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55-569: The border town is situated on a little promontory facing Hendaye (France) over the Txingudi bay. A service boat makes the trip between the two cities. The town holds an ancient old quarter with walls and a castle. In addition, Hondarribia features a beach across the Bidasoa from the touristy housing estate Sokoburu in Hendaye, alongside a mountain called Jaizkibel providing a hilly backdrop to

110-756: A military hospital for French soldiers and then as the Portuguese Military Hospital of Hendaia, from 15 June 1918 to 23 February 1919. The picturesque old fishing port of Caneta has views over the Bay of Txingudi to Hondarribia and the Jaizkibel , and is also the site of Pierre Loti 's house and the old customs building. The Jumeaux rocks ( Dunbarriak in Basque, literally 'the bell stones') have become somewhat emblematic to Hendaye. These two high rock stacks , which have been carved out of

165-815: A French force at Céret on the Tech . In despair, the elderly French commander in charge of Roussillon , Mathieu Henri Marchant de La Houlière, committed suicide. On 30 April, the French government divided the Army of the Pyrenees into the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and the Army of the Western Pyrenees . In the Battle of Mas Deu on 19 May 1793, Ricardos defeated Louis-Charles de Flers , which allowed

220-667: A French force from a fortified position atop Mont Calvaire. The Spanish suffered 500 killed and wounded, as well as 34 captured. The French admitted 30 killed and 200 wounded. On 10 July, Antoine Digonet with a brigade of 4,000 troops overwhelmed the Zamora Infantry and the Légion Royal defending Mount Argintzu (Mont Arquinzu), at 43°3′23″N 1°29′40″W  /  43.05639°N 1.49444°W  / 43.05639; -1.49444  ( Monte Argintzu ) , 10 km south of Elizondo . Spanish losses numbered 314, and

275-593: A Spanish attempt to relieve Bellegarde. The fortress fell on 17 September after the Spanish garrison had been starved out. From 17 to 20 November, the climactic Battle of the Black Mountain saw both Dugommier and de la Union killed in action. Dominique-Catherine de Pérignon took command of the French and led them to victory. Figueres and its Sant Ferran Fortress quickly fell to the French with 9,000 prisoners. Pierre François Sauret successfully concluded

330-614: A battalion of the Spanish Zamora Infantry Regiment, three companies of the Aldudes Rifles, and the French émigré Légion Royal battalion, lost 94 killed and wounded, and 307 were captured. The losses of the French brigade, which were part of Mauco's division, were described as "light". The same day, Jacques Lefranc's 2,000 French Republican troops seized the Izpegi Ridge. On 3 March 1794,

385-601: A broad front offensive from the Baztan Valley and the Roncevaux Pass to the south toward Pamplona . The Battle of Orbaitzeta saw clashes at Mezkiritz (Mezquiriz), Orbaitzeta , Lekunberri and Villanueva (Hiriberri). The 46,000-man French army drove back 13,000 Spanish troops under the command of Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna , with 4,000 casualties and the loss of 50 cannon. French losses are unknown. The arms foundries at Orbaitzeta and Eugi, as well as

440-619: A detachment of the territorial militia, led by Gabriel Mendizabal , who was to be promoted to general during the Peninsular War , managed to recapture it. During the winter, Moncey reorganised his army, which had lost 3,000 men to disease. He finally secured a siege train and in June 1795, 12,000 reinforcements arrived from the Army of the West . Moncey's offensive began on 28 June and soon drove back Crespo's Spanish forces. Vitoria fell to

495-423: A future global catastrophe. The church of Saint-Vincent was built in 1598, and largely reconstructed over the centuries following fires and bombardments. Its most recent transformation was finished in 1968. The 13th-century crucifix is the principal treasure. The ruins of the early seventeenth century fortifications , which were reinforced by Vauban in 1685, and the old cannons facing Hondarribia , are one of

550-612: Is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France . Hendaia ( endai-a ) apparently means ‘the baker’s peel (an oven shovel)’. The town, Metropolitan France's most southwesterly and a popular seaside tourist resort, stands on the right bank of the River Bidasoa – which marks the Franco-Spanish border – at the point where it empties into

605-499: Is fully linked to the world of the engine, continues to achieve success at national and European levels. Hondarribia has its own golf course where Jose Maria Olazabal , one of the best golf players in the world, was raised, and marina, where the Olympic medalist Iker Martinez took his first boat roads. Hendaye Hendaye ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃daj] ; Basque : Hendaia , Spanish : Hendaya )

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660-489: Is only used on special occasions. The Théâtre des Chimères , from Biarritz , regularly perform at Hendaye. The Médiathèque municipale François Mitterrand is a public library offering books, magazines, films, and CDs. There is also an art gallery, which is the main one for Hendaye. These a few of the regular festivals in Hendaye: Most of the town's restaurants are found in the quartier de la Plage and along

715-619: The Atlantic Ocean in the French Basque Country . Hendaye has three distinguishable parts: la ville (the town), which stretches from Saint Vincent's church to the area around the SNCF railway station and the industrial zone; la plage (the beach), the seaside quarter; and les hauteurs (the heights), the villas and camping sites on the hills between and behind the other two areas. Hendaye acquired its independence from

770-698: The Battle of Jemappes , the French army occupied the Austrian Netherlands . Emboldened, the French government decreed annexation of the territory (modern Belgium ), provoking a diplomatic break with Great Britain . On 1 February, France declared war on Britain and the Dutch Republic . On 7 March, France declared war on its former ally, Spain. Spanish forces took part in the Siege of Toulon , which lasted from 18 September to 18 December 1793. The French were led by Jacques François Dugommier , and

825-541: The Battle of Sans Culottes Camp , the French successfully defended a fortified hilltop position near Hendaye against 13,000 Spanish infantry and 700 cavalry and artillery led by José Urrutia y de las Casas . Spanish casualties numbered 335, and French losses were 235. On 3 June, a 2,300-man French brigade commanded by Lavictoire stormed the Casa Fuerte position at Izpegi Pass (Col d'Ispeguy) 13.5 km west of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port . The 1,000 defenders, including

880-486: The Battle of the Baztan Valley . In the fighting near Elizondo and Doneztebe (Santesteban), Moncey overran the Spanish defenses. The French then followed the Bidasoa river northward in late July to seize the heights of San Marcial and the town of Hondarribia (Fuenterrabia), near the coast. In the latter operation, Moncey captured Don Vicente de los Reyes, 2,000 Spanish soldiers and 300 cannon on 1 August. Moncey followed

935-593: The First French Republic . It pitted Revolutionary France against the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal from March 1793 to July 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars . The war was fought in the eastern and western Pyrenees , at the French port of Toulon , and at sea. In 1793, a Spanish army invaded Roussillon in the eastern Pyrenees and maintained itself on French soil through April 1794. The French Revolutionary Army drove

990-640: The National Convention , Jacques Pinet and Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac refused to accept the demands, and the Gipuzkoan representatives were imprisoned or exiled. Given the circumstances, another assembly was held in Mondragón on 13 September in which the attending regional representatives decided this time to support Ferdinand VII and mustered an autonomous provincial militia against the French army. However, on an unspecified date soon afterward,

1045-690: The Siege of Roses on 4 February 1795. Pérignon was replaced in army command by Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer . On 14 June 1795, Schérer was defeated near the Fluvià River by José de Urrutia y de las Casas at the Battle of Bascara . After peace was signed but before word had reached the fighting front, Cuesta recaptured Puigcerdà and Bellver from the French on 26 and 27 July. A number of minor clashes occurred in 1793, including actions fought by Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 's 5th Light Demi-Brigade at Chateau-Pignon on 6 June, Aldudes in June, and Saint-Jean-de-Luz on 23 July. On 5 February 1794, at

1100-597: The Spanish Army back into Catalonia and inflicted a serious defeat in November 1794. After February 1795, the war in the eastern Pyrenees became a stalemate. In the western Pyrenees, the French began to win in 1794. By 1795, the French army controlled a portion of northeast Spain. The war was brutal in at least two ways. The Committee of Public Safety decreed that all French royalist prisoners be executed. Also, French generals who lost battles or otherwise displeased

1155-658: The Urrugne parish in 1598, when Saint Vincent's church was built. In the Franco-Spanish War , the town was briefly occupied by the Spanish, in September 1636. On the fortified Île des Faisans (Pheasant Island) in the river, the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659, ending decades of intermittent war between France and Spain. Authority over the island alternates between France and Spain every six months. All

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1210-526: The representatives-on-mission often faced prison or execution. Commanders of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees were especially unlucky in this regard. On 21 January 1793, the National Convention of France executed Louis XVI by guillotine , enraging the other monarchs of Europe. France was already at war with the Habsburg monarchy , the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of Sardinia . After winning

1265-403: The rout of Charlemagne in 778 with Fontarabia, it is generally understood to have taken place at Roncesvalles . The women's basketball team Hondarribia-Irun and the rowing club Hondarribia Arraun Elkartea are the two most prestigious sports clubs in the town. In the last decade, the judo club Ama Guadalupekoa has had a lot of national medals in this discipline. The Hondarribia-Irun plays in

1320-676: The urban unit of Bayonne and of the communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque . The functional area of Hendaye includes two more communes: Biriatou to the south and Urrugne to the east. Hendaye is twinned with: War of the Pyrenees French victory The War of the Pyrenees , also known as War of Roussillon or War of the Convention , was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition 's war against

1375-494: The Anglo-Spanish defenders were commanded by admirals Juan de Lángara , Federico Gravina , Samuel Hood and General Charles O'Hara . The Allies abandoned the port after a young officer of artillery, Napoleon Bonaparte , brought the fleet's anchorage under cannon fire. The French navy lost 14 ships of the line burned and 15 more captured. French casualties numbered 2,000, and Allied losses were twice as great. Afterward,

1430-512: The Bay of Txingudi waterfront. Hendaye is locally well known for the quality of its txurros . The town is an important railway junction, as Spain's mainline trains use a broader gauge than continental Europe, with the French railway network finishing here on the banks of the Bidasoa. As well as the Gare d'Hendaye , there is also a station serving the beach quarter ( Hendaye Plage ) prior to

1485-524: The French army. Besides embracing the French revolutionary ideas, the council made a formal petition: detachment from the Kingdom of Spain, respect for the region specific laws , allegiance of Gipuzkoa to France, free Catholic practice and a set of rules for the management of war-related circumstances. However, with negotiations leading to the Peace of Basel being in place, the French army's representatives of

1540-421: The French in late May and Eugenio Navarro 's 7,000-man Spanish garrison became prisoners. The French royalist defenders fled in fishing boats before the surrender to avoid execution. Dugommier imposed a blockade on Bellegarde starting on 5 May. The inconclusive Battle of La Junquera was fought on 7 June. At the Battle of San-Lorenzo de la Muga (Sant Llorenç de la Muga) on 13 August, Pierre Augereau repulsed

1595-558: The French on 17 July and Bilbao two days later. When news of the Peace of Basel arrived in early August, Moncey had crossed the Ebro and was preparing to invest Pamplona. The Peace of Basel ended the war on 22 July 1795, with Moncey close on the gates of Pamplona, the Basques fearing abolition of their self-government and Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy panicking at the prospect of

1650-621: The French provinces , the War of the Pyrenees and the end of Basque home rule in the Spanish Basque districts— customs on the Ebro river moved to the Pyrenees (1841)—broke definitely the fluent cross-border trade and natural coexistence of the Basque speaking communities around the lower Bidasoa and the Bay of Txingudi , divided as of then by a restricted Spanish-French border. On 22 October 1863,

1705-487: The French royalist commander, Marquis de Saint-Simon , was badly wounded. The French Republicans executed 49 French royalist prisoners. On 23 July, the Army of the Western Pyrenees attacked Spanish fortified positions with the divisions of Moncey, Henri François Delaborde , and Jean Henri Guy Nicolas de Frégeville. Jacques Léonard Muller commanded the army at the time, but Moncey exercised tactical control of operations during

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1760-523: The French, were given guarantees of receiving no reprisals from Spanish authorities, which was agreed. Notwithstanding that provision, at least the city council of San Sebastián was arrested and put to a court-martial trial in Pamplona that was held as of February 1796. Under the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso on 19 August 1796, an alliance was established between France and Spain. However, peace

1815-604: The Hendaye Plage Rugby pitch. Toure Kunda , among others, have played here. Concerts can be organised in the Cinéma les Variétés , which also has a high capacity. The Cinéma les Variétés is a large classic theatre and cinema, which is a regular venue for theatre , dancing , and performance arts . There is also a cinema at Sokoburu, near the quartier de la Plage, called the Salle Antoine d'Abbadie , but it

1870-622: The Spanish Basque railway serving the coastline all the way to Donostia (later known as "topo", the 'mole') arrived at Hendaye Gare. On 23 October 1940, Ramón Serrano Súñer , Francisco Franco , Adolf Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop met in the Hendaye railway station (then in German-occupied France ) to discuss Spain's participation in World War II as part of the Axis . Franco declined Hitler's entreaties and outlived

1925-412: The Spanish navy's mast store at Irati, fell to the French. However, the onset of winter weather and the outbreak of disease caused operations to be suspended for the year. A final clash occurred at Bergara on 7 November in which the French inflicted losses of 150 killed and 200 men and one cannon captured on a 4,000-man division led by Cayetano Pignatelli, 3rd Marquis of Rubí . The town was sacked, but

1980-604: The Spanish repel the assaults of Louis Marie Turreau . A 5,000-man Portuguese division led by John Forbes joined Ricardos in time to defeat d'Aoust at the Battle of Villelongue-dels-Monts on 7 December. At the Battle of Collioure , Gregorio García de la Cuesta captured the ports of Collioure and Port-Vendres from the French on 20 December. Ricardos died on 6 March 1794, and Spanish success died with him. Captain General Alejandro O'Reilly died ten days after

2035-617: The Spanish to invest the Fort de Bellegarde on 23 May. The Siege of Bellegarde ended by the French garrison surrendering on 24 June. During the Battle of Perpignan on 17 July, de Flers turned back the Spanish though French losses were heavier. On 28 August, Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert defeated a Spanish force under Manuel la Peña at Puigcerdà in the Cerdagne. In September, Ricardos sent two divisions under Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, Marquis de las Amarilas and Juan de Courten to cut off

2090-457: The Spanish women's basketball league since 2003, and it has competed against European teams several times. Hondarribia has a rowing team called Hondarribia Arraun Elkartea, and its boat is characterized by its green color and its name, "Ama Guadalupekoa". In 2005 it won La Bandera de la Concha , one of the most prestigious competitions for Basque rowers. Furthermore, the Vilariño family, which

2145-464: The bordering villages of Sara , Itxassou , Ascain and another nine Basque villages were declared ignoble by the republican authorities after 74 young residents, instead of watching the border for the French army, had fled south to the Spanish Basque region . All of the villages' inhabitants were held accountable for the flight, and draconian measures were imposed on them. All inhabitants of

2200-519: The cliffs by wave action , are visible from the beach or from the domaine d'Abbadia, a nature park on the edge of the commune related to the Conservatoire du littoral project. Hendaye has no specific music venues, but there are many places where bands can play. The covered pelota fronton at Belcenia has a high capacity and the basque folk band Oskorri have played here on more than one occasion. In summer, bigger bands can play in open air at

2255-603: The exploit by capturing San Sebastián without resistance on 3 August, with an additional 1,700 Spanish soldiers and 90 cannon falling into French hands. Soon afterward, the French also captured the town of Tolosa , and Moncey was soon promoted to army commander. On 14 August 1794, the General Assembly of Gipuzkoa reunited in the coastal town of Getaria with the support of the San Sebastián bourgeoisie, followed by tense negotiations with senior officials of

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2310-558: The features of the promenade along the Bay of Txingudi waterfront. The seafront Château of Antoine d'Abbadie , built by the architect and theorist Eugène Viollet-le-Duc is a monument of the Gothic Revival . The Casino building, of Neo-Moorish style, was built in 1885. It used to be occupied by a casino (hence the name), until it was moved to the quartier de Sokoburu. During the First World War , it served as

2365-594: The fortress of Perpignan . However, Eustache Charles d'Aoust rallied the French to win the Battle of Peyrestortes on 17 September. That represented the farthest Spanish advance in Roussillon. Five days later, Ricardos defeated Dagobert at the Battle of Truillas before he fell back to the Tech Valley. Ricardos repulsed d'Aoust at Le Boulou on 3 October. The Battle of the Tech (Pla del Rei) on 13–15 October saw

2420-422: The ground before inhabited is covered with overgrown bush and hawthorn. Ivy creeps up the walls, out of crumbling windows the desolate ocean can be seen through the room. Shells can still be come across the street here and there, but hardly ever can one bump into a person. Most of the inhabitants either perished in the danger and helplessness of the runaway, or they scattered away to other places." The abolition of

2475-415: The man whom he was to succeed, and Luis Firmin de Carvajal, Conde de la Union was appointed to command the Army of Catalonia instead. The Army of the Eastern Pyrenees also had a new commander, Jacques François Dugommier . At the Battle of Boulou , from 29 April to 1 May, Dugommier drove de la Union's army south of the border and forced the Spanish to abandon all their artillery and trains. Collioure fell to

2530-625: The more diplomatic Moncey restored the governing institutions of Gipuzkoa. The news of the declaration issued in Getaria by the Gipuzkoan representatives spread like fire to Madrid and sparked outrage in Spanish ruling circles and press, which lashed out at the Basque province and its inhabitants. Also, after the imprisonment in Bayonne, the Gipuzkoan representatives were persecuted by Spanish authorities and tried on high treason charges and unpatriotic behaviour . From 15 to 17 October, Moncey, launched

2585-569: The other fascists by avoiding war with the United Kingdom. Hendaye was the birthplace of Martin Guerre , a French peasant of the 16th century who was at the centre of a famous case of imposture. The town square, where there is a weekly open-air market on Wednesdays, is the location of the famous seventeenth century " Great Cross of Hendaye ", a stone cross carved with alchemical symbols that occultists find to contain encrypted information on

2640-463: The railway arrived in Hendaye, as the track on the Spanish side also approached the Bidasoa borderline. On 15 August 1864, the first Madrid-Paris train arrived in Hendaye, forever re-shaping the human and urban landscape of the village and prompting rapid development. Hendaye started to stand out as an international hub and a seaside resort for the elites after the model of Biarritz (1854), halfway between Donostia (San Sebastián) and Biarritz . In 1913,

2695-513: The rest of the Côte Basque , are in favour of the TGV, but against the new line, which would destroy the surrounding countryside, bypassing the town completely. It has therefore been suggested to upgrade the present line to make it suitable for the TGV, with a stop at Hendaye station. It is argued that this would also be much less expensive, and would stimulate the local economy. Hendaye is part of

2750-483: The same, the village kept being subject to destruction due to cross-border military activity. In the War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795), the village was levelled to the ground, as described in 1799 by Wilhelm von Humboldt : "The settlement spreads over a rather wide area, and seems to have looked clean and pleasant time ago. Currently all the houses, but for a handful of them, lie destroyed. The empty walls can barely stand, while

2805-615: The still-autonomous Basque region switching allegiances to France and detaching from Spain. In the peace, Spain gave up the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola in exchange for keeping Gipuzkoa . Additionally, at the behest of Moncey and the Committee of Public Safety ( Jean-Lambert Tallien ), an annex was added to the treaty by which the Spanish Basques and specifically the Gipuzkoans, who had shown sympathies for

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2860-436: The terminus, called the Gare des Deux-Jumeaux . Basque rapid transit system San Sebastián Metro linking the town to Donostia-San Sebastián gets right to Hendaye , by the SNCF station. There has been recent controversy concerning the new LGV Sud Europe Atlantique ( TGV line), which is planned to pass inland of Hendaye without stopping in or anywhere near the town itself. Most of the local population, along with that of

2915-424: The town. A road leads north-east from the beach area to the Cape Higuer , located in this municipality . The town harbours the San Sebastian Airport , which serves domestic flights. The population as of 2005 is 15,700 inhabitants. The battles fought for possession of this fortified stronghold are generally known by the Spanish name for the place (Fuenterrabía). Although Milton , in Paradise Lost associated

2970-449: The victors massacred up to 2,000 French royalists, who had been taken prisoner. The Action of 14 February 1795 in the Gulf of Roses was a defeat for the French navy. At the outbreak of war, King Charles IV of Spain appointed Captain General Antonio Ricardos to command the Army of Catalonia in the eastern Pyrenees. Ricardos invaded the Cerdagne and captured Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans on 17 April 1793. Three days later, he routed

3025-500: The villages 3 to 88 were crammed in carts like criminals and carried off to the Landes of Gascony . Men and women were segregated, and their valuable possessions seized or burnt. The victims of the massive deportation may amount to several thousand, and in five months, some 1,600 had died, 600 being from Sara. In a few years, many survivors would manage to return home. On 23 June, Captain General Ventura Caro with 8,000 infantry and 500 cavalry and artillery tried unsuccessfully to oust

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