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61-523: The name is probably derived from Latin, and essentially translates to "boggy head," referring to the raised bog ( Hochmoor ). Another interpretation of the name is derived from the terms Horn , miss and grind and meant the same as kahler Bergrücken ("bald ridge"), which carries a moorland on its height. The summit of the Hornisgrinde is framed of the Muhrkopf (1003 m) near Unterstmatt in

122-439: A snow groomer may be equipped with attachments to groom smooth lanes for skate skiing and for setting classic tracks. Techniques and tools used depend on the condition of the snow, which may range between freshly fallen to congealed and icy. Snow conditions define the tools and techniques needed for grooming. The " Cross Country Canada officials manual" explains snow conditions, starting with fundamentals of heat gain and loss In

183-415: A distinction is made between lake mires or 'siltation-formed raised bogs' ( Verlandungshochmoore ) and 'mire-formed raised bogs' ( wurzelechte Hochmoore ). The former emerged in a secondary process after the silting up of lakes or oxbows (see illustration on the right in the sequence). At first, fens emerged under the influence of groundwater ( minerotrophy ). Oxygen deficiencies and high acidity in

244-408: A lateral braking effect by any parts of the bindings. The two tracks should be set 17-30 cm. apart, measured from the middle of each track. The depth of the track should be 2-5 cm, even in hard or frozen snow.” FIS Rule 315.3.1 (ICR 2004) requires that for classic technique events a single track should "be set along the ideal skiing line of the competition course," which is normally through the middle of

305-599: A lounge, waxing room, and toilets. In jurisdictions where trail maintenance and grooming has traditionally been funded through taxes, transitions to a user-fee-based system, initiated by increasingly budget-constrained governments, have been met with opposition from those who advocate for the users of loipes , as occurred in East Saxony where an automated kiosk system for trail passes was proposed for 2007. An example of guidance for cross-country ski trail construction comes from Northern Arizona University , which cites

366-524: A moist, balanced climate in which to grow. The quantity of precipitation has to be greater than the water losses through discharge and evaporation. In addition, the precipitation must be evenly spread through the year. Raised bogs in Europe have been developing for about 11,000 years, since the beginning of the Holocene and after the retreat of the last ice sheet . As far as their origins are concerned,

427-457: A raised bog on neighbouring mineral soil. The formation of a typical raised bog is a very slow process, which lasts from centuries to a thousand years even in favourable, undisturbed conditions. Furthermore, there are a number of transitional and intermediate bogs , which in different ways combine characteristics of both raised bogs and fens. (See bog .) The main constituents of the peat are rootless peat mosses that grow slowly in height whilst at

488-542: A result of freeze-thaw processes of the surrounding water. The low temperatures prevent full decomposition of the organic material. Polygonal bogs ( Polygonmoore ) are widespread on the Arctic and sub-Arctic plains of Siberia and North America and cover vast areas. They are associated with patterned peatland and ice wedges . A scanty layer of peat-forming vegetation can occur in the inner honeycomb-shaped areas of this frost pattern terrain ( cryoturbation ) and are fed during

549-487: A snowmobile can pack snow to a density of 300 – 350 kg/m , the densities required for recreational trails are 450 kg/m and for racing, 500 kg/m or higher. As described in the "Cross Country Canada officials manual," basic grooming involves six processes, as follows: According to the "Cross Country Canada officials manual," FIS Rule 315.3.2 (ICR 2004) requires the following: “The ski tracks must be prepared so that ski control and gliding are possible without

610-458: Is February; at most it rains in June. There's 1.4 times more precipitation in the precipitation-richest month than in the driest one. The seasonal precipitation fluctuations lie in the upper third. In over 81% of all places the monthly precipitation varies less. The Dreifürstenstein is a sandstone plate, which is located at the southeast edge of the plateau. It originates from the year 1722 and marked

671-464: Is a succession of raised bog types along the line of descent towards the ocean, from northwest to southeast. As a result of peat use, raised bogs have been harvested for peat and cultivated, apart from a few remnants (less than 10% of the original area). The largest contiguous raised bog in central Europe was the Bourtange Moor , which originally covered an area of about 2,300 km including

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732-411: Is low in salt. By contrast, mire-formed raised bogs are created directly on the mineral substrate of low-salt areas without having been initially formed as fens (see figure on the left in the sequence). They are formed either as a primary bog due to the erosion of previously dry mineral soils, for example due to clearing, climate change or infiltration, or as a secondary process as a result of the growth of

