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93-519: The city's name Hunchun comes from Huncun in Manchu language. ( Manchu : ᡥᡠᠨᠴᡠᠨ ,  Möllendorff : huncun ,  Abkai : hunqun ). The city and the village Fangchuan is located near the point of junction of the borders of China, Russia, and North Korea; provided with an observation platform, it is a popular tourist attraction. Hunchun has four subdistricts , four towns , and five townships . Subdistricts: Towns: Townships: Since

186-501: A 250-km/h high-speed passenger rail line from Jilin to Hunchun via Tumen ( 吉图珲铁路客运专线 ), began construction work in January 2011, and was scheduled and finished at the end of September 2015. The railway has been described as " Dongbei 's most beautiful railway" (due to the terrain it runs through) and "the fastest way to Vladivostok " (4 hours by train from Shenyang to Hunchun, plus four hours by bus from Hunchun to Vladivostok). Reflecting

279-437: A Han. But all my life I have made a hobby of Manchu." Shen didn't have to learn Manchu as part of his job because he was never an official,so he seems to have studied it voluntarily. Most Han people were not interested in learning non-Han languages, so it is not known why Shen was doing it, but he did praise Manchu writing, saying that it was simpler and clearer than Chinese. A Hangzhou Han Chinese, Chen Mingyuan , helped edit

372-579: A Manchu–Chinese dictionary. In the late 1830s, Georgy M. Rozov translated from Manchu the History of the Jin (Jurchen) Dynasty . A school to train Manchu language translators was started in Irkutsk in the 18th century, and existed for a fairly long period. An anonymous author remarked in 1844 that the transcription of Chinese words in Manchu alphabet, available in the contemporary Chinese–Manchu dictionaries,

465-454: A commotion'). Manchu has twenty consonants, shown in the table using each phoneme's representation in the IPA , followed by its romanization in italics. /pʰ/ was rare and found mostly in loanwords and onomatopoeiae , such as pak pik ('pow pow'). Historically, /p/ appears to have been common, but changed over time to /f/ . /ŋ/ was also found mostly in loanwords and onomatopoeiae and there

558-402: A rule, back and front vowels cannot co-occur in a word: in other words, the lone front vowel never occurs in a word with any the regular back vowels ( a, o, ū ). (An exception is the diphthong eo , which does occur in some words, i.e. deo , "younger brother", geo , "a mare", jeo , "department", leole , "to discuss", leose , "building", and šeole , "to embroider", "to collect". ) In contrast,

651-404: A vowel. In some words, there were vowels that were separated by consonant clusters, as in the words ilha ('flower') and abka ('heaven'); however, in most words, the vowels were separated from one another by only single consonants. This open syllable structure might not have been found in all varieties of spoken Manchu, but it was certainly found in the southern dialect that became the basis for

744-563: Is Han Chinese , many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called " Chuang Guandong " ( simplified Chinese : 闯关东 ; traditional Chinese : 闖關東 ; lit. 'venture into the east of the Pass';). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of the Ming Dynasty , but they were subjected to eviction and assimilation by

837-427: Is vowel harmony . It is described as based on the opposition between back and front vowels , but these phonological natural classes differ from the actual phonetic realization. The vowels a, o, ū function as back, as expected, but the only phonologically front vowel is e (even though it is phonetically central). Finally, the vowels i and u function as "neutral" vowels for the purposes of vowel harmony. As

930-580: Is 2.44 km (0.94 sq mi). It enjoys good infrastructure and policies as its parent zone does. In the early 1990s, Jilin province government constructed a railway and improved the highway to Hunchun. The Tumen River Bridge connects between Hunchun and the North Korean village of Wonjeong ( 원정 ) in Sonbong . The bridge was built during the Japanese occupation in 1938. In 2010 the bridge

1023-703: Is a region of the People's Republic of China . It consists of three provinces, namely Liaoning , Jilin , and Heilongjiang . The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain , the largest plain in China, with an area of over 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the Russian Far East to the north by the Amur , Argun , and Ussuri Rivers; from North Korea to

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1116-527: Is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin. Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin , and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin. Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of

1209-505: Is pronounced as /joː/ ), io(w)an , io(w)en , ioi ( /y/ ), and i(y)ao , and they exist in Chinese loanwords. The diphthong oo is pronounced as /oː/ , and the diphthong eo is pronounced as /ɤo/ . Stress in Manchu has been described in very different ways by different scholars. According to Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1892), it was always on the last syllable. In contrast, Ivan Zakharov (1879) gives numerous specific rules: on

1302-404: Is shown here as phonemic. Early Western descriptions of Manchu phonology labeled Manchu b as "soft p", Manchu d as "soft t", and Manchu g as "soft k", whereas Manchu p was "hard p", t was "hard t", and k was "hard k". This suggests that the phonological contrast between the so-called voiced series ( b, d, j, g ) and the voiceless series ( p, t, c, k ) in Manchu as it was spoken during

1395-410: Is taught there as a tool for reading Qing-dynasty archival documents. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal reported that the language is offered (as an elective) in one university, one public middle school, and a few private schools. There are also other Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language. Thousands of non-Manchu speakers have learned

1488-510: Is the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture where ethnic Koreans make up roughly 35% of the population. Taoism and Chinese Buddhism coexist alongside predominating Chinese folk religions led by local shamans . The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches . The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to industrialize in China during the era of Manchukuo . After

1581-495: Is vertically written and taken from the Mongolian script (which in turn derives from Aramaic via Uyghur and Sogdian ). Although Manchu does not have the kind of grammatical gender found in most European languages, some gendered words in Manchu are distinguished by different stem vowels (vowel inflection), as in ama , 'father', and eme , 'mother'. The Qing dynasty used various Mandarin Chinese expressions to refer to

1674-620: Is very closely related to Standard Mandarin , though with unique phonological and syntactic features, and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from Russian . There are enough differences from Mandarin to give dongbeihua its own distinctive characteristics. The second variety is Jiaoliao Mandarin , spoken in the Liaodong Peninsula , as well as the Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong . It

1767-549: Is very common in modern spoken Xibe but unknown in Manchu. Since the 1980s, there have been increased efforts to revive the Manchu language. Revival movements are linked to the reconstruction of ethnic Manchu identity in the Han-dominated country. The Manchus mainly lead the revival efforts, with support from the PRC state, NGOs and international efforts. Revivalism began in the post- Mao era when non-Han ethnic expression

1860-515: The Amur River provides very rich fisheries , and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel , automobile , shipbuilding , aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until

1953-776: The Chinese Civil War , further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" ( 开发北大荒 ), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people. Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China . People from

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2046-654: The Chinese Civil War . With the encouragement of the Soviet Union , the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists , who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast

2139-587: The Ili valley in Xinjiang , having been moved there by the Qianlong Emperor in 1764. Modern written Xibe is very close to Manchu, although there are slight differences in the writing system which reflect distinctive Xibe pronunciation. More significant differences exist in morphological and syntactic structure of the spoken Xibe language. For one example among many, there is a " converb " ending, - mak , that

2232-511: The Manchus , it was one of the official languages of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China, although today the vast majority of Manchus speak only Mandarin Chinese . Several thousand can speak Manchu as a second language through governmental primary education or free classes for adults in classrooms or online. The Manchu language has high historical value for historians of China, especially for

2325-749: The Northeast . The area was historically referred to by various names. During the Ming dynasty , the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as Nurgan . The Qing dynasty used names such as Guandong ( simplified Chinese : 关东 ; traditional Chinese : 關東 ; pinyin : Guāndōng ), East of the Pass ) or the Three Provinces ( 東三省 ; 东三省 ; Dōngsānshěng ) referring to Jilin , Heilongjiang , and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang

2418-481: The Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics. The region is, on

2511-532: The Pentaglot . Among his directives were to eliminate directly borrowed loanwords from Chinese and replace them with calque translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. This showed in the titles of Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign which were direct translations contrasted with Manchu books translated during the Kangxi Emperor 's reign which were Manchu transliterations of

2604-417: The Qianlong Emperor was shocked to see a Manchu official, Guo'ermin, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now Shenyang ). By the 19th century, even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The Jiaqing Emperor (reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. By

2697-529: The " plurality of ethnic cultures within one united culture". Another reason for revivalism lay in the archives of the Qing Empire–a way to translate and resolve historical conflicts between the Manchus and the state. Lastly, the people wanted to regain their language for the rituals and communication to their ancestors–many shamans do not understand the words they use. Manchu associations can be found across

2790-612: The (Qing) dynasty (had been) unable to coerce the country's ministers and people to learn the national writing and national speech (Manchu)". Chinese fiction books were translated into Manchu. Bannermen wrote fiction in the Chinese language. Huang Taiji had Chinese books translated into Manchu. Han Chinese and Manchus helped Jesuits write and translate books into Manchu and Chinese. Manchu books were published in Beijing . The Qianlong Emperor commissioned projects such as new Manchu dictionaries, both monolingual and multilingual like

2883-512: The 1990s. On 16 March 2013, a joint agreement to export textiles to North Korea was announced. The textiles would be made into up to 8,000 shirts in North Korea and exported back to China. Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone

Hunchun - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-579: The 2000s by the State Council of the People's Republic of China , in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , Chifeng and Xilin Gol , are also formally defined as regions of the Northeast. The name Manchuria is an exonym of Japanese origin, derived from the endonym Manchu and first used in the 18th or 19th century, though not itself used by

3069-551: The Chinese characters. The Pentaglot was based on the Yuzhi Siti Qing Wenjian ( 御製四體清文鑑 ; "Imperially-Published Four-Script Textual Mirror of Qing"), with Uyghur added as a fifth language. The four-language version of the dictionary with Tibetan was in turn based on an earlier three-language version with Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese called the "Imperially-Published Manchu Mongol Chinese Three pronunciation explanation mirror of Qing" ( 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 ), which

3162-486: The Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. The Northeast is an important breadbasket region of China, as the Northeast China Plain has the largest stretch of arable flatland in the country, with an abundance of fertile black soil . The rural population heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of

3255-417: The Manchu alphabet, but are not distinguished in the romanization. The vowel e (generally pronounced like Mandarin [ɤ] )) is pronounced as /e/ after y , as in niyengniyeri /ɲeŋɲeri/. Between n and y , i is absorbed into both consonants as /ɲ/. The relatively rare vowel transcribed ū (pronounced [ʊ] ) was usually found as a back vowel ; however, in some cases, it was found occurring along with

3348-847: The Manchu language by Russian sinologists started in the early 18th century, soon after the founding of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing, to which most early Russian sinologists were connected. Illarion Kalinovich Rossokhin   [ Wikidata ] (died 1761) translated a number of Manchu works, such as The history of Kangxi's conquest of the Khalkha and Oirat nomads of the Great Tartary, in five parts ( История о завоевании китайским ханом Канхием калкаского и элетского народа, кочующего в Великой Татарии, состоящая в пяти частях ), as well as some legal treatises and

3441-653: The Manchu language, such as "Qingwen" ( 清文 ) and "Qingyu" ( 清語 ) ("Qing language"). The term "national" was also applied to writing in Manchu, as in Guowen ( 國文 ), in addition to Guoyu ( 國語 ) ("national language"), which was used by previous non-Han dynasties to refer to their languages and, in modern times, to the Standard Chinese language. In the Manchu-language version of the Treaty of Nerchinsk ,

3534-599: The Manchus or Chinese people. Variations of Manchuria which arrived in European languages through Dutch , as a calque of the Japanese Manshū ( 満州 'Region of the Manchus'). The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use is considered controversial by some historians such as Mark C. Elliott , Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy. In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as

3627-511: The Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" ( 东北人 ) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. Ethnic Manchus form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the Mongols , Koreans , and the Huis , as well as 49 other ethnic minorities such as Daurs , Sibos , Hezhens , Oroqens , Evenks , and Kyrgyz . Located in the Northeast

3720-426: The Northeast, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley . The region possesses large flocks of sheep , and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however,

3813-586: The Qing dynasty. Manchu-language texts supply information that is unavailable in Chinese, and when both Manchu and Chinese versions of a given text exist, they provide controls for understanding the Chinese. Like most Siberian languages, Manchu is an agglutinative language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony . It has been demonstrated that it is derived mainly from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese . Its script

Hunchun - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-425: The ancestors of the Manchu and ruled over the later Jin dynasty (1115–1234) . Manchu began as a primary language of the Qing dynasty Imperial court, but as Manchu officials became increasingly sinicized , many started losing the language. Trying to preserve the Manchu identity, the imperial government instituted Manchu language classes and examinations for the bannermen , offering rewards to those who excelled in

3999-482: The book Introduction to the Qing language ( 清文啟蒙 ; Cing wen ki meng bithe ), which was co-written by a Manchu named Uge. Uge gave private Manchu language classes, which were attended by his friend Chen. Chen arranged for its printing. Han Chinese at the Hanlin Academy studied the Manchu language in the Qing. The Han Chinese Hanlin graduate Qi Yunshi knew the Manchu language and wrote a book in Chinese on

4092-497: The border location of the city, the train station has its sign in four languages: Chinese, Korean, Russian, and English. [REDACTED] Rason , North Korea Manchu language Manchu (Manchu: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ , Romanization: manju gisun ) is a critically endangered East Asian Tungusic language native to the historical region of Manchuria in Northeast China . As the traditional native language of

4185-406: The case of dzengse (orange) (Chinese: chéngzi ) and tsun (inch) (Chinese: cùn ). In addition to the vocabulary that was borrowed from Chinese, such as the word pingguri (apple) (Chinese: píngguǒ), the Manchu language also had a large number of loanwords from other languages such as Mongolian , for example the words morin (horse) and temen (camel). A crucial feature of the Manchu language

4278-540: The conquest of the Qing Dynasty , who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria,

4371-551: The country, including Hong Kong , and Taiwan which is now under the administration of the Republic of China. Consisting of mostly Manchus and Mongols, they act as the link between the people, their ethnic leaders and the state. NGOs provide large support through "Manchu classes". Manchu is now taught in certain primary schools as well as in universities. Heilongjiang University Manchu language research center in no.74, Xuefu Road, Harbin , listed Manchu as an academic major . It

4464-496: The discovery of the Daqing oil field in 1959. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant. In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong ,

4557-412: The distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage , which is called " suan cai ", is preserved and used for cooking. Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are

4650-603: The early 1990s, the Chinese government invested significantly in transforming Hunchun into a regional economic center, thanks in large part to the influence of the former Jilin governor Wang Zhongyu , whose work with Zhu Rongji allowed him to become the first head of China's State Economic and Trade Commission . On 9 March 1992 the Chinese parliament approved to set up Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. The national government and Jilin provincial government have invested in succession over four billion yuan in Hunchun through

4743-571: The early modern era was actually one of aspiration (as shown here) or tenseness , as in Mandarin . /s/ was affricated to [ts] in some or all contexts. /tʃʰ/ , /tʃ/ , and /ʃ/ together with /s/ were palatalized before /i/ or /y/ to [tɕʰ] , [tɕ] , and [ɕ] , respectively. /kʰ/ and /k/ were backed before /a/, /ɔ/, or /ʊ/ to [qʰ] and [q] , respectively. Some scholars analyse these uvular realizations as belonging to phonemes separate from /kʰ/ and /k/ , and they were distinguished in

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4836-706: The end of the 19th century the language had declined to such an extent that even at the office of the Shengjing general the only documents written in Manchu (rather than Chinese) would be the memorials wishing the emperor long life; during the same period, the archives of the Hulan banner detachment in Heilongjiang show that only 1% of the bannermen could read Manchu and no more than 0.2% could speak it. Nonetheless, as late as 1906–1907, Qing education and military officials insisted that schools teach Manchu language and that

4929-511: The founding of the People's Republic of China , Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" ( 共和国长子 ). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established

5022-598: The front vowel e . Much disputation exists over the exact pronunciation of ū . Erich Hauer , a German sinologist and Manchurist, proposes that it was pronounced as a front rounded vowel initially, but a back unrounded vowel medially. William Austin suggests that it was a mid-central rounded vowel. The modern Xibe pronounce it identically to u . There are altogether eighteen diphthongs and six triphthongs. The diphthongs are ai , ao , ei , eo , ia , ie , ii , io , iu , oi , oo , ua , ue , ui , uo , ūa , ūe , ūi , and ūo . The triphthongs are ioa , ioo (which

5115-433: The frontier regions and Manchu in order to be able to write and compile their writings on the region. A Manchu-language course over three years was required for the highest ranking Han degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu. Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen themselves did not know Manchu anymore and that, in retrospect, "the founding emperors of

5208-605: The frontier regions of China by translating and using the Manchu-language sources in the Grand Secretariat 's archives. In 1740, Hanlin Academy expelled the Han Chinese Yuan Mei for not succeeding in his Manchu studies. Injišan, and Ortai, both Manchus, funded his work. The Han Chinese Yan Changming had the ability to read Tibetan , Oirat , and Mongolian. Han Chinese officials learned languages on

5301-734: The hometowns of most of the Han Chinese who migrated into Northeast China during the Chuang Guandong . Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the Tungusic peoples . There are two main varieties of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The most widely spoken lect is Northeastern Mandarin , commonly as dongbeihua ( simplified Chinese : 东北话 ; traditional Chinese : 東北話 ; pinyin : Dōngběihuà ; lit. 'northeastern speech'), spoken throughout Heilongjiang, Jilin, and most of Liaoning. It

5394-426: The increased efforts to revive the Manchu language, there are many obstacles standing in the way. Even with increased awareness, many Manchus choose to give up their language, some opting to learn Mongolian instead. Manchu language is still thought of as a foreign language in a Han-dominated Chinese speaking country. Obstacles are also found when gaining recognition from the state. Resistance through censorship prevented

5487-432: The language through these measures. Despite the efforts of NGOs, they tend to lack support from high-level government and politics. The state also runs programs to revive minority cultures and languages. Deng Xiaoping promoted bilingual education. However, many programs are not suited to the ethnic culture or to passing knowledge to the younger generations. If the programs were created via "top-down political processes"

5580-423: The language was for voice commands in the Qing army, attested as late as 1878. Bilingual Chinese-Manchu inscriptions appeared on many things. A Jiangsu Han Chinese named Shen Qiliang wrote books on Manchu grammar, including Guide to Qing Books ( 清書指南 ; Manju bithe jy nan ) and Great Qing Encyclopedia ( 大清全書 ; Daicing gurun-i yooni bithe ). His father was a naval officer for the Qing and his grandfather

5673-494: The language. Chinese classics and fiction were translated into Manchu and a body of Manchu literature accumulated. As the Yongzheng Emperor (reigned 1722–1735) explained, "If some special encouragement … is not offered, the ancestral language will not be passed on and learned." Still, the use of the language among the bannermen declined throughout the 18th century. Historical records report that as early as 1776,

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5766-493: The last years of the dynasty. In 1912 the Qing was overthrown, most Manchus could not speak their language, and the Beijing dialect replaced Manchu. A large number of Manchu documents remain in the archives, important for the study of Qing-era China. Today, written Manchu can still be seen on architecture inside the Forbidden City , whose historical signs are written in both Chinese and Manchu. Another limited use of

5859-809: The late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur . During the Warlord Era in the Republic of China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but

5952-776: The local government. Among the various classes of the Manchurian language and calligraphy some turned out to be a success. Beijing has the biggest and most wealthy Beijing Daxing Regency Manchu Association ( 北京大兴御苑满族联谊会 ). (pp100-101) Other support can be found internationally and on the Internet . Post- Cultural Revolution reform allowed for international studies to be done in China. The dying language and ethnic culture of Manchus gained attention, providing local support. Websites facilitate communication of language classes or articles. Younger generations also spread and promote their unique identity through popular Internet media. Despite

6045-434: The locals tend to look at them with distrust. But if they were formed via specialized governmental organizations, they fare better. According to Katarzyna Golik : In Mukden , the historical Manchurian capital, there is a Shenyang Manchu Association ( 沈阳市满族联谊会 ) which is active in promoting Manchurian culture. The Association publishes books about Manchurian folklore and history and its activities are run independently from

6138-428: The main attraction of a meal. Errenzhuan , yangge , Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. " Northeastern Cradle Song " is an example of the folk songs of this region. Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports . Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. In 2019,

6231-454: The meaning of the Chinese text". Currently, several thousand people can speak Manchu as a second language through primary education or free classes for adults offered in China. However very few native Manchu speakers remain. In what used to be Manchuria virtually no one speaks the language, the entire area having been completely sinicized . As of 2007, the last native speakers of the language were thought to be 18 octogenarian residents of

6324-453: The meanings of the names. He goes on that the Manchu translations of Chinese classics and fiction were done by experts familiar with their original meaning and with how best to express it in Manchu, such as in the Manchu translation of the Peiwen yunfu . Because Manchu is not difficult to learn, it "enables the student of Sinology to use the Manchu versions of the classics […] in order to verify

6417-416: The neutral vowels i and u are free to occur in a word with any other vowel or vowels. The form of suffixes often varies depending on the rules of vowel harmony. Certain suffixes have only one form and are not affected by vowel harmony (e.g. de ); these include the suffixes of the accusative, dative-locative and alternate ablative cases ( be , de , deri ), the suffix for the imperfect converb (- me ) and

6510-466: The nominalizers ( -ngge , -ningge and ba ). Others have two forms ( giyan/giyen , hiyan/hiyen , kiyan/kiyen ), one of which is added to front-vowel stems and the other to back-vowel stems. Finally, there are also suffixes with three forms, either a/e/o (e.g. han/hen/hon ) or o/ū/u (e.g. hon/hūn/hun ). These are used in accordance with the following scheme: Northeast China Northeast China ( Chinese : 东北 ; pinyin : Dōngběi )

6603-418: The officials testing soldiers' marksmanship continue to conduct an oral examination in Manchu. The use of the language for the official documents declined throughout Qing history as well. In particular, at the beginning of the dynasty, some documents on sensitive political and military issues were submitted in Manchu but not in Chinese. Later on, some Imperial records in Manchu continued to be produced until

6696-420: The one hand, he seems to say that every prosodic word lent slight prominence to the vowel of its first syllable by lengthening it, but on the other hand suffixes such as the case markers and the interrogative particles received stress, as did the perfect participle suffix and the optative suffix when these forms have future meaning. In the closely related Xibe, Jerry Norman (1974) found yet another system – stress

6789-454: The original Chinese. De Moyriac de Mailla (1669–1748) benefited from the existence of the parallel Manchu text when translating the historical compendium Tongjian Gangmu ( Tung-chien Kang-mu ; 资治通鉴纲目 ). Jean Joseph Amiot , a Jesuit scholar, consulted Manchu translations of Chinese works as well, and wrote that the Manchu language "would open an easy entrance to penetrate … into the labyrinth of Chinese literature of all ages." Study of

6882-545: The path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the Second Sino-Japanese War . After the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the end of

6975-413: The performing of Banjin festivals , a festival in recognition of a new reconstructed Manchu identity, in Beijing. Written Manchu was close to being called an " open syllable " language because the only consonant that came regularly at the end of native words was /n/ , similar to Beijing Mandarin , Northeastern Mandarin , Jilu Mandarin and Japanese . This resulted in almost all native words ending in

7068-469: The rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, Gija Joseon , Wiman Joseon , Buyeo , Western Han , Goguryeo , Xin dynasty , Eastern Han , Gongsun Yan , Cao Wei , Western Jin , Former Yan , Former Qin , Later Yan , Tang dynasty , Wu Zhou , Balhae , Liao dynasty , Jin dynasty , Eastern Liao , Later Liao , Eastern Xia , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Northern Yuan , Ming dynasty , Qing dynasty , and Republic of China . During

7161-579: The south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers ; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River . Due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector and the decline of its economic growth and population , the region is often referred to as China's Rust Belt . As a result, a campaign named Northeast Area Revitalization Plan was launched in

7254-515: The term Dongbei renaissance was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates nostalgia for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with

7347-456: The term "Chinese language" ( Dulimbai gurun i bithe ) referred to all three Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, not just one language. Manchu is southern Tungusic . Whilst Northern Tungus languages such as Evenki retain traditional structure, the Chinese language is a source of major influence upon Manchu, altering its form and vocabulary. In 1635 Hong Taiji renamed the Jurchen people and Jurchen language as 'Manchu'. The Jurchen are

7440-742: The village of Sanjiazi ( Manchu : ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ ,  Möllendorff : ilan boo ,  Abkai : ilan bou ), in Fuyu County , in Qiqihar , Heilongjiang Province. A few speakers also remain in Dawujia village in Aihui District of Heihe Prefecture. The Xibe (or Sibe) are often considered to be the modern custodians of the written Manchu language. The Xibe live in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County near

7533-477: The vowels of Chinese loanwords. These sounds are believed to have been pronounced as such, as they never occurred in native words. Among these, was the symbol for the high unrounded vowel (customarily romanized with a y , /ɨ/) found in words such as sy (Buddhist temple) and Sycuwan (Sichuan); and the triphthong ioi which is used for the Chinese ü sound. Chinese affricates were also represented with consonant symbols that were only used with loanwords such as in

7626-764: The whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang , Dalian , Harbin , Changchun and Anshan , all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since

7719-446: The written language. It is also apparent that the open-syllable tendency of the Manchu language had been growing ever stronger for the several hundred years since written records of Manchu were first produced: consonant clusters that had appeared in older forms, such as abka and abtara-mbi ('to yell'), were gradually simplified, and the words began to be written as aga or aha (in this form meaning 'rain') and atara-mbi ('to cause

7812-480: Was allowed. By the 1980s, Manchus had become the second largest minority group in China . People began to reveal their ethnic identities that had been hidden due to 20th century unrests and the fall of the Qing Empire . Language revival was one method the growing numbers of Manchus used in order to reconstruct their lost ethnic identity. Language represented them and set them apart from other minority groups in

7905-624: Was an official of the Ming dynasty before rebels murdered him. Shen Qiliang himself fought against the Three Feudatories as part of the Qing army. He then started learning Manchu and writing books on Manchu grammar from Bordered Yellow Manchu Bannermen in 1677 after moving to Beijing. He translated the Hundred Family Names and Thousand Character Classic into Manchu and spent 25 years on the Manchu language. Shen wrote: "I am

7998-566: Was in turn based on the "Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing" ( 御製增訂清文鑑 ) in Manchu and Chinese, which used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words with fanqie . A number of European scholars in the 18th century were frustrated by the difficulties in reading Chinese, with its "complicated" writing system and classical writing style. They considered Manchu translations, or parallel Manchu versions, of many Chinese documents and literary works very helpful for understanding

8091-523: Was more useful for learning the pronunciation of Chinese words than the inconsistent romanizations used at the time by the writers transcribing Chinese words in English or French books. In 1930, the German sinologist Erich Hauer argued forcibly that knowing Manchu allows the scholar to render Manchu personal and place names that have been "horribly mutilated" by their Chinese transliterations and to know

8184-465: Was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing emperor, Puyi , was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in

8277-467: Was no single letter in the Manchu alphabet to represent it, but rather a digraph of the letters for /n/ and /k/ . [ɲ] is usually transcribed with a digraph ni , and has thus often been considered a sequence of phonemes /nj/ rather than a phoneme of its own, though work in Tungusic historical linguistics suggests that the Manchu palatal nasal has a very long history as a single segment , and so it

8370-706: Was renovated as part of an agreement between North Korea and China to modernize the Rason port in North Korea. In addition, a new railway line was constructed which links Hunchun and Makhalino (a station on the Ussuriysk - Khasan line, 41 km (25 mi) before Khasan) in Russia and began operating in February 2000. Hunchun port is 42 km (26 mi) from Posyet and 63 km (39 mi) from Zarubino port towns of Russia. The Jilin–Hunchun intercity railway ,

8463-498: Was set up in it. Being located in the junction of China, Russia, and Korea, it enjoys a strategic location. The city focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmacy, textile industry and other industries. Hunchun Export Processing Zone is located in 5 km (1.9 sq mi) area in Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area

8556-506: Was split from Jilin. Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the Koreans , Manchus (or Jurchens ), Ulchs , Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen , Xianbei , and Mohe . The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with the first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of Yan . The region came under

8649-448: Was usually penultimate (rarely antepenultimate) in the stem and was not affected by the addition of suffixes, except for monosyllabic suffixes beginning in a voiceless sound, which were treated as part of the stem for the purposes of stress placement. Disyllabic suffixes sometimes had secondary stress of their own. Manchu absorbed a large number of non-native sounds into the language from Chinese. There were special symbols used to represent

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