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148-640: Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the blitzkrieg success of the Wehrmacht leading to the Fall of France ; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms, which was believed to be imminent. For instance, France agreed that its soldiers would remain prisoners of war until

296-612: A Border Crossing Card (BCC) is an identity document issued by the American government to nationals of Mexico. As a standalone document, the BCC allows its holder to visit border areas when entering by land or sea directly from Mexico for up to 30 days and, when presented with a valid Mexican passport , functions as a B1/B2 visa for entry to any part of the United States by any means of transportation. Additionally, Mexico permits

444-513: A German Eagle impaled by a sword) was also destroyed and all evidence of the site was obliterated, except notably the statue of Ferdinand Foch ; Hitler ordered it to be left intact, so that it would be honoring only a wasteland. The railway carriage was later exhibited in Berlin, and then taken to Crawinkel in Thuringia in 1945, where it was destroyed by SS troops and the remains buried. After

592-611: A Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes or Visit Permit for Residents of Macao to HKSAR to travel in either region with identity cards for up to 30 days. In Western Europe, travel using identity cards is relatively common for citizens of the European Economic Area and adjacent territories. Within the Schengen Area, there are limited border controls in place and national identity cards may be used to clear them. Since August 2021, identity cards within

740-619: A ROC passport without right of abode or a Chinese Travel Document instead. When issued to a Tibetan residing in India, a certificate of identity is invariably endorsed as being valid for return to India and therefore exempts the holder from requiring a visa to clear Indian border controls upon re-entry. Between 2000 and 2008, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) issued

888-682: A machine readable travel document to enable Indigenous individuals to cross the border more efficiently. In order to address the desire of members of indigenous nations not to be labelled as Canadian citizens, the Secure Certificate of Indigenous Status does not state the individual's nationality. The Canadian government issues Certificates of Indigenous Status to registered indigenous individuals regardless of whether or not they are Canadian citizens or hold Canadian permanent residence but, although America permits Canadian citizens exercising Jay Treaty freedom of movement rights to enter using

1036-521: A visa also to be obtained, but this is not an automatic right. Many other additional conditions may apply, such as not being likely to become a public charge for financial or other reasons, and the holder not having been convicted of a crime . Where a country does not recognise another, or is in dispute with it, it may prohibit the use of their passport for travel to that other country, or may prohibit entry to holders of that other country's passports, and sometimes to others who have, for example, visited

1184-583: A 50-kilometre (31 mi) demilitarised zone along the same. It was expanded to all territory on the left bank of the Rhône river after its invasion together with Germany of Vichy France on 11 November 1942, except for areas around Lyon and Marseille , which were added to Germany's zone sud , and Corsica . The Italian occupation zone was also occupied by Germany and added to the zone sud after Italy's surrender in September 1943 , except for Corsica, which

1332-528: A booklet-form Japan re-entry Permit is issued for international travel. While special permanent residents are treated by Japanese authorities as similar to Japanese citizens in most regards, including access to consular assistance, they are unable to participate in elections or exercise other rights reserved specifically for Japanese citizens. Nevertheless, they enjoy greater legal rights than ordinary permanent residents. For example, special permanent residents are not subject to immigration control under Article 5 of

1480-736: A central office known as the Höheres Kommando der Marinedienststellen in Groß-Paris (Supreme Command for Naval Services in the Greater Paris Area) who in turn answered to a senior commander for all of France known as the Admiral Frankreich . After Case Anton , the "Admiral Frankreich" naval command was broken apart into smaller offices which answered directly to the operational command of Navy Group West . In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters,

1628-655: A day. A minimal French Army would be permitted. As one of Hitler's few concessions, the French Navy was to be disarmed but not surrendered, for Hitler realised that pushing France too far could result in France fighting on from the French colonial empire . An unoccupied region in the south, the Zone libre , was left relatively free to be governed by a rump French administration based in Vichy . The Vichy regime also administered

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1776-767: A famous bordello on the Rue Lauriston, which was near the Carlingue headquarters and was often frequented by German troops. The curfew in Paris was not upheld as strictly as in other cities. The Django Reinhardt song " Nuages ", performed by Reinhardt and the Quintet of the Hot Club of France in the Salle Pleyel , gained notoriety among both French and German fans. Jean Reinhardt was even invited to play for

1924-714: A given jurisdiction. The most common form of travel document is the passport, a booklet-form identity document issued by national authorities or the governments of certain subnational territories containing an individual's personal information as well as space for the authorities of other jurisdictions to affix stamps, visas, or other permits authorising the bearer to enter, reside, or travel within their territory. Certain jurisdictions permit individuals to clear border controls using identity cards, which typically contain similar personal information. Different countries impose varying travel document regulations and requirements as part of their border control policies and these may vary based on

2072-614: A national passport in addition. As with national passports, some countries and regions accept it for entry without the need for a visa (e.g., Turkmenistan , Kenya, the United Kingdom, Schengen Area , Lebanon, etc.), while other countries may require a visa before accepting it for entry (depending on the nationality of the UNLP holder). Similarly, the European Union laissez-passer is issued to civil servants and members of

2220-400: A pass to allow travel to specific areas, or out of war zones or countries for various officials, diplomatic agents, other representatives or citizens of third countries. In these contexts, a laissez-passer would frequently include quite specific and limited freedom of movement . The form and issuing authority would be more or less standardized, depending on the circumstances. For example, during

2368-494: A passport from their own government, or whose government is not recognised by the issuing country. During the COVID-19 pandemic , they were issued by French consulates to people who would otherwise be unable to enter the country due to travel restrictions, but were allowed to enter for a single trip on compassionate grounds. Historically, laissez-passers were commonly issued during wartime and at other periods, literally acting as

2516-477: A passport or other travel document from their home country. Similarly, Hong Kong and Macau issue permanent resident cards to all permanent residents including those without Chinese citizenship. While Canada does not issue a mandatory national identity card to its citizens, it issues the Canada permanent resident card , which serves as a valid travel document for Canadian permanent residents to clear border controls in

2664-419: A passport stamp on request for such "memory" purposes. Monaco (at its tourist office) and Andorra (at its border) do this as well. These are official stamps issued by government offices. In general, a passport is a travel document that also serves as proof of nationality from the issuing country. Although generally accepted by the majority of countries in the world, some issuing countries expressly exclude

2812-443: A passport. The visa requirements of certificates of identity may be different from those of regular passports. There are three types of certificate of identity: 1954 Convention travel documents , 1951 Convention travel documents , and non-convention travel documents. A 1954 Convention travel document is a certificate of identity issued to a (typically, but not always, stateless ) person in circumstances of any difficulties in gaining

2960-513: A person whose only connection to the America is through birth in an outlying possession (which is defined in 8 U.S.C.   § 1101 as American Samoa and Swains Island , which is administered as part of American Samoa), or through descent from a person so born, acquires American nationality but not citizenship. This was formerly the case in only four other current or former American territories . The origin of this distinction in status

3108-467: A similar function in China's special administrative regions and are issued to stateless permanent residents and to Chinese citizens temporarily residing in the region who hold neither permanent residence of Hong Kong or Macau nor residence status in the mainland and are thereby ineligible for any category of Chinese passport. The Indian government issues non-convention certificates of identity to members of

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3256-488: A substitute to gasoline, and wooden soles for shoes were used instead of leather. Soap was rare and made in some households from fats and caustic soda . Coffee was replaced by toasted barley mixed with chicory , and sugar with saccharin . The Germans seized about 80 percent of the French food production, which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the French people . French farm production fell in half because of lack of fuel, fertilizer and workers; even so

3404-532: A travel document from their country of origin. Similarly, a 1951 Convention travel document (or refugee travel document) is a certificate of identity issued to a refugee by the state in which they normally reside in allowing them to travel outside that state and to return there. Refugees are unlikely to be able to obtain passports from their state of nationality (from which they have sought asylum) and therefore need travel documents so that they might engage in international travel. The 145 states which are parties to

3552-609: A valid passport booklet to board their flight in order to satisfy American immigration authorities at departure. Similarly, although several countries outside the European Economic Area accept national identity cards issued by its member states for entry, Sweden and Finland do not permit their citizens to depart for countries outside the EEA using solely their identity cards. Many countries normally allow entry to holders of passports of other countries, sometimes requiring

3700-784: A variety of other types of passports by governments in specific circumstances. The International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), also known as the Carte Jaune, is an official vaccination report created by the WHO . As a travel document, it is a kind of medical passport that is recognised internationally and may be required for entry to certain countries where there are increased health risks for travellers (see section on biosecurity ). Various schemes for health passports or vaccination certificates have been proposed for people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 . The IATA Travel Pass application for smart phones, introduced by

3848-584: Is a document that officially records information related to a specific animal, as part of that procedure. The effect is to drastically speed up and simplify travel with and transport of animals between member countries, compared to previous procedures if the regulations are followed. On 1 October 2001, the European Union introduced the PETS scheme, under which animals from any member country may freely travel to any other member country on approved carriers. PETS

3996-400: Is a travel document issued by a national government or certain international organisations. A laissez-passer is often for one-way travel to the issuing country for humanitarian reasons only such as Restoring Family Links . Some national governments issue laissez-passers to their own nationals as emergency passports . Others issue them to people who are stateless , or who are unable to obtain

4144-476: Is an example of such a document. Valid for international travel, it is issued to lawful permanent residents temporarily expatriating overseas. Unlike the "Green Card" issued to all permanent residents, this document is not mandatory. The American "Green Card", on its own or in conjunction with a passport, is valid for international travel albeit not to the same extent as the re-entry permit. Both documents can be utilised to clear American border controls regardless of

4292-513: Is an identity card issued by provincial and state authorities in Canada and America that, in addition to serving as a valid driving licence, enables its bearer to clear land border controls between the two countries. It is not valid for air travel and does not permit its holder to clear border controls at airports. Certain provinces and states may issue similar enhanced versions of regional identity cards issued to individuals who do not drive. Similarly,

4440-430: Is generally issued by the same authorities. Additionally, it contains information as to its bearer's qualifications to serve on a ship's crew. In certain jurisdictions, of seafarers' identity documents are entitled to simplified visa requirements when travelling on duty. For instance, mainland China maintains a simplified visa regime for holders of certain countries' seafarers' identity documents travelling on duty. While

4588-514: Is issued in one of two formats depending on the nationality status of the holder. For ordinary permanent residents holding a passport from their country of citizenship, it is issued as a stamp or sticker affixed to a page on its holder's passport. For members of the Chōsen-seki community and descendants of Taiwanese immigrants whose ancestors moved to Japan when Korea and Taiwan were Japanese colonies, who are classified as special permanent residents ,

German military administration in occupied France during World War II - Misplaced Pages Continue

4736-682: Is issued to Interpol officers for travel to Interpol member countries. They are intended to reduce response times for personnel deployed to assist with transnational criminal investigations, major events or emergency situations by waiving normal visa requirements. The travel documents consist of an e-Passport Booklet and an e-Identification Card identifying the holder as an Interpol officer, granting them special immigration status when travelling on official Interpol duties to participating member countries. Laissez-passer documents may also be issued to goods or other non-living objects to facilitate their transport across international borders. For instance,

4884-611: Is the United States Supreme Court ’s jurisprudence in the Insular Cases , in which the court held that the indigenous inhabitants of newly acquired territories did not automatically acquire full American citizenship. Consequently, American Samoans are issued passports containing endorsement code 9 which states: "THE BEARER IS A UNITED STATES NATIONAL AND NOT A UNITED STATES CITIZEN." on the annotations page. Non-citizen American nationals may reside and work in

5032-470: Is valid for at least six months as many airlines deny boarding to passengers whose passport has a shorter expiry date, even if the destination country may not have such a requirement. Travel documents are typically issued in one of two formats: The ICAO (ICAO) issues standards for both booklet and identity card-format travel documents which are treated as recommendations to national governments. The size of booklet-form travel documents normally complies with

5180-757: The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht . The use and abuse of Paris in the visitations of German forces during the Second World War led to a backlash; the intensive prostitution during the occupation made way for the Loi de Marthe Richard in 1946, which closed the bordellos and reduced raunchy stage shows to mere dancing events. During the German occupation, a forced labour policy, called Service du Travail Obligatoire ("Obligatory work service, STO"), consisted of

5328-636: The Agreement on the Transfer of Corpses sets out rules whereby human corpses may be issued laissez-passer documents in order for a body to be buried or cremated in a country different from the one in which the person died. Certain jurisdictions permit the use of identity cards to clear border controls. For instance, when travelling between India and Nepal or Bhutan, Indian citizens may utilise national voter ID cards, ration cards, or national identity cards . Indian citizens may also obtain identity slips at

5476-822: The Andean Community of Nations , or on a bilateral basis (e.g., between Chile and Peru, between Brazil and Chile), without passports, presenting instead their national ID cards, or, for short stays, their voter-registration cards. In some cases this travel must be done overland rather than by air. Mercosur citizens can travel visa-free and only with their ID cards between the member and associated countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina). Some countries issue travel documents to permanent residents (i.e. foreign citizens permitted to reside there indefinitely) or other non-citizens, usually for re-entry but also occasionally valid for international travel. The American Re-Entry Permit

5624-678: The Ascq massacre . Large maquis where significant military operations were conducted included the maquis du Vercors , the maquis du Limousin , the maquis des Glières , the maquis du Mont Mouchet , and the maquis de Saint-Marcel . Major round-up operations included the Round up of Marseille and the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup . Although the majority of the French population did not take part in active resistance, many resisted passively through acts such as listening to

5772-718: The Chinese Travel Document ( Chinese : 中国旅行证 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Lǚ​xíng Zhèng ) when entering the mainland. Circumstances in which the CTD is required include: A Travel Document in Lieu of National Passport ( Hebrew : תעודת מעבר במקום דרכון לאומי Teudat Ma'avar bimkom Darkon Leumi ) may be issued to an Israeli citizen in a number of circumstances. They are normally valid for two years, and not for more than five years. The issuance of travel documents instead of passports became prevalent in

5920-711: The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf countries need only national ID cards (also referred to as civil ID cards) to cross the borders of council countries. In North America, American citizens may travel to Canada or certain islands in the Caribbean using the passport card while children holding Canadian or American citizenship may travel between America and Canada using birth certificates under certain circumstances. An Enhanced Driving Licence

6068-731: The Free French forces. Some 40,000 malgré-nous ("against our will"), citizens of re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine drafted into the Wehrmacht, became casualties. Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 (60,000 by aerial bombing, 60,000 in the resistance, and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces). Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1.9 million. Of this, around 240,000 died in captivity. An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war, 100,000 racial deportees, 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers. Military propaganda for European countries under occupation

German military administration in occupied France during World War II - Misplaced Pages Continue

6216-560: The ISO/IEC 7810 ID-3 standard, which specifies a size of 125 by 88 millimetres (4.9 in × 3.5 in). This size is the B7 format. Cards are issued to the ID-1 (credit card sized) standard. For immigration control, officials of many countries affix entry and exit stamps to booklet format travel documents. Depending on the country, a stamp can serve different purposes. For example, in

6364-604: The Immigration Control Act 1951 . During the coronavirus pandemic of 2020 , special permanent residents were allowed the right of return, while other permanent residents were denied permission to enter Japan. A seafarers' identity document (also known as a seaman's identity document or merchant mariner credential) is a travel document issued to individuals authorised to serve as crew members aboard vessels engaged in international voyages. Like an ordinary passport, it contains its holder's personal information and

6512-581: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) in early 2021, is a mobile app designed to standardise the health verification process confirming whether aeroplane passengers have been vaccinated against, or tested negative for, COVID-19 prior to travel. The application is intended to eventually replace the Carte Jaune and to facilitate the verification of vaccination for Yellow Fever and other diseases prescribed by border control policies in various countries. Trials of

6660-593: The Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team has been involved in high-profile disputes over their refusal to travel on Canadian or American passports to international lacrosse competitions , being prevented from attending the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in the United Kingdom but being permitted to attend the tournament in 2018 in Israel subject to guarantees from the Canadian and American governments that

6808-1004: The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the WTO , the International Monetary Fund , the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Bank . The document is written in English and French, two of the six working languages of the United Nations , those two being selected because French was in the recent past

6956-590: The SS security service when captured and liable to be summarily executed . As the war went on, garrisoning the Atlantic Wall and suppressing the resistance became heavier and heavier duties. Some notable units and formations stationed in France during the occupation: The " Appeal of 18 June " by de Gaulle's Free France government in exile in London had little immediate effect, and few joined its French Forces of

7104-639: The Second Armistice at Compiègne , was an agreement signed at 18:36 on 22 June 1940 near Compiègne , France by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic . It became effective at midnight on 25 June. Signatories for Germany included Wilhelm Keitel , a senior military officer of the Wehrmacht (the German armed forces), while those on the French side held lower ranks, including general Charles Huntziger . Following

7252-532: The United Kingdom , an immigration stamp in a passport includes the formal leave to enter granted to a person subject to entry control. In other countries, a stamp activates or acknowledges the continuing leave conferred in the passport bearer's entry clearance . Under the Schengen system , a foreign travel document is stamped with a date stamp which does not indicate any duration of stay, indicating that

7400-763: The United Nations besides the United Nations Laissez-Passer , which is mainly issued to employees of the UN and its specialised agencies. As the status of Kosovo was and remains controversial, the document was not widely accepted and, although America did accept the UNMIK Travel Document, it did not place visa stickers in the document itself, but on a detached sheet. The Chinese Government requires certain Chinese citizens to use

7548-877: The United Nations under the provisions of Article VII of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations in its offices in New York and Geneva, as well as by the ILO . The UNLP is issued to UN and ILO staff as well as staff members of international organisations such as the WHO , the IAEA , the World Tourism Organization , the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation Preparatory Commission ,

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7696-416: The Vichy regime remained sovereign as an independent state, though under heavy German influence due to the restrictions of the Armistice (including a heavy tribute) and economic dependency on Germany. It constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres, approximately 45 percent of France, and included approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force. The demarcation line between the free zone and

7844-446: The institutions of the European Union . It is proof of privileges and immunities the holders enjoy. The document is valid in all countries of the European Union as well as in over 100 other countries. In 2006, the European Commission issued or renewed 2,200 laissez-passer, and other agencies may issue the document as well. The Interpol Travel Document is a document similar to the United Nations and European Union laissez-passer and

7992-404: The ligne de démarcation between the north zone and the south zone also required an Ausweis , which was difficult to acquire. People could write only to their family members, and this was only permissible using a pre-filled card where the sender checked off the appropriate words (e.g. 'in good health', 'wounded', 'dead', 'prisoner'). The occupied zone was on German time, which was one hour ahead of

8140-490: The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees are obliged to issue travel documents to refugees lawfully resident in their territory. Refugee travel documents are passport-like booklets. Their cover bears the words "Travel Document" in English and French (and often in the language of the issuing state), as well as the date of the convention: 28 July 1951. The documents were originally grey, though some countries now issue them in other colours, with two diagonal lines in

8288-497: The 1990s as the Israeli government reacted to a wave of Russian organised crime gangs who immigrated to Israel and began using Israeli passports for their activities. Individuals holding such travel documents may face greater scrutiny by border control officers overseas as well as ineligibility for visa free entry to certain jurisdictions. The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) is a system which allows animals to travel easily between member countries without undergoing quarantine . A pet passport

8436-408: The Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942. The Vichy government remained in existence, even though its authority was now severely reduced. The German military administration in France ended with the Liberation of France after the Normandy and Provence landings . It formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944, though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by

8584-454: The British to unite the two countries. By 22 June, the German Armed Forces ( Wehrmacht ) had losses of 27,000 dead, more than 111,000 wounded and 18,000 missing. French losses were 92,000 dead and more than 200,000 wounded. The British Expeditionary Force suffered 68,000 casualties, with around 10,000 killed. When Adolf Hitler received word from the French government that it wished to negotiate an armistice , he selected Compiègne Forest as

8732-496: The Certificate of Indigenous Status, the document is only issued to American citizens. The document is treated by Canadian and American border controls as equivalent to an enhanced driving licence and may additionally be accepted by Mexican border control for entry up to 20–30 km from the border subject to prevailing permit requirements. Mexican citizens enrolled in the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians or Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma may enter United States by land or sea using

8880-406: The European Economic Area have been standardised under EU Regulation 2019/1157 . The new standard is intended to replace and harmonise the various identity card models currently in use across the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). Citizens of Lebanon and Jordan do not require passports when travelling in either country if they are carrying ID cards, while citizens of

9028-486: The Form I-872 American Indian Card, which provides for freedom of movement across the border for the Kickapoo first nation regardless of citizenship. While the indigenous peoples of Hawaii, the American mainland, and most American territories have been granted full American citizenship and the accompanying right to apply for a passport on the same basis as any other American, the native population of American Samoa have not. As specified in 8 U.S.C.   § 1408 ,

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9176-443: The French government representatives, who had fled to Bordeaux, mainly with the newly nominated defence minister, General Maxime Weygand . Adolf Hitler had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from French North Africa , and he wanted to ensure that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of

9324-453: The German Reich". The French colonial empire remained under the authority of Marshal Pétain's Vichy regime. French sovereignty was to be exercised over the whole of French territory, including the occupied zone, Alsace and Moselle, but the third article of the armistice stipulated that French authorities in the occupied zone would have to obey the military administration and that Germany would exercise rights of an occupying power within it: In

9472-546: The German authorities with the propaganda and control of the French press and of publishing during the Occupation of France. Sections ( Staffel , "squadron") in each important town. After their victory in June 1940 , the occupation authorities first relied on the German embassy in Paris ( Hôtel Beauharnais ) to monitor publications, shows, and radio broadcasts. They then set up the Propaganda-Abteilung Frankreich (France Propaganda Department), which developed Nazi propaganda and censorship services called Propagandastaffel in

9620-407: The German military's control and free zones for the maquisards , so-called after the maquis shrubland that provided ideal terrain for guerrilla warfare . The most important anti-partisan action was the Battle of Vercors . The most infamous one was the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre . Other notable atrocities committed were the Tulle massacre , the Le Paradis massacre , the Maillé massacre , and

9768-497: The Germans seized half the meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the Champagne . Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items. Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by rationing , and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly managed, leading to malnourishment, black markets , and hostility to state management of

9916-494: The Gestapo in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres, such as the Drancy internment camp , en route to Auschwitz , and other German concentration camps, including Dachau , Buchenwald and Mauthausen . Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and/or against Bolsheviks , such as the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism . Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted

10064-768: The Indian consulate in Phuentsholing if they intend to proceed beyond city limits as Phuentsholing, the financial capital of Bhutan, is de facto within India's visa and customs area. When travelling to India, citizens of Nepal and Bhutan can utilise similar documents. Children may use birth certificates as proof of identity. Similarly, many Mercosur countries reciprocally permit travel using identity cards. Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau SARs do not require passports when travelling in either region regardless of their citizenship status. Hong Kong residents can enjoy 1 year visa-free access to Macau and Macau residents can enjoy 180 days visa-free access to Hong Kong. But such non-permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau who possess

10212-424: The Interior beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French. After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the French communist party , hitherto under orders from the Comintern to remain passive against the German occupiers, began to mount actions against them. De Gaulle sent Jean Moulin back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to coordinate

10360-431: The Liberation. One month after the occupation, the bi-monthly soldiers' magazine Der Deutsche Wegleiter für Paris  [ fr ] ( The German Guide to Paris ) was first published by the Paris Kommandantur , and became a success. Further guides, such as the Guide aryien , counted e.g. the Moulin Rouge among the must-see locations in Paris. Famous clubs such as the Folies-Belleville or Bobino were also among

10508-405: The Rethondes clearing in Compiègne Forest . As it was done at the same place and in the same railroad carriage where the armistice ending the First World War when Germany surrendered, it is known as the Second Compiègne armistice . France was roughly divided into an occupied northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone, according to the armistice convention "in order to protect the interests of

10656-636: The STO, going underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany. For the most part, those "work dodgers" ( réfractaires ) became maquisards . There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries; in France, the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former Ministry of Aviation building in Paris. Many Jews were victims of the Holocaust in France . Approximately 49 concentration camps were in use in France during

10804-586: The Third Republic was mutually recognised as the legitimate government of all of Metropolitan France except Alsace–Lorraine . The French were also permitted to retain control of all of their non-European territories. Adolf Hitler deliberately chose Compiègne Forest as the site to sign the armistice because of its symbolic role as the site of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that signaled the end of World War I with Germany's surrender. The best, most modernised French armies had been sent north and lost in

10952-504: The UNMIK Travel Document, a non-convention travel document, to residents of Kosovo who were not able to obtain a passport from Yugoslavia , for the purpose of foreign travel. After the government of Kosovo started to issue their own passports , the UNMIK ceased issuing them. Existing UNMIC travel documents retained their validity until expiry (the last ones expired in 2010). In light of the disputed nationality status of residents of Kosovo,

11100-425: The UNMIK travel document did not contain information on nationality . The document was labelled UNMIK travel document/titre de voyage on the cover, contained 32 pages, and was valid for 2 years. It contained a machine readable strip. As the issuing authority was the UNMIK, the document had the official three-letter code "UNK" where normally the country code is placed. It was the only other travel document issued by

11248-430: The United States without restrictions, but must apply for citizenship under the same rules as resident aliens. Like resident aliens, they are not presently allowed by any American state to vote in federal or state elections , although, as with resident aliens, there is no constitutional prohibition against their doing so. A laissez-passer ( French pronunciation: [lɛse pase] ; lit.   ' let pass ' )

11396-416: The allied forces. German anti-partisan operations claimed around 13,000-16,000 French victims, including 4,000 to 5,000 innocent civilians. At the end of the war, some 580,000 French had died (40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of Operation Overlord). Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939–40. Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in

11544-484: The application are carried out by a number of airlines including Singapore Airlines , Emirates , Qatar Airways , Etihad and Air New Zealand . Due to the prevalence of counterfeit certificates in some places, several countries, including Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Nigeria, have been developing digital certificates to be used in conjunction with and to authenticate an ICVP. As of July 2019, Nigeria requires its citizens to have its digital "e-Yellow Card" for travel outside

11692-432: The armistice conditions and armistice negotiations as a form of humiliation against such a valiant opponent", referring to the French forces. In Article 3, Clause 2, the drafters said that Germany did not intend to heavily occupy north-west France after the cessation of hostilities with Britain . William Shirer , who was present on that day, reported, "I am but fifty yards from him. [...] I have seen that face many times at

11840-586: The armistice terms imposed on France were harsher than those imposed on Germany in 1918. They provided for German occupation of three-fifths of metropolitan France north and west of a line through Geneva and Tours and extending to the Spanish border, so as to give Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine access to all French Channel and Atlantic ports. All people who had been granted political asylum had to be surrendered and high occupation costs were demanded of France by Germany, approximately 400 million French francs

11988-419: The banned BBC's Radio Londres , or giving collateral or material aid to Resistance members. Others assisted in the escape of downed US or British airmen who eventually found their way back to Britain, often through Spain. By the eve of the liberation, numerous factions of nationalists, anarchists, communists, socialists and others , counting between 100,000 and up to 400,000 combatants, were actively fighting

12136-500: The bearer may return to the issuing country, and are often issued in booklet form to allow other governments to place visas as well as entry and exit stamps into them. The most common travel document is a passport , which usually gives the bearer more privileges like visa-free access to certain countries. While passports issued by governments are the most common variety of travel document, many states and international organisations issue other varieties of travel documents that allow

12284-412: The bearer's nationality, thus resulting in America not requiring permanent residents to hold a passport from their home country in order to remain lawfully present or to lawfully enter. Singapore issues national identity cards to permanent residents in the same manner as it does to citizens, but additionally requires any permanent resident travelling abroad to hold a valid electronic re-entry permit and

12432-688: The cadre of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) . Stanley Hoffmann in 1974, and after him, other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean-Pierre Azéma have used the term collaborationnistes to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany, in contrast to "collaborators", people who merely cooperated out of self-interest. Examples of these are PPF leader Jacques Doriot , writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel Déat . A principal motivation and ideological foundation among collaborationnistes

12580-471: The cessation of all hostilities. The "French State" ( État français ) replaced the French Third Republic that had dissolved in defeat. Though nominally extending its sovereignty over the whole country, it was in practice limited in exercising its authority to the free zone. As Paris was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of Vichy in Auvergne , and therefore it

12728-563: The colonial empire and the fleet, and, by avoiding full occupation and disarmament, the remaining French rump state in the unoccupied zone could enforce a certain de facto independence and neutrality vis-à-vis the Axis. The Armistice site was demolished by the Germans on Hitler's orders three days later. The carriage itself was taken to Berlin as a trophy of war, along with pieces of a large stone tablet. The Alsace-Lorraine Monument (depicting

12876-468: The coming Nazi New Order ( Neue Ordnung ). The occupied zone ( French : zone occupée , French pronunciation: [zon ɔkype] , German : Besetztes Gebiet ) consisted of the rest of northern and western France, including the two forbidden zones. The southern part of France, except for the western half of Aquitaine along the Atlantic coast, became the zone libre ("free zone"), where

13024-583: The considerable burden of administering French territory, particularly as he turned his attentions towards Britain. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British use of them was to maintain a formally independent and neutral French rump state. According to William Shirer 's book Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , French General Charles Huntziger complained that

13172-553: The country they live in has not signed that convention). These are issued in many jurisdictions across the globe in which significant numbers of residents are stateless. For instance, Singapore permanent residents who are stateless are issued booklet-form Certificates of Identity in lieu of a passport while Indonesia issues the Paspor Orang Asing to its stateless permanent residents. The issue Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes and Macau Travel Permit , serve

13320-459: The country. Additionally, Canada requires any Canadian Permanent Residents entering the country by air to use their Permanent Resident Card or a special document authorising their return. No such requirement is imposed on a permanent resident entering by land or sea. Canadian citizens are prohibited from using a foreign passport to enter the country. Japan issues a re-entry permit for individuals holding permanent resident status . This document

13468-758: The country. The card has a QR code that can be scanned to verify its validity. This requirement does not affect travellers from other countries with valid ICVPs, but those arriving in Nigeria who have not been vaccinated for yellow fever may receive the vaccine and the e-Yellow Card upon arrival. Various indigenous nations in the Americas, as well as the Aboriginal Provisional Government in Australia, issue passports to their citizens as an assertion of sovereignty symbolically rejecting

13616-404: The countryside and barter against cigarettes were also frequent practices during this period. These activities were strictly forbidden, however, and thus carried out at the risk of confiscation and fines. During the day, numerous regulations, censorship and propaganda made the occupation increasingly unbearable. At night, inhabitants had to abide a curfew and it was forbidden to go out during

13764-521: The decisive German victory in the Battle of France (10 May – 25 June 1940) during World War II , this armistice established a German occupation zone in Northern and Western France that encompassed about three-fifths of France's European territory , including all English Channel and Atlantic Ocean ports. The remainder of the country was to be left unoccupied, although the new regime that replaced

13912-567: The document, indigenous individuals holding American citizenship are instead required to use tribal identity cards or other American-issued WHTI -compliant documents. Under the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative , indigenous people holding American citizenship may clear land and sea border controls using machine readable enhanced tribal identity cards, which contain similar features to enhanced driving licences issued by certain states and provinces. Unlike

14060-483: The early 1950s, the Iraqi government granted permission to its 120,000 Jewish citizens to leave ( Operation Ezra and Nehemiah ), conditional on their renouncing their citizenship and leaving behind all their properties and assets. The travel document that was issued was the laissez-passer , since an Iraqi passport was no longer possible. The most common laissez-passer is the United Nations laissez-passer (UNLP) issued by

14208-667: The eight major Résistance groups into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the National Council of the Resistance ( Conseil National de la Résistance ). Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the Gestapo . The resistance intensified after it became clear the tide of war had shifted after the Reich's defeat at Stalingrad in early 1943 and, by 1944, large remote areas were out of

14356-724: The end of summer 1944. Alsace-Lorraine had been annexed after the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 by the German Empire and returned to France after the First World War. It was re-annexed by the Third Reich (thus subjecting their male population to German military conscription .) The departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais were attached to the military administration in Belgium and Northern France , which

14504-486: The end of summer of 1940: "And so the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted". At the same time France was also marked by disappearances as buildings were renamed, books banned, art was stolen to be taken to Germany and as time went on, people started to vanish. With nearly 75,000 inhabitants killed and 550,000 tons of bombs dropped, France was, after Germany,

14652-662: The fall of Paris split support. With many pro-Armistice ministers in the cabinet, such as the Deputy Prime Minister Philippe Pétain , and the commander-in-chief of the French Army General Weygand, Reynaud resigned on 16 June. Pétain became prime minister. While French resistance continued with the Free French Forces led by Charles de Gaulle , the surrender of Metropolitan France ended any further attempts by

14800-811: The five members, and are only used for travel between or among those countries. The requirements for eligibility are less rigorous than are the requirements for national passports used for other international travel. The member states of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) do not require passports for their citizens when moving within the community. National ID cards are sufficient. The member states are Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea Bissau , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , and Togo . Many Central American and South American nationals can travel within their respective regional economic zones, such as Mercosur and

14948-454: The food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases. Hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes, people ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke . Food shortages were most acute in

15096-425: The great moments of his life. But today! It is afire with scorn, anger, hate, revenge, triumph." Then, on 21 June 1940, in the same railway carriage in which the 1918 Armistice had been signed (removed from a museum building and placed exactly where it was in 1918), Hitler sat in the same chair in which Marshal Ferdinand Foch had sat when he faced the representatives of the defeated German Empire . After listening to

15244-731: The help of notable French collaborators like Paul Touvier and Maurice Papon , along with collaborationists French auxiliaries like the Milice , the Franc-Gardes and the Legionary Order Service . The two main collaborationist political parties were the French Popular Party (PPF) and the National Popular Rally (RNP), each with 20,000 to 30,000 members. The Milice participated with

15392-565: The holder to travel internationally to countries that recognise the documents. For example, stateless persons are not normally issued a national passport, but may be able to obtain a refugee travel document or the earlier " Nansen passport " which enables them to travel to countries which recognise the document, and sometimes to return to the issuing country. Border control policies typically require travellers to present valid travel documents in order to ascertain their identity, nationality or permanent residence status, and eligibility to enter

15540-708: The huge swastika flags draped over the Hôtel de Ville and flying on top of the Eiffel Tower. The British historian Ian Ousby wrote: Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the Champs Élysées or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if

15688-437: The issuing country of their travel documents. A certificate of identity is a travel document issued by a country to non-citizens (also called aliens ) residing within their borders who are stateless persons or otherwise unable to obtain a passport from their state of nationality (generally refugees ). Some states also issue certificates of identity to their own citizens as a form of emergency passport or otherwise in lieu of

15836-481: The language of diplomacy, but was replaced with English when the British Empire decolonized, creating a large network of English language diplomacy economies. The UNLP is a valid travel document, which can be used like a national passport (in connection with travel on official missions only). However, UNLP holders often encounter immigration officials who are unfamiliar with the document and require them to show

15984-638: The large Tibetan exile community and to other stateless residents of India. Certificates of identity are routinely issued upon request of the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government in exile based in Dharamsala . This document is accepted by most countries border control policies in lieu of a passport, although it is not a machine readable document. Tibetans travelling to areas administered by the Republic of China or People's Republic of China may be required to use

16132-463: The large cities. In the more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. Some people benefited from the black market , where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market, which meant that much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in

16280-758: The legitimacy of settler authorities . Notable examples include the Haudenosaunee passport issued by the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee confederacy , the Aboriginal passport in Australia, and various indigenous passports in Latin America such as the Kichwa passport in Ecuador. Indigenous passports are typically not recognised as valid travel documents for border control purposes. In particular,

16428-664: The majority of international travellers clear border controls using passports or national identity cards, a wide variety of travel documents are utilised by individuals in irregular situations, ranging from de jure or de facto stateless individuals to individuals affected by international border disputes, the aftermath of the fall of states such as Yugoslavia or the USSR, or other legal complexities. Such travel documents are typically subject to greater scrutiny by border control authorities, with countries such as Singapore imposing strict controls on stateless individuals and refugees regardless of

16576-603: The military administration cooperated closely with the Gestapo , the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) , the intelligence service of the SS , and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) , its security police. It also had at its disposal the support of the French authorities and police forces, who had to cooperate per the conditions set in the armistice, to round up Jews , anti-fascists and other dissidents, and vanish them into Nacht und Nebel , "Night and Fog". It also had

16724-462: The military situation that France was in, Huntziger had "no choice" but to accede to the armistice terms. The cease-fire went into effect at 00:35 on 25 June 1940, more than two days later, only after another armistice was signed between France and Italy , the main German ally in Europe. The armistice did have some relative advantages for the French, compared to worse possible outcomes, such as keeping

16872-408: The night without an Ausweis . They had to close their shutters or windows and turn off any light, to prevent Allied aircraft using city lights for navigation. The experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe suddenly become strange and threatening. Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw

17020-551: The occupation forces. Supported by the Special Operations Executive and the Office of Strategic Services that air-dropped weapons and supplies, as well as infiltrating agents like Nancy Wake who provided tactical advice and specialist skills like radio operation and demolition , they systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German supply lines , and provided general intelligence to

17168-577: The occupation, the largest of them at Drancy . In the occupied zone, as of 1942, Jews were required to wear the yellow badge and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage of the Paris Métro . 13,152 Jews residing in the Paris region were victims of a mass arrest by pro-Nazi French authorities on 16 and 17 July 1942, known as the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup , and were transported to Auschwitz where they were killed. Armistice of 22 June 1940 The Armistice of 22 June 1940 , sometimes referred to as

17316-467: The occupied region of France, the German Reich exercises all of the rights of an occupying power . The French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights, and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end. The French government will immediately direct all officials and administrators of the occupied territory to comply with

17464-570: The occupied zone (with 14.2m in the unoccupied zone). This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war, nor the 60,000 French workers in Germany or the departments of Alsace-Lorraine. The life of the French during the German occupation was marked, from the beginning, by endemic shortages. They are explained by several factors: Ersatz , or makeshift substitutes, took the place of many products that were in short supply; wood gas generators on trucks and automobiles burned charcoal or wood pellets as

17612-505: The occupied zone was a de facto border, necessitating special authorisation and a laissez-passer from the German authorities to cross. These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed zone sud ("south zone"), and also placed under military administration in November 1942. The Italian occupation zone consisted of small areas along the Alps border, and

17760-423: The occupied zones (other than Alsace-Lorraine ) to some extent, albeit under severe restrictions. This was envisaged as a temporary treaty until a final peace treaty was negotiated. At the time, both French and Germans thought the occupation would be a provisional state of affairs and last only until Britain came to terms, which they both thought was imminent. For instance, none of the French delegation objected to

17908-404: The other country. Some individuals are subject to sanctions which deny them entry into particular countries. Travel documents may be requested in other circumstances to confirm identification such as checking into a hotel or when changing money to a local currency. Passports and other travel documents have an expiry date, after which it is no longer recognised, but it is recommended that a passport

18056-538: The passport. A family member not listed as the passport holder could not use the passport for travel without the passport holder. These passports are essentially obsolete as most countries; including all the EU states, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom; require each traveller to have their own passport. Today, passports are typically issued to individual travellers rather than groups. Aside from ordinary passports issued to citizens by national governments, there are

18204-675: The person is deemed to have permission to remain either for three months or for the period shown on his visa if specified otherwise. Member states of the European Union are not permitted to place a stamp in the passport of a person who is not subject to immigration control. Stamping is prohibited because it is an imposition of a control that the person is not subject to. Some travellers "collect" immigration stamps in their travel documents, and will choose to enter or exit countries via different means (for example, land, sea or air) in order to have different categories of stamps. Some countries, such as Liechtenstein , that do not stamp passports may provide

18352-463: The place for the negotiations. Compiègne had been the site of the 1918 Armistice , which ended World War I with Germany's surrender. As an act of revenge Hitler held the signing in the Compiègne Wagon , the same rail carriage where the Germans had signed the 1918 Armistice. In the last sentence of the preamble, the drafters inserted: "However, Germany does not have the intention to use

18500-566: The players would be permitted to return home. While indigenous passports are generally not recognised by border control authorities, the Certificate of Indigenous Status issued by the Canadian government to individuals on the Indian Register is accepted by American and Canadian border control authorities for travel by land or sea. In 2018, the Canadian government introduced a Secure Certificate of Indigenous Status that serves as

18648-466: The reading of the preamble, Hitler—in a calculated gesture of disdain for the French delegates—exited the carriage, as Foch had done in 1918, leaving the negotiations to the chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), General Wilhelm Keitel . The negotiations lasted one day, until the evening of 22 June 1940: General Huntziger had to discuss the terms by phone with

18796-423: The regulations of, and to collaborate fully with, the German military authorities. The military administration was responsible for civil affairs in occupied France. It was divided into Kommandanturen (singular Kommandantur ), in decreasing hierarchical order Oberfeldkommandanturen , Feldkommandanturen , Kreiskommandanturen , and Ortskommandanturen . German naval affairs in France were coordinated through

18944-529: The requisition and transfer of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany against their will, for the German war effort. In addition to work camps for factories, agriculture, and railroads, forced labour was used for V-1 launch sites and other military facilities targeted by the Allies in Operation Crossbow . Beginning in 1942, many refused to be drafted to factories and farms in Germany by

19092-456: The resulting encirclement; the French had lost their best heavy weaponry and their best armored formations. Between May and June, French forces were in general retreat and Germany threatened to occupy Paris . The French government was forced to relocate to Bordeaux on 10 June to avoid capture and declared Paris to be an open city the same day. The proposal of a Franco-British Union to shore up support for Paul Reynaud 's government following

19240-578: The second most severely bomb-devastated country on the Western Front of World War II . Allied bombings were particularly intense before and during Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' Transportation Plan aiming at the systematic destruction of French railway marshalling yards and railway bridges, in 1944, also took a heavy toll on civilian lives. For example, the 26 May 1944 bombing hit railway targets in and around five cities in south-eastern France, causing over 2,500 civilian deaths. Crossing

19388-422: The sought-after venues. A wide array of German units were rotated to France to rest and refit; the Germans used the motto "Jeder einmal in Paris" ("everyone once in Paris") and provided "recreational visits" to the city for their troops. Various famous artists, such as Yves Montand or later Les Compagnons de la chanson , started their careers during the occupation. Edith Piaf lived above L'Étoile de Kléber ,

19536-477: The stipulation that French soldiers would remain prisoners of war until the cessation of all hostilities. Nearly 1,000,000 Frenchmen were thus forced to spend the next five years in German POW camps. About a third of the initial 1,500,000 prisoners taken were released or exchanged as part of the Germans' Service du Travail Obligatoire forced labour programme by the time the war ended. A final peace treaty

19684-430: The traveller's mode of transport. For instance, whilst America does not subject passengers departing by land or most boats to any border control, it does require that passengers departing by air hold a valid passport (or certain specific passport-replacing documents). Consequently, even though travellers departing America by air might not be required to have a passport to enter a certain country, they will be required to have

19832-425: The unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a Dada prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all their lives. Ousby wrote that by

19980-578: The unoccupied zone. Other policies implemented in the occupied zone but not in the free zone were a curfew from 10 p.m to 5 a.m, a ban on American films, the suppression of displaying the French flag and singing the Marseillaise , and the banning of Vichy paramilitary organizations and the Veterans' Legion. Schoolchildren were made to sing " Maréchal, nous voilà ! " ("Marshall, here we are!"). The portrait of Marshal Philippe Pétain adorned

20128-475: The upper left corner of the front cover. Non-Convention (or non-National) travel documents are certificates of identity issued by a country to non-citizen (also called alien ) residents who do not have access to passport facilities from their own countries, are not recognised as either Convention refugees, and are not officially stateless under the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (or

20276-596: The use of identity cards issued by Mexican consulates overseas , voter ID cards, and CURP cards by Mexican citizens entering the country, which has the effect of enabling individuals who use the BCC or an American Permanent Resident Card as a standalone travel document when travelling to re-enter Mexico without a passport. Members of the East African Community (composed of Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi ) may issue an East African passport . East African passports are recognised by only

20424-474: The validity of passports from nations that are not recognised by their governments. Governments around the world issue a variety of passports for different purposes. The most common variety are ordinary passports issued to individual citizens and other nationals. In the past, certain countries issued collective passports or family passport. Family passports were typically issued to one passport holder, who may travel alone or with other family members included in

20572-493: The various regions of France . Each Propagandastaffel was led by a commander and employed some thirty people. There were Sonderführers (special directors) in charge of particular areas: censorship of shows and plays, publishing and press, cinematographic works, and public advertising and speeches. The directors, chosen for their skills in civil matters, wore military dress and were subject to military regulation. The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in

20720-572: The walls of classrooms, thus creating a personality cult . Propaganda was present in education to train the young people with the ideas of the new Vichy regime . However, there was no resumption in ideology as in other occupied countries, for example in Poland , where the teaching elite was liquidated. Teachers were not imprisoned and the programs were not modified overall. In the private Catholic sector, many school directors hid Jewish children (thus saving their life) and provided education for them until

20868-406: The war", a euphemism for Jews, and especially German Jews who until then had enjoyed asylum in France. Keitel also made one other concession, that French aircraft need not be handed over to the Germans. The French delegation—led by General Charles Huntziger —tried to soften the harsher terms of the armistice, but Keitel replied that they would have to accept or reject the armistice as it was. Given

21016-457: The war, the site and memorials were restored by German POW labour . 49°25′39″N 02°54′22″E  /  49.42750°N 2.90611°E  / 49.42750; 2.90611 Laissez-Passer A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international entity pursuant to international agreements to enable individuals to clear border control measures. Travel documents usually assure other governments that

21164-880: Was anti-communism . The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in France . 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German-zone in France in December 1941. When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the eastern front , German units were rotated to France to rest and refit. The number of troops increased when the threat of Allied invasion began looming large, with the Dieppe raid marking its real beginning. The actions of Canadian and British Commandos against German troops brought Hitler to condemn them as irregular warfare . In his Commando Order he denied them lawful combatant status, and ordered them to be handed over to

21312-413: Was also responsible for civilian affairs in the 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide zone interdite along the Atlantic coast. Another "forbidden zone" were areas in north-eastern France , corresponding to Lorraine and roughly about half each of Franche-Comté , Champagne and Picardie . War refugees were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German settlers and annexation in

21460-581: Was headquartered in Potsdam . There was one Propaganda battalion in each occupied country, headquartered in the main town or capital. This was further subdivided at the regional level. Headquarters for France was at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, with propaganda sections ( Staffel ) in Bordeaux , Dijon , and other towns. A Propagandastaffel ("propaganda squadron") was a service charged by

21608-420: Was liberated by the landings of Free French forces and local Italian troops that became co-belligerents of the Allies. After Germany and France agreed on an armistice following the defeats of May and June, Colonel General Wilhelm Keitel and General Charles Huntzinger , representatives of the Third Reich and of the French government of Marshal Philippe Pétain respectively, signed it on 22 June 1940 at

21756-498: Was more commonly known as Vichy France . While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the military administration in the occupied zone was a de facto Nazi dictatorship, where the actual sovereignty of the French government was seriously limited. Nazi rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by Germany and Italy during Case Anton on 11 November 1942 in response to Operation Torch ,

21904-659: Was never negotiated, and the free zone ( zone libre ) was invaded by Germany and its ally Italy in Case Anton following the invasion of French North Africa by the Allies in November 1942. Article 19 of the Franco-German armistice required the French state to turn over to German authorities any German national on French territory, who would then frequently face deportation to a concentration camp (the "Surrender on Demand" clause). Keitel gave verbal assurances that this would apply mainly to those refugees who had "fomented

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