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90-427: The company moved into the former Ritts Furniture building designed by Harry Harrison on Santa Monica Boulevard . Because trading directly affects the prices of the securities – purchasing enough shares of a stock causes its price to rise, and selling causes its price to fall – and because the ultimate value of a moviestock is based on the film's box office, stock prices act as box office predictions. For example, if

180-606: A Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role - Musical or Comedy for her performance. In August, Monroe also began filming MMP's first independent production, The Prince and the Showgirl , at Pinewood Studios in England. Based on a 1953 stage play by Terence Rattigan , it was to be directed and co-produced by, and to co-star, Laurence Olivier . The production was complicated by conflicts between him and Monroe. Olivier, who had also directed and starred in

270-500: A Jewish ceremony at the home of Kay Brown , Miller's literary agent, in Waccabuc, New York . With the marriage, Monroe converted to Judaism , which led Egypt to ban all of her films. Due to Monroe's status as a sex symbol and Miller's image as an intellectual, the media saw the union as a mismatch, as evidenced by Variety ' s headline, "Egghead Weds Hourglass". That year, Monroe became pregnant, but miscarried. Bus Stop

360-429: A beauty mark . According to Sarah Churchwell, Niagara was one of the most overtly sexual films of Monroe's career. In some scenes, Monroe's body was covered only by a sheet or a towel, considered shocking by contemporary audiences. Niagara ' s most famous scene is a 30-second long shot behind Monroe where she is seen walking with her hips swaying, which was used heavily in the film's marketing. When Niagara

450-606: A pop culture icon , with the American Film Institute ranking her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from the Golden Age of Hollywood . Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at Los Angeles General Hospital on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker (née Monroe), was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila , Mexico to a poor Midwestern family who migrated to California at the turn of

540-571: A Girl's Best Friend "; according to the latter, she demonstrated the "ability to sex a song as well as point up the eye values of a scene by her presence". In September, Monroe made her television debut in the Jack Benny Show , playing Jack's fantasy woman in the episode "Honolulu Trip". She co-starred with Grable and Lauren Bacall in her third movie of the year, How to Marry a Millionaire , released in November. It featured Monroe as

630-417: A United States architect or architectural firm is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe ( / ˈ m æ r ə l ɪ n m ə n ˈ r oʊ / MARR -ə-lin mən- ROH ; born Norma Jeane Mortenson ; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress and model. Known for playing comic " blonde bombshell " characters, she became one of

720-582: A combination of perfectionism, low self-esteem, and stage fright. She disliked her lack of control on film sets and never experienced similar problems during photo shoots, in which she had more say over her performance and could be more spontaneous instead of following a script. To alleviate her anxiety and chronic insomnia , she began to use barbiturates , amphetamines , and alcohol, which also exacerbated her problems, although she did not become severely addicted until 1956. According to Sarah Churchwell , some of Monroe's behavior, especially later in her career,

810-403: A commercial for Pabst beer and posed for artistic nude photographs by Tom Kelley for John Baumgarth calendars, using the name 'Mona Monroe'. Monroe had previously posed topless or clad in a bikini for other artists including Earl Moran , and felt comfortable with nudity. Shortly after leaving Columbia, she also met and became the protégée and mistress of Johnny Hyde , the vice president of

900-534: A dumb actress who starts her own production company. After founding MMP, Monroe moved to Manhattan and spent 1955 studying acting. She took classes with Constance Collier and attended workshops on method acting at the Actors Studio , run by Lee Strasberg . She grew close to Strasberg and his wife Paula, receiving private lessons at their home due to her shyness, and soon became a family member. She replaced her old acting coach, Natasha Lytess, with Paula;

990-525: A fish cannery worker; to prepare, she spent time in a fish cannery in Monterey . She received positive reviews for her performance: The Hollywood Reporter stated that "she deserves starring status with her excellent interpretation", and Variety wrote that she "has an ease of delivery which makes her a cinch for popularity". The latter was a thriller in which Monroe starred as a mentally disturbed babysitter and which Zanuck used to test her abilities in

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1080-486: A former Texan lawyer. HSX attracted some private investment during the dot-com boom and ran TV ads on cable channels in an effort to attract players. After the dot-com crash , HSX was eventually acquired by units of Cantor Fitzgerald . Cantor has used HSX's moviestock prices to assist Cantor's gambling operations in the United Kingdom , in which bettors can place bets on how much money US films will gross. HSX

1170-532: A four-day period. After returning to the U.S., she was awarded Photoplay ' s "Most Popular Female Star" prize. Monroe settled with Fox in March, with the promise of a new contract, a bonus of $ 100,000, and a starring role in the film adaptation of the Broadway success The Seven Year Itch . In April 1954, Otto Preminger 's western River of No Return , the last film that Monroe had filmed prior to

1260-578: A heavier dramatic role. It received mixed reviews from critics, with Crowther deeming her too inexperienced for the difficult role, and Variety blaming the script for the film's problems. Monroe's three other films in 1952 continued with her typecasting in comedic roles that highlighted her sex appeal. In We're Not Married! , her role as a beauty pageant contestant was created solely to "present Marilyn in two bathing suits", according to its writer Nunnally Johnson . In Howard Hawks 's Monkey Business , in which she acted opposite Cary Grant , she played

1350-467: A highly publicized romance with retired New York Yankees baseball star Joe DiMaggio , one of the most famous sports personalities of the era. Monroe found herself at the center of a scandal in March 1952, when she revealed publicly that she had posed for a nude calendar in 1949. The studio had learned about the photos and that she was publicly rumored to be the model some weeks prior, and together with Monroe decided that to prevent damaging her career it

1440-623: A housewife. After the wedding, they honeymooned at a lake in Ventura County, California , then moved into a studio apartment in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles , where they lived a calm, idyllic life. Dougherty later recalled that despite the circumstances they married under, he and Monroe "loved each other madly" and that being married "was like being on a honeymoon for a year." However, according to biographer Donald Spoto , Monroe found herself and Dougherty mismatched, and later said she

1530-613: A model, Monroe occasionally used the pseudonym Jean Norman. Through Snively, Monroe signed a contract with an acting agency in June 1946. After an unsuccessful interview at Paramount Pictures , she was given a screen-test by Ben Lyon , a 20th Century-Fox executive. Head executive Darryl F. Zanuck was unenthusiastic about it, but he gave her a standard six-month contract to avoid her being signed by rival studio RKO Pictures . Monroe's contract began in August 1946, and she and Lyon selected

1620-491: A naïve model who teams up with her friends to find rich husbands, repeating the successful formula of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . It was the second film ever released in CinemaScope , a widescreen format that Fox hoped would draw audiences back to theaters as television was beginning to cause losses to film studios. Despite mixed reviews, the film was Monroe's biggest box office success at that point in her career. Unlike on

1710-516: A particular moviestock trades at "H$ 40.00", the market is predicting that the movie will gross US$ 40 million at the box office in the first four weekends of wide release. In 2007, players in the Hollywood Stock Exchange correctly predicted 32 of the 39 major-category Oscar nominees and seven out of eight top-category winners. The Hollywood Stock Exchange is considered a good example of a prediction market . Previous incarnations of

1800-604: A pin-up had been thwarted by the studio head executive, Darryl F. Zanuck , who had a strong personal dislike of her and did not think she would earn the studio as much revenue in other types of roles. Under pressure from the studio's owner, Spyros Skouras , Zanuck had also decided that Fox should focus exclusively on entertainment to maximize profits and canceled the production of any "serious films". In January 1954, he suspended Monroe when she refused to begin shooting yet another musical comedy, The Girl in Pink Tights . This

1890-470: A practice she had begun at Fox. She also became a friend and occasional sex partner of Fox executive Joseph M. Schenck , who persuaded his friend Harry Cohn , the head executive of Columbia Pictures , to sign her in March 1948. At Columbia, Monroe's look was modeled after Rita Hayworth and her hair was bleached platinum blonde. She began working with the studio's head drama coach, Natasha Lytess , who would remain her mentor until 1955. Her only film at

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1980-558: A saloon singer whose dreams of stardom are complicated by a naïve cowboy who falls in love with her. For the role, she learned an Ozark accent , chose costumes and makeup that lacked the glamor of her earlier films, and provided deliberately mediocre singing and dancing. Broadway director Joshua Logan agreed to direct, despite initially doubting Monroe's acting abilities and knowing of her difficult reputation. The filming took place in Idaho and Arizona, with Monroe "technically in charge" as

2070-568: A secretary who is a "dumb, childish blonde, innocently unaware of the havoc her sexiness causes around her". In O. Henry's Full House , with Charles Laughton she appeared in a passing vignette as a nineteenth-century street walker. Monroe added to her reputation as a new sex symbol with publicity stunts that year: she wore a revealing dress when acting as Grand Marshal at the Miss America Pageant parade, and told gossip columnist Earl Wilson that she usually wore no underwear. By

2160-433: A seven-year contract for Monroe with 20th Century-Fox. According to its terms, Fox could opt not to renew the contract after each year. Hyde died of a heart attack only days later, which left Monroe devastated. In 1951, Monroe had supporting roles in three moderately successful Fox comedies: As Young as You Feel , Love Nest , and Let's Make It Legal . According to Spoto all three films featured her "essentially [as]

2250-449: A sex symbol and established her "look", her second film of 1953, the satirical musical comedy Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , cemented her screen persona as a " dumb blonde ". Based on Anita Loos ' novel and its Broadway version , the film focuses on two "gold-digging" showgirls played by Monroe and Jane Russell . Monroe's role was originally intended for Betty Grable , who had been 20th Century-Fox's most popular " blonde bombshell " in

2340-577: A sexy ornament", but she received some praise from critics: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described her as "superb" in As Young As You Feel and Ezra Goodman of the Los Angeles Daily News called her "one of the brightest up-and-coming [actresses]" for Love Nest . Her popularity with audiences was also growing: she received several thousand fan letters a week, and was declared "Miss Cheesecake of 1951" by

2430-626: A woman who becomes the object of her married neighbor's sexual fantasies. Although the film was shot in Hollywood, the studio decided to generate advance publicity by staging the filming of a scene in which Monroe is standing on a subway grate with the air blowing up the skirt of her white dress on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. The shoot lasted for several hours and attracted nearly 2,000 spectators. The "subway grate scene" became one of Monroe's most famous, and The Seven Year Itch became one of

2520-473: Is headquartered in Century City, Los Angeles , California . During the holidays, there were "holiday warrants" that allowed one to predict the final gross of a movie by President's Day weekend of the following year. For example, there was a Narnia warrant of H$ 180 million. Since Narnia would make over US$ 300 million by February 20, 2006, anyone who purchased the warrant made over H$ 120 per share. On

2610-608: The Actors Studio . Later that year, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. Her subsequent roles included a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop (1956) and her first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for her role in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. Her last completed film

2700-640: The House Un-American Activities Committee , but Monroe refused. The relationship led to the FBI opening a file on her, as they suspected she was part of a communist group. However, the FBI never uncovered any evidence proving these claims. By the end of the year, Monroe and Fox signed a new seven-year contract, as MMP would not be able to finance films alone, and the studio was eager to have Monroe working for them again. Fox would pay her $ 400,000 to make four films, and granted her

2790-526: The Merchant Marine and was stationed on Santa Catalina Island , where Monroe moved with him. In April 1944, Dougherty was shipped out to the Pacific , where he remained for most of the next two years. Monroe, who had previously been having doubts about having children, begged him for a baby before he left. That same year, Monroe met her sister, Berniece Baker Miracle, and her husband, Paris, for

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2880-758: The Modern Architecture style Chips coffee shop, an example of Googie Architecture . Harrison also design the Ritts Furniture building on Santa Monica Boulevard east of La Cienega Boulevard . It is now being used as the Hollywood Stock Exchange headquarters. Harrison also designed 1120 St Ives Place (1948) in Los Angeles for Hyman Engleberg , Marilyn Monroe 's personal doctor. He worked with Harwell Hamilton Harris and Richard Neutra . This article about

2970-553: The Photoplay Awards in January 1953, where she won the "Fastest Rising Star" award. A pleated "sunburst" waist-tight, deep décolleté gold lamé dress designed by William Travilla for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , but barely seen at all in the film, was to become a sensation. Prompted by such imagery, veteran star Joan Crawford publicly called the behavior "unbecoming an actress and a lady". While Niagara made Monroe

3060-505: The William Morris Agency . Through Hyde, Monroe landed small roles in several films, including two critically acclaimed works: Joseph Mankiewicz 's drama All About Eve (1950) and John Huston 's film noir The Asphalt Jungle (1950). Monroe was nervous and starstruck to be performing alongside Bette Davis in the former film, often forgetting her lines, demanding multiple takes, and arriving late. However, in 1977,

3150-532: The 1940s; Monroe was fast eclipsing her as a star who could appeal to both male and female audiences. As part of the film's publicity campaign, she and Russell pressed their hand and footprints in wet concrete outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre in June. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was released shortly after and became one of the biggest box office successes of the year. Crowther of The New York Times and William Brogdon of Variety both commented favorably on Monroe, especially noting her performance of " Diamonds Are

3240-606: The Atkinsons, and may have been sexually abused during this time. Always a shy girl, she developed a stutter and became withdrawn. In the summer of 1935, she briefly stayed with Grace and her husband Erwin "Doc" Goddard and two other families. In September 1935, Grace placed her in the Los Angeles Orphans Home #2, Hollygrove. The orphanage was "a model institution" and was described in positive terms by her peers, but Monroe felt abandoned. Encouraged by

3330-519: The Strasbergs remained an important influence for the rest of her career. Monroe also started undergoing psychoanalysis , as Strasberg believed that an actor must confront their emotional traumas and use them in their performances. Monroe continued her relationship with DiMaggio despite the ongoing divorce process; she was also rumored to have dated actor Marlon Brando . Monroe had met playwright Arthur Miller in 1951, after being introduced on

3420-519: The age of 15, she began dating him. Monroe had been harboring a crush on Dougherty, who had been class president and football captain during his days at school. In 1942, the company that employed Doc Goddard relocated him to West Virginia . California child protection laws prevented the Goddards from taking Monroe out of state, and she faced having to return to the orphanage. To prevent this, Grace Goddard approached Dougherty's mother, Ethel, with

3510-594: The army newspaper Stars and Stripes , reflecting the preferences of soldiers in the Korean War . In February 1952, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association named Monroe the "best young box office personality". In her private life, Monroe had a short relationship with director Elia Kazan and also briefly dated several other men, including director Nicholas Ray and actors Yul Brynner and Peter Lawford . In early 1952, she began

3600-500: The biggest commercial successes of the year after its release in June 1955. The publicity stunt placed Monroe on international front pages, and it also marked the end of her marriage to DiMaggio. The union had been troubled from the start by his jealousy and controlling attitude; he was also physically abusive. After returning from NYC to Hollywood in October 1954, Monroe filed for divorce, after only nine months of marriage. DiMaggio

3690-408: The century. At age 15, Gladys had married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children together, Robert and Berniece . She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody of her two oldest in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky . Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and they met for

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3780-534: The collapse of the studio system . Monroe stated that she was "tired of the same old sex roles" and asserted that she was no longer under contract to Fox, as it had not fulfilled its duties, such as paying her the promised bonus. This began a year-long legal battle between her and Fox in January 1955. The press largely ridiculed Monroe, and she was parodied in the Broadway play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955), in which her lookalike Jayne Mansfield played

3870-400: The comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire , which established her star image as a " dumb blonde ". The same year, her nude images were used as the centerfold and cover of the first issue of Playboy . Monroe played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, but felt disappointed when typecast and underpaid by

3960-528: The cover and as centerfold in the first issue of Playboy ; Monroe did not consent to the publication. The cover image was a photograph taken of her at the Miss America Pageant parade in 1952, and the centerfold featured one of her 1949 nude photographs. Monroe had become one of 20th Century-Fox's biggest stars, but her contract had not changed since 1950, so that she was paid far less than other stars of her stature and could not choose her projects. Her attempts to appear in films that would not focus on her as

4050-429: The dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock . Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a star, but the story did not damage her career and instead resulted in increased interest in her films. By 1953, Monroe was one of the most marketable Hollywood stars. She had leading roles in the film noir Niagara , which overtly relied on her sex appeal, and

4140-661: The end of the TV Season. HSX also releases various special derivatives throughout the year. During the summer of 2006, there were derivatives for the FIFA World Cup . Other past special warrants involved the contestants on Survivor , American Idol and top categories of the Grammy Awards . Harry Harrison (architect) Harry Harrison was an architect in Los Angeles , California . He designed

4230-525: The end of the year, gossip columnist Florabel Muir named Monroe the " it girl " of 1952. During this period, Monroe gained a reputation for being difficult to work with, which would worsen as her career progressed. She was often late or did not show up at all, did not remember her lines, and would demand several re-takes before she was satisfied with her performance. Her dependence on her acting coaches—Natasha Lytess and then Paula Strasberg —also irritated directors. Monroe's problems have been attributed to

4320-529: The factory to shoot morale-boosting pictures of female workers. Although none of her pictures were used, she quit working at the factory in January 1945 and began modeling for Conover and his friends. Defying her deployed husband and his disapproving mother, she moved on her own and signed a contract with the Blue Book Model Agency in August 1945. The agency deemed Monroe's figure more suitable for pin-up than high fashion modeling, and she

4410-530: The first time in 1944 when Monroe was 17 or 18. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries . Her second marriage occurred in 1924 when she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated just months later and divorced in 1928. In 2022, DNA testing indicated that Monroe's father was Charles Stanley Gifford, a co-worker of Gladys, with whom she had an affair in 1925, though until then, her father

4500-605: The first time. They continued to stay in touch throughout Monroe's career. After Dougherty left, Monroe moved in with Dougherty's parents and began a job at the Radioplane Company , a munitions factory in Van Nuys, to help the war effort. In late 1944, she met photographer David Conover , who had been sent by captain Ronald Reagan , then working in the U.S. Army Air Forces ' First Motion Picture Unit , to

4590-403: The game included a music market (for purchasing musical artists), prizes for top gainers and, briefly, a "buyout" program in which HSX would reward top players by purchasing their portfolios at a price of US$ 1.00 per HS1 million if the player listed the portfolio for sale on eBay . These features have been discontinued. The practice of selling portfolios on eBay was inaugurated by Curtis Edmonds,

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4680-578: The head of MMP, occasionally making decisions on cinematography and with Logan adapting to her chronic lateness and perfectionism. The experience changed Logan's opinion of Monroe, and he later compared her to Charlie Chaplin in her ability to blend comedy and tragedy. On June 29, 1956, Monroe and Miller were married in a four-minute civil ceremony at the Westchester County Court in White Plains, New York ; two days later they had

4770-522: The home of family friends named the Howells. Though neither the Goddards or Monroe's mother attended the wedding, the Bolenders and their daughter, Nancy, were in attendance. "I remember the winding staircase in the living room and all of us just staring at the top of the stairs until she appeared," Nancy later recalled. "What a beautiful bride." Monroe subsequently dropped out of high school and became

4860-520: The most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as an emblem of the era's sexual revolution . She was a top-billed actress for a decade, and her films grossed $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 2 billion in 2023) by the time of her death in 1962. Born and raised in Los Angeles County, Monroe spent most of her childhood in a total of twelve foster homes and an orphanage before marrying James Dougherty at age sixteen. She

4950-469: The mountain lodge of Monroe's lawyer Lloyd Wright. On January 29, 1954, fifteen days later, they flew to Japan, combining a "honeymoon" with his commitment to his former San Francisco Seals coach Lefty O'Doul , to help train Japanese baseball teams. From Tokyo, she traveled with Jean O'Doul, Lefty's wife, to Korea, where she participated in a USO show, singing for over 60,000 U.S. Marines over

5040-570: The often-critical Davis praised Monroe's performance, saying, "Oh, I knew she had a long way to go. Definitely, no question, I knew she was going to make it. She was a very ambitious girl, [and] knew what she wanted [and was] very serious about it...I thought she had talent." Despite her screen time being only a few minutes in the latter, she gained a mention in Photoplay and according to biographer Donald Spoto "moved effectively from movie model to serious actress". In December 1950, Hyde negotiated

5130-539: The orphanage staff, who thought that Monroe would be happier living in a family, Grace became her legal guardian in 1936, but did not take her out of the orphanage until the summer of 1937. Monroe's second stay with the Goddards lasted only a few months because Doc allegedly molested her, though these claims are disputed. She then lived for brief periods with her relatives and Grace's friends and relatives in Los Angeles and Compton . Monroe's childhood experiences first made her want to become an actress: I didn't like

5220-441: The other hand, Zathura had a holiday warrant for H$ 70 million. Since Zathura closed a month after its release and made less than U$ 30 million, anyone who predicted that it would make more than US$ 70 million lost their investment. During the summer, there were similar "Blockbuster Warrants" that allowed one to predict the final gross of a movie by Labor Day weekend of that year. Currently, Blockbuster Warrants are issued throughout

5310-462: The production. Her dependence on pharmaceuticals escalated and, according to Spoto, she had a miscarriage. She and Greene also argued over how MMP should be run. Despite the difficulties, filming was completed on schedule by the end of 1956. The Prince and the Showgirl was released to mixed reviews in June 1957 and proved unpopular with American audiences. It was better received in Europe, where she

5400-465: The proposition that Dougherty marry Monroe. Ethel agreed, and the two told Monroe and Dougherty their idea. Both were rather skeptical: Dougherty thought Monroe was rather young to marry, and Monroe was nervous. On one occasion, Monroe approached Grace with the idea that they marry as friends instead of consummating their marriage, but Grace replied, "Don't worry, you'll learn." Monroe married Dougherty on June 19, 1942, just after her 16th birthday, at

5490-474: The public interest. Despite her newfound popularity as a sex symbol, Monroe also wished to showcase more of her acting range. She had begun taking acting classes with Michael Chekhov and mime Lotte Goslar soon after beginning the Fox contract, and Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock showed her in different roles. In the former, a drama starring Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Fritz Lang , she played

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5580-597: The relationship unmarried, Dougherty refused. Monroe spent her first six months at Fox learning acting, singing, and dancing, and observing the film-making process. Her contract was renewed in February 1947, and she was given her first film roles, bit parts in Dangerous Years (1947) and Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948). The studio also enrolled her in the Actors' Laboratory Theatre , an acting school teaching

5670-432: The right to choose her own projects, directors and cinematographers. She would also be free to make one film with MMP per each completed film for Fox. Monroe began 1956 by announcing her win over 20th Century-Fox. On February 23, 1956, she legally changed her name to Marilyn Monroe . The press wrote favorably about her decision to fight the studio; Time called her a "shrewd businesswoman" and Look predicted that

5760-556: The scenes to keep the leads on point at musical sets. Monroe was determined to make it as an actress, and continued studying at the Actors' Lab. She had a small role in the play Glamour Preferred at the Bliss-Hayden Theater , but it ended after a couple of performances. To network, she frequented producers' offices, befriended gossip columnist Sidney Skolsky , and entertained influential male guests at studio functions,

5850-479: The set of As Young as You Feel by director Elia Kazan . Though he was married to Mary Slattery, they began an affair in 1955. The affair became increasingly serious after October 1955, when Monroe's divorce was finalized and Miller separated from Slattery so he could be with Monroe. The studio urged her to end it, as Miller was being investigated by the FBI for allegations of communism and had been subpoenaed by

5940-516: The sets of other films, Monroe got along well with her costars, particularly Grable, who reportedly found Monroe a delightful person to hang out with. Monroe was listed in the annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in both 1953 and 1954, and according to Fox historian Aubrey Solomon became the studio's "greatest asset" alongside CinemaScope. Monroe's position as a leading sex symbol was confirmed in December 1953, when Hugh Hefner featured her on

6030-402: The stage name "Marilyn Monroe". The first name was picked by Lyon, who was reminded of Broadway star Marilyn Miller ; the surname was Monroe's mother's maiden name. However, the studio was reluctant to hire Monroe, a married woman, for fear she would become pregnant. In September 1946, she traveled to Las Vegas to divorce Dougherty, leaving him heartbroken. Though Monroe wanted to continue

6120-478: The stage play, angered her with the patronizing statement "All you have to do is be sexy", and with his demand she replicate Vivien Leigh 's stage interpretation of the character. He also disliked the constant presence of Paula Strasberg, Monroe's acting coach, on set. In retaliation, Monroe became uncooperative and began to deliberately arrive late, later saying, "if you don't respect your artists, they can't work well." Monroe also experienced other problems during

6210-614: The studio was the low-budget musical Ladies of the Chorus (1948), in which she had her first starring role as a chorus girl courted by a wealthy man. She also screen-tested for the lead role in Born Yesterday (1950), but her contract was not renewed in September 1948. Ladies of the Chorus was released the following month and was not a success. When her contract at Columbia ended, Monroe returned again to modeling. She shot

6300-533: The studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project but returned to star in The Seven Year Itch (1955), one of the biggest box office successes of her career. When the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own film production company in 1954 with her good friend, photographer Milton Greene . She dedicated 1955 to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at

6390-689: The suspension, was released. She called it a " Z-grade cowboy movie in which the acting finished second to the scenery and the CinemaScope process", but it was popular with audiences. The first film she made after the suspension was the musical There's No Business Like Show Business , which she strongly disliked but the studio required her to do for dropping The Girl in Pink Tights . It was unsuccessful upon its release in late 1954, with Monroe's performance considered vulgar by many critics. In September 1954, Monroe began filming Billy Wilder 's comedy The Seven Year Itch , starring opposite Tom Ewell as

6480-484: The techniques of the Group Theatre ; she later stated that it was "my first taste of what real acting in a real drama could be, and I was hooked". Despite her enthusiasm, her teachers thought her too shy and insecure to have a future in acting, and Fox did not renew her contract in August 1947. She returned to modeling while also doing occasional odd jobs at film studios, such as working as a dancing "pacer" behind

6570-424: The win would be "an example of the individual against the herd for years to come". In contrast, Monroe's relationship with Miller prompted some negative comments, such as Walter Winchell 's statement that "America's best-known blonde moving picture star is now the darling of the left-wing intelligentsia." In March, Monroe began filming the drama Bus Stop , her first film under the new contract. She played Chérie,

6660-523: The world around me because it was kind of grim ... When I heard that this was acting, I said that's what I want to be ... Some of my foster families used to send me to the movies to get me out of the house and there I'd sit all day and way into the night. Up in front, there with the screen so big, a little kid all alone, and I loved it. Monroe found a more permanent home in September 1938, when she began living with Grace's aunt Ana Lower in Sawtelle . Monroe

6750-452: The year for those movies that will gross $ 100 Million or more through their first 12 weekends of release. Every winter there are special warrants to predict the Oscar nominees called "Nominoptions" followed by Award Options to predict the actual Academy Award winners. There are special warrants for first year scripted TV shows based upon the number of episodes that will be shown by May 31,

6840-539: Was "dying of boredom" during the marriage. The first problems in their marriage appeared in late 1943, when Monroe and Dougherty attended a dance at the Catalina Casino ballroom. That night, Monroe was a popular dancing partner, while Dougherty was relatively ignored. Jealous, he told her that they were leaving. When Monroe told him she might go back to the dance alone, he told her that she would not be allowed to come home if she did. In 1943, Dougherty enlisted in

6930-690: Was also in response to the condescension and sexism of her male co-stars and directors. Biographer Lois Banner said that she was bullied by many of her directors. Monroe starred in three movies that were released in 1953 and emerged as a major sex symbol and one of Hollywood's most bankable performers. The first was the Technicolor film noir Niagara , in which she played a femme fatale scheming to murder her husband, played by Joseph Cotten . By then, Monroe and her make-up artist Allan "Whitey" Snyder had developed her "trademark" make-up look: dark arched brows, pale skin, "glistening" red lips and

7020-567: Was awarded the Italian David di Donatello and the French Crystal Star awards and nominated for a BAFTA . After returning from England, Monroe took an 18-month hiatus to concentrate on family life. She and Miller split their time between NYC, Connecticut and Long Island . She had an ectopic pregnancy in mid-1957, and a miscarriage a year later; these problems were most likely linked to her endometriosis . Monroe

7110-552: Was best to admit to them while stressing that she had been broke at the time. The strategy gained her public sympathy and increased interest in her films, for which she was now receiving top billing . In the wake of the scandal, Monroe was featured on the cover of Life magazine as the "Talk of Hollywood", and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper declared her the "cheesecake queen" turned "box office smash". Three of Monroe's films— Clash by Night , Don't Bother to Knock and We're Not Married! —were released soon after to capitalize on

7200-535: Was devastated and wrote letters to Monroe apologizing and confessing his undying love for her. Monroe was also incredibly sad, and could be seen crying in court during the divorce procedures. After filming for The Seven Year Itch wrapped up in November 1954, Monroe left Hollywood for the East Coast, where she and photographer Milton Greene founded their own production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions (MMP)—an action that has later been called "instrumental" in

7290-500: Was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia . After several months in a rest home, she was committed to the Metropolitan State Hospital . She spent the rest of her life in and out of hospitals and was rarely in contact with Monroe. Monroe became a ward of the state , and her mother's friend Grace Goddard took responsibility over her and her mother's affairs. For the next 16 months, Monroe continued living with

7380-524: Was enrolled at Emerson Junior High School and went to weekly Christian Science services with Lower. She excelled in writing and contributed to the school newspaper, but was otherwise a mediocre student. Owing to the elderly Lower's health problems, Monroe returned to live with the Goddards in Van Nuys in about early 1941. That same year, she began attending Van Nuys High School , where she met factory worker James Dougherty , five years her senior. At

7470-431: Was featured mostly in advertisements and men's magazines. She straightened her naturally curly brown hair and dyed it platinum blonde , on advice from a modeling agency . According to Emmeline Snively, the agency's owner, Monroe quickly became one of its most ambitious and hard-working models; by early 1946, she had appeared on 33 magazine covers for publications such as Pageant , U.S. Camera , Laff , and Peek . As

7560-532: Was forced to move back to the city for employment. She then began visiting her daughter on weekends. In the summer of 1933, Gladys bought a small house in Hollywood with a loan from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation and moved seven-year-old Monroe in with her. They shared the house with lodgers, actors George and Maude Atkinson and their daughter, Nellie. In January 1934, Gladys had a mental breakdown and

7650-572: Was front-page news, and Monroe immediately took action to counter negative publicity. At the 11th Golden Globe Awards in 1954, Monroe was named " World Film Favorite ", despite not being present at the awards ceremony. Monroe met baseball player Joe DiMaggio in 1952, while on a blind date in Los Angeles. After two years of dating, she and DiMaggio were married at the San Francisco City Hall on January 14, 1954. They spent their honeymoon outside Idyllwild, California , in

7740-407: Was released in August 1956 and became a critical and commercial success. The Saturday Review of Literature wrote that Monroe's performance "effectively dispels once and for all the notion that she is merely a glamour personality" and Crowther proclaimed: "Hold on to your chairs, everybody, and get set for a rattling surprise. Marilyn Monroe has finally proved herself an actress." She also received

7830-448: Was released in January 1953, women's clubs protested it as immoral, but it proved popular with audiences. While Variety deemed it "clichéd" and "morbid", The New York Times commented that "the falls and Miss Monroe are something to see", as although Monroe may not be "the perfect actress at this point ... she can be seductive—even when she walks". Monroe continued to attract attention by wearing revealing outfits, most famously at

7920-408: Was the drama The Misfits (1961). Monroe's troubled private life received much attention. Her marriages to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and to playwright Arthur Miller were highly publicized; both ended in divorce. On August 4, 1962, she died at age 36 of an overdose of barbiturates at her Los Angeles home . Her death was ruled a probable suicide. Long after her death, Monroe remains

8010-466: Was thought to be Mortensen. Monroe had two other half-siblings from Gifford's marriage with his first wife; a sister, Doris Elizabeth, and a brother, Charles Stanley. Although Gladys was mentally and financially unprepared for a child, Monroe's early childhood was stable and happy. Gladys placed her daughter with evangelical Christian foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender in the suburban town of Hawthorne . She also lived there for six months, until she

8100-565: Was working in a factory during World War II when she met a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film contracts with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures . After a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in late 1950. Over the next two years, she became a popular actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business , and in

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