793-644: Is no lift system to the top of the Hornisgrinde itself. However, north of the summit is the Skizirkus Unterstmatt , with two lifts at the north slope of the Muhrkopf. To the south is the nearby ski lift of Seibelseckle. Around the summit of the Hornisgrinde leads a 14 km long loipe consisting of the Mummelseeloipe (6 km), Hundsrückenloipe (4.5 km) and the Ochsenstall-Seibelseckle loipe (3.5 km). It

854-459: Is not yet clear how these bogs have emerged as mosses are entirely absent here. Coastal bogs ( Planregenmoore ) or Atlantic bogs, as their names suggest, tend to form close to the sea. In addition, in regions covered by blanket bog, there are also lightly convex coastal bogs with low energy surface relief in level locations. The distribution of coastal bogs in Europe extends from Ireland to the east via South Norway to Southwest Sweden and north to

915-535: Is prepared for classical and skating technology. Entrance possibilities are at the Mummelsee, at the col Seibelseckle and at the col Unterstmatt. Raised bog Raised bogs , also called ombrotrophic bogs , are acidic, wet habitats that are poor in mineral salts and are home to flora and fauna that can cope with such extreme conditions. Raised bogs, unlike fens , are exclusively fed by precipitation ( ombrotrophy ) and from mineral salts introduced from

976-428: Is strongly decomposed, and an overlying white peat layer which is less decomposed. This difference is a result of changes in the hydrology of the bog. The white peat grew more rapidly under humid conditions than the black peat. This is attributed to a climate change with high precipitation and low evaporation around 1000 to 500 BC. As a result, the peat moss growth grew locally and the black peat/white peat boundary layer

1037-495: Is typically counted separately. Consequently, the total length of loops is greater than the total length of trail structure. In some regions, skiers may travel between cross-country ski resorts, which are linked by point-to-point trails; these include: Trail use fees are common at commercial ski venues and may also be found in jurisdictions where skiing occurs on public land; usually there are day, week and annual passes. Venues charging fees may also offer use of heated facilities with

1098-634: The Amazon Basin . In these regions, bogs of all kinds and peat deposits of four million square kilometres have been formed, covering three percent of the Earth's surface. In the southern hemisphere low-mineral-rich bogs are rarely formed from peat mosses. Only in the Tierra del Fuego do peat moss raised bogs exist. The most peaty countries in the tropics are found in Southeast Asia. In many cases it

1159-599: The Annex 1 habitats : active raised bog, turlough (both priority habitats), degraded raised bog (capable of regeneration) and vegetation of depressions (rhynchosporion). These habitats are considered to be among the best examples in Ireland due to their relatively large size and the generally low levels of disturbance. In the Natura form compiled for the site active raised bog was given a rating of A (Excellent value) which emphasises

1220-637: The Black Forest the Wildseemoor has been protected and, in the Vosges on le Tanet , north of the Col de la Schlucht a large area has been protected. The Alpine Foreland , which was formed by ice-age glaciation, is also rich in peatland. The Wurzacher Ried (Haidgauer Regenmoorschild) is considered the largest and best preserved raised bog in central Europe. Other raised bogs and peatland areas include

1281-734: The Federsee , the High Fens on the Germano-Belgian border, the Ewiges Meer near Aurich and the Lengener Meer near Wiesmoor. In 2003, Estonia exported 3.6 million m³ of peat for west European garden use, more than 60% of the state production. In Lithuania 60% of the usable peat area has been prepared for extraction or is already exhausted. Lough Lurgeen Bog and Glenamaddy Turlough Bog contains very good examples of

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1342-590: The Lofoten . In North America there are coastal bogs in the area of the Great Lakes (especially in Minnesota and Ontario ). Coastal bogs are also fed exclusively by rain. In the less oceanically influenced climatic regions of North-West Europe (lower precipitation), raised bogs take on the classical lens shape and are called plateau bogs or plateau raised bogs ( Plateauregenmoore ). They grow more strongly in

1403-957: The Dutch portion, but only small sections remain. The largest remaining raised bog in northern Europe is the 76 km Lille Vildmose . Other large raised bogs are the Teufelsmoor northeast of Bremen, the Vehnemoor (exhausted) and the Esterweger Dose (formerly about 80 km , exhausted) between Oldenburg and Papenburg. The raised bogs of the Central Uplands of the Harz , Solling , Thuringian Forest ( Großer Beerberg , Schneekopf - Teufelsbad, Fichtenkopf, Saukopf), Giant Mountains , Ore Mountains , Fichtel and Rhön ( Black Moor , Red Moor ) are, by contrast, comparatively small. In

1464-582: The Ruhestein nature conservation centre leads across the summit plateau, crossing the raised bog on a board walk . At the southern end, above the Mummelsee, stands the 23-metre-high Hornisgrinde Tower. The construction of this observation tower in 1910 was an initiative by the Black Forest Club branch in Baden. New red sandstone was used as the building material. Together with the Mummelsee,

1525-474: The Scandinavian hills, central Finland, Karelia and north Siberia. In North America, Alaska is the main location for string bogs, thanks to its cold continental climate. Frost action plays an important role in these bogs. On the ridges or hummocks, ground ice is found until early summer. Palsa bogs ( Palsamoore or Palsenmoore ) are found on the margins of the Arctic permafrost soils ( tundra ). Here

1586-539: The action. The manual describes considerations regarding race courses, including: In its manual, the FIS requires that courses be designed for the following race formats; Interval start, mass start, sprint and team sprint, relay and skiathlon; each has distance requirements and width requirements, which pertain primarily to up hills; each also has requirements for the number and types of climbs. The FIS requires that competition venues consist of two separate courses to accommodate

1647-425: The air. They thus represent a special type of bog , hydrologically , ecologically and in terms of their development history, in which the growth of peat mosses over centuries or millennia plays a decisive role. They also differ in character from blanket bogs which are much thinner and occur in wetter, cloudier climatic zones. Raised bogs are very threatened by peat cutting and pollution by mineral salts from

1708-434: The bog 'floor'. Here fresh organic substances (peat formation horizon) are created by the growth and dying of plant elements. The "catotelm" (Greek: kato = below) is the underlying water-saturated part with less biological activity. This layer is counted as a geological subsoil due to the small earth-forming processes that are still going on and is known as the peat preservation horizon ( Torferhaltungshorizont ). In raised bogs,

1769-583: The border between the Margraviate of Baden , the duchy Württemberg and the Diocese of Strasbourg . Today the point represents the boundary border between Baden's municipalities Sasbach , Seebach and Württemberg's municipality Baiersbronn . With a height of 1,151 m above sea level the Dreifürstenstein is the highest point of Württemberg. In 1938 the entire southern range of the summit level

1830-476: The central area of these bogs, there are always large kolks. In northern Russia and western Siberia, kermis frequently occur in giant complexes where the bogs have grown into one another. Kermis are also found in Finland in the central and northern boreal forest zone. String bogs or aapa fens ( Aapamoore or Strangmoore ) are typically found on the northern fringes of the distribution area for raised bogs, in

1891-433: The centre than at the margins. This results in the centre of the bog bulging, hence the name "raised bog". This bulging can be several metres high. As a result, the perimeter of the bog is more or less inclined, and is known as the rand . The sloping bog sides of larger bogs are traversed by drainage channels or soaks ( Rüllen ) through which excess water is discharged. Other characteristic structures of these raised bogs are

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1952-466: The classic and skating components of the skiathlon competition, each 5 km long with cut-offs that create finer course length adjustment. The two combine to be a single 10 km course. A course is expected to test the skier's technical and physical abilities, to be laid out in a manner that takes advantage of the natural terrain, and to provide smooth transitions among uphills, downhills and "undulating" terrain (distributed approximately evenly among

2013-509: The classical, lens-shaped bogs of northwest Germany . The bogs are not influenced by mineral-rich groundwater or surface water, but are fed exclusively by precipitation — mainly rainwater, hence their alternative German designation of Regenmoor or "rain-fed bog". Thus the latter refers to all bogs, not just those that are arched or only slightly arched, but which nevertheless are characterized by an extreme mineral salt deficiency and other resulting ecological properties. A living raised bog needs

2074-433: The constantly moist substrate inhibited the decomposition of dead plant parts and led to peat formation. Thus the raised bog rises very slowly above the groundwater level, hence its name. As the resulting peat slowly rises above the influence of mineral salts in the groundwater, it reaches a point where the development of the raised bog begins to change in nature; that is, the bog now becomes fed solely by rainwater, which

2135-423: The difficulty of the routes and other norms for Loipen .: In its "Cross-country homologation manual," the FIS recognizes that fans of the sport wish to follow it on television. With this in mind, the manual addresses how to design the race course in a manner that not only enhances the experience of spectators, but of viewers, as well—not just to show the athletes in action, but to show the ways in which fans enjoy

2196-485: The entire system is very important from both a hydrological and ecological perspective. A region of peatland extends from Alaska in the west to the coast of the Atlantic in the east, and is comparable in size to that of West Siberia. A zone of domed raised bogs adjoins the zones of palsa bogs and string fens. In the direction of descent towards the ocean, blanket bogs occur east of Hudson Bay. These are superseded towards

2257-571: The flat, treeless raised bog core with its characteristic microrelief of shallow wet depressions or flarks ( Schlenken ) alternating with hummocks ( Bülten ) of drier peat moss. Larger accumulