House. Eventually he purchased nearby Kensington House,

1407-512: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Cope commissioned the house in 1604 from the architect John Thorpe , to preside over a 500 acres (200 ha; 0.78 sq mi) estate that, in modern terms, stretched from Holland Park Avenue almost to Fulham Road , and contained exotic trees imported by John Tradescant the Younger . Following its completion, Cope entertained the king and queen at it numerous times; in 1608, John Chamberlain ,

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1474-548: The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 ; the Act sought to identify and preserve buildings of special historic importance, prompted by the damage caused by wartime bombing. The building remained a burned-out ruin until 1952, at which point the 6th Earl sold the house and fifty-two acres to London County Council (LCC) for £250,000. The remains of the building passed from the LCC to its successor

1541-418: The 4th Baron Holland moved them to the east side to be an entrance to the pleasure grounds, and on the south front created a terrace enclosed by a low balustrade. In place of the original entrance hall on the south side he created a "breakfast room". Following the house's § partial destruction in the Blitz , and the conversion in 1959 of the remains of the east wing into a youth hostel, the piers were returned to

1608-413: The Blitz , began. During the night of 27 September, Holland House was hit by twenty-two incendiary bombs during a ten-hour raid. The house was largely destroyed, with only the east wing, and, miraculously, almost all of the library remaining undamaged. Surviving volumes included the sixteenth-century Boxer Codex . Holland House was designated Grade I listed building status in 1949 under the auspices of

1675-485: The German-born artist Francis Cleyn , but documentation shows the decorator was Rowland Bucket. The scheme included "figures over the fireplace were painted in flesh colour wherever bare; the rest was in shaded gold. The lower marbles of the fireplace were black, and the upper ones were Sienna; the capitals and bases of the columns and pilasters were gilt, and the groundwork from which all the glittering decoration rose

1742-644: The Italian poet Ludovico Ariosto , Henry IV of France , King George IV , and Charles James Fox. Portraits in the room included the Lennox, Digby, and Fox families, and a portrait by Joshua Reynolds of Charles James Fox as a boy with his first cousin Lady Susan Strangways and his aunt Lady Sarah Lennox . Holland bought tapestry from the Mortlake Works for his new rooms. As a retreat from

1809-715: The Jacobean era often outlived James I and VI owing to less contact between the American colonists and the fashions of England. When the Puritans arrived in the winter of 1620 in New England, there was very little time to waste owing to the bitterly cold weather and the fact that many of the occupants of the ship that brought them, the Mayflower , were very ill and needed to get into housing before circumstances could allow

1876-466: The New World, the men and women that built the homes and buildings that formed the infrastructure of these towns and the others that followed over the coming century often built edifices that were consistent with Jacobean vernacular architecture in the portion of England that they originated from: for example, the clapboard common to houses in New England and later Nova Scotia to this day are derived from

1943-528: The Plot, as shown most notably in his impartial conduct, as Lord High Steward , of the trial of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford , (apart from a curious remark that it was now clear that the Great Fire of London was a Catholic conspiracy). Kenyon notes that during the examination of the informer Miles Prance , Finch threatened him with the rack , but such a lapse was most uncharacteristic of Finch, who

2010-512: The West and North sides of the quadrangle of Hobart College in Geneva, NY . Other notable collegiate examples include The University of Florida and Florida State University both designed by William Augustus Edwards . Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham , PC (23 December 1620 – 18 December 1682), Lord Chancellor of England ,

2077-731: The author deemed it advisable to publish a letter from a canon of the Church, stating that there was nothing in his architectural designs that was contrary to religion. It is to publications of this kind that Jacobean architecture owes the perversion of its forms and the introduction of strap work and pierced crestings, which appear for the first time at Wollaton Hall (1580); at Bramshill House , Hampshire (1607–1612), and in Holland House , Kensington (1624), it receives its fullest development. Hatfield House , built in its entirety by Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury , between 1607 and 1611,

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2144-649: The central block, for it now needed paired Royal Apartments approached by the Great Stairs, a council chamber, and the Chapel Royal. Then, when Wren re-oriented the house to face west, he built north and south wings to flank the approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. Nevertheless, as a private domestic retreat, it was referred to as Kensington House, rather than "Palace". The walled kitchen gardens at Kensington House supplied fruits and vegetables for

2211-464: The commencement of Wollaton Hall , a copybook of the orders was brought out in Antwerp by Hans Vredeman de Vries . Although nominally based on the description of the orders by Vitruvius , the author indulged freely not only in his rendering of them, but in suggestions of his own, showing how the orders might be employed in various buildings. Those suggestions were of a most decadent type, so that even

2278-463: The desire to preserve Holland House and its grounds from speculators", but had taken on financial burdens together with his inheritance which needed to be mitigated. He immediately made plans to develop part of the land to the west of Holland House, which became Melbury Road, named after his Dorset seat. Lady Holland, still living in Holland House, had objected and wrote that "all the building is

2345-467: The diseases on board to spread further. Those that were still able bodied had to act quickly and as a result the first buildings of New England most resembled the wattle and daub cottages of the common people back home, especially of places like East Anglia and Devonshire , with the thatched roofs that remained common in England until the 1660s differing only in that the main material chosen for thatching

2412-411: The entail established by Edward Henry Edwardes. A private Act of Parliament ( 8 Geo. 3 . c. 32 ) was obtained to break the entail and confirm the conveyance. The sale included the lordship of the manor of Abbots Kensington, and situated on the estate was Little Holland House , the dower house , with two or three more minor houses and a tavern. Between 1762 and 1768 Lord Holland built for his retirement

2479-405: The general lines of Elizabethan design remained, there was a more consistent and unified application of formal design, both in plan and elevation. Much use was made of columns and pilasters , round-arch arcades , and flat roofs with openwork parapets . These and other classical elements appeared in a free and fanciful vernacular rather than with any true classical purity. With them were mixed

2546-465: The heat of summer, there was a basement grotto, possibly the work of Nicholas Stone in the 1630s. Holland began a second campaign of building in 1637 with a new west wing (demolished in 1702) with grand stables and a coach house. These works may have been designed by Isaac de Caus . In 1629, Holland commissioned Inigo Jones to design and the master mason Nicholas Stone to carve a pair of Portland stone piers, in order to support large wooden gates for

2613-510: The house to his brother William Edwardes, 1st Baron Kensington , subject to a long entail . Edwardes followed his father in being Member of Parliament for Haverfordwest , and was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Kensington in 1776. Despite owning Holland House, neither William Edwardes nor any of his family appear to have lived in it. In 1746 he let the house and sixty-four acres of land to his parliamentary colleague Henry Fox –

2680-411: The house was named after him. Lady Caroline Lamb , who had first met her lover Lord Byron at Holland House, satirised it in her 1816 novel Glenarvon . ...this strange house, which presents an odd mixture of luxury and constraint, of enjoyment both physical and intellectual, with an alloy of small désagréments .... Though everybody who goes there finds something to abuse or ridicule in the mistress of

2747-447: The house, or its ways, all continue to go; all like it more or less; and whenever, by the death of either, it shall come to an end, a vacuum will be made in society which nothing will supply. It is the house of all Europe; the world will suffer by the loss; and it may be said with truth that it will "eclipse the gayety of nations". The prestige of Holland House during the period extended to British colonies. In 1831 Henry John Boulton , who

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2814-908: The house, the elaborately carved staircase demonstrates the Renaissance influence on English ornament. Other Jacobean buildings of note are Crewe Hall , Cheshire ; Knole House , near Sevenoaks in Kent ; Charlton House in Charlton, London ; Holland House by John Thorpe ; Plas Teg near Pontblyddyn , between Wrexham and Mold in Wales; Bank Hall in Bretherton; Castle Bromwich Hall near Solihull; Lilford Hall in Northamptonshire and Chastleton House in Oxfordshire. Although

2881-444: The house. The piers, still extant, take the form of Doric columns on pedestals, and originally supported carved griffins bearing the arms of the Rich family and Cope family, symbolising the two families' union. The piers have been moved to new positions on several occasions. While their exact original position is not known, a survey in 1694 showed them as being on the drive leading to the house's main entrance on its south side. In 1848,

2948-489: The latter renamed the building to Holland House. In 1649 Rich was beheaded for his Cavalier activities during the English Civil War and the house was then used as an army headquarters, being regularly visited by Oliver Cromwell . Following the death of Henry Rich, his eldest son Robert Rich, the second Earl of Holland, inherited the house, and in 1673 succeeded his first cousin as fifth Earl of Warwick , which

3015-593: The mid nineteenth and the mid twentieth century in Duxbury, Massachusetts, a town across the harbor from Plymouth, also settled by the original Pilgrim Fathers, and inhabited just eight years later, reveal that the original homes were very narrow and small, averaging approximately forty feet long by fifteen feet wide. This concurs with the dimensions of houses that would have been found amongst the English commoner classes (specifically yeoman and small farmers) as evidenced by

3082-480: The night at Cope Castle. He was joined the following day by his son Prince Charles and daughter Princess Elizabeth , and her fiancé Frederick V, Elector Palatine . Cope died in 1614 without a son. The house was inherited by his daughter Isabel Cope, who in 1616, two years after her father's death, married Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland , whose property it then became. Rich was granted the titles of Baron Kensington and Earl of Holland by James I, and upon gaining

3149-632: The noted author of letters, complained that he "had the honour to see all, but touch nothing, not so much as a cherry, which are charily preserved for the queen's coming." Cope was a cousin of Dudley Carleton , the English ambassador in Venice. The Venetian ambassador in London, Antonio Foscarini , cultivated Cope and visited his house in Kensington. In November 1612 James I , following the death of his eldest son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales , spent

3216-561: The plants. At the beginning of the 20th century, Holland House had the largest private grounds of any house in London, including Buckingham Palace. The Royal Horticultural Society regularly held flower shows there. Jacobean architecture Courtiers continued to build large prodigy houses , even though James spent less time on summer progresses around his realm than Elizabeth had. The influence of Flemish and German Northern Mannerism increased, now often executed by recruited craftsmen and artists, rather than obtained from books as in

3283-456: The politicians Lord Melbourne , Lord John Russell , Richard "Conversation" Sharp and Benjamin Disraeli , and the writers Charles Greville , Charles Dickens and Sir Walter Scott , as well as Joseph Blanco White , a Spaniard who moved to Britain. The political and historical writer John Allen was so much associated with the house that he was known as "Holland House Allen", and a room in

3350-479: The previous reign. There continued to be very little building of new churches, although there was a considerable amount of modifications to old ones and a great deal of secular building. The reign of James VI of Scotland (also James I of England from 1603 to 1625), a disciple of the new scholarship, saw the first decisive adoption of Renaissance motifs in a free form communicated to England through German and Flemish carvers rather than directly from Italy . Although

3417-565: The prismatic rustications and ornamental detail of scrolls, straps , and lozenges also characteristic of Elizabethan design. The style influenced furniture design and other decorative arts . Reproductions of the Classical orders had already found their way into English architecture during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , frequently based upon John Shute 's The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture , published in 1563, with two other editions in 1579 and 1584. In 1577, three years before

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3484-402: The residence of Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham , which became Kensington Palace . In 1697 Edward Rich had married Charlotte Myddelton, the only child of Sir Thomas Myddelton, 2nd Baronet of Chirk Castle , Denbighshire. She survived him at his death in 1701, and in 1716 remarried to the celebrated writer Joseph Addison . Addison lived at Holland House after his marriage, which was not

3551-579: The smoky air of the capital, because he was asthmatic. At that time Kensington was a suburban village location outside London, but more accessible than Hampton Court , a water journey on the Thames . A private road was laid out from the Palace to Hyde Park Corner , broad enough for several carriages to travel abreast, part of which survives today as Rotten Row . The Palace was improved and extended by Sir Christopher Wren with pavilions attached to each corner of

3618-640: The south side. The house's dower house , known as Little Holland House , became the centre of a Victorian artistic salon presided over by the Prinseps and the painter George Frederic Watts . In 1804 the garden of Holland House saw one of the earliest successful growths of the dahlia in England . Whilst in Madrid, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or roots by botanist Antonio José Cavanilles . She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised

3685-645: The surviving tax rolls of the Jacobean era. Examples of original Jacobean architecture in the Americas include Drax Hall Great House and St. Nicholas Abbey , both located in Barbados , and Bacon's Castle in Surry County, Virginia . In the 19th century, the Jacobean Gothic or " Jacobethan " style was briefly popular. Excellent examples are Coxe Hall, Williams Hall, and Medbury Hall, which define

3752-578: The term is generally employed of the style which prevailed in England during the first quarter of the 17th century, its peculiar decadent detail will be found nearly twenty years earlier at Wollaton Hall, Nottingham , and in Oxford and Cambridge examples exist up to 1660, notwithstanding the introduction of the purer Italian style by Inigo Jones in 1619 at Whitehall . In 1607 and 1620, England founded her first successful colonies: Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth, Massachusetts . As with other settlers in

3819-485: The undertaking." In 1849, he mortgaged Holland House and its grounds to pay for the development of roads and sewers. He died in 1859 without issue, causing the title of Baron Holland to expire, and ownership of the estate passed to his wife, Lady Mary Augusta Coventry, a daughter of George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry . Facing pressures in her life, Lady Holland sold much of the estate in the years that followed her husband's death, and eventually in 1874 sold Holland House to

3886-657: The western boundary of Holland Park), named after Abbotsbury Abbey in Dorset, acquired in 1543 by Sir Giles Strangways at the Dissolution of the Monasteries , and several roads named after § Joseph Addison . In 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attended the debutante ball of Rosalind Cubitt , the last great ball held at the house. The following year, on 7 September, the German bombing raids on London,

3953-538: Was a humane and civilised man; in any case, the threat could hardly have been serious since the use of the rack had been declared illegal in 1628. The original early 17th-century building was constructed in the village of Kensington as Nottingham House for the Earl of Nottingham. It was acquired from his heir, who was Secretary of State to William III , in 1689, because the King wanted a residence near London but away from

4020-416: Was born in 1773, and became the third Baron when his father died. In 1797 he married Elizabeth Vassell , who became Baroness Holland. She died in 1845 and the estate passed to their son Henry Fox, 4th Baron Holland . Henry Fox undertook a series of residential developments on the estate, using them as collateral to raise loans to finance the family's lifestyle, the expenses of which exceeded their income. In

4087-604: Was born in Holland House, erected a baronial-like home in the city of Toronto . Henry John Boulton had been born in the famous English house, and he commemorated that fact by naming the Toronto home Holland House. When Henry Fox-Strangways inherited Holland House in 1874, he was living in Melbury House in Melbury Sampford , Dorset, where he owned large estates. It appears that the Earl was "in part motivated by

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4154-655: Was created Baron Finch in January 1673 and Earl of Nottingham in May 1681. During the Popish Plot , he played an active part in the interrogation of witnesses and preparation of the Crown's evidence. He is said to have been sceptical about the credibility of much of the evidence, and drew up a private report referring to the difficulties with Titus Oates ' testimony. In general he behaved with moderation and restraint during

4221-466: Was descended from the old family of Finch , many of whose members had attained high legal eminence, and was the eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch , Recorder of London , by his first wife Frances Bell, daughter of Sir Edmond Bell of Beaupre Hall , Norfolk . In the register of Oxford University , he is entered as born in Kent , and probably at the Finch ancestral seat Eastwell Park in that county. He

4288-413: Was grass found in the local salt marshes. Most of these would have been hall and parlor dwellings with a simple central chimney, a feature of British architecture since the earlier Elizabethan era, a timber frame, a squat lower floor and an upper floor with bare beams and a space to be used for storage. Measurements of the archaeological remains of houses owned by Myles Standish and John Alden done in

4355-409: Was located in the house but has now closed. The Orangery is now an exhibition and function space, with the adjoining former Summer Ballroom now a restaurant, The Belvedere . The former ice house is now a gallery space. The grounds provide sporting facilities, including a cricket pitch, football pitch, and six tennis courts. The building was of a common shape for large houses of the time, containing

4422-514: Was the son of Sir Heneage Finch , younger son of Sir Moyle Finch, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea ( née Heneage). He was educated at Westminster and at Christ Church, Oxford , where he remained until he became a member of the Inner Temple in 1638. He was called to the bar in 1645, and soon obtained a lucrative practice. In April 1660, he was elected Member of Parliament for Canterbury and Mitchell in

4489-641: Was white." It carried decorations of the coats of arms of the Cope and Rich families. Rowland Bucket also provided carved and gilded chairs for the room, thought to be in Italianate style, and Cleyn may have designed these and other carved features for Bucket. Later, numerous busts were displayed in niches in the gilt chamber, many by Joseph Nollekens , with subjects including the first Lord Holland, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland , Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford , Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Napoleon ,

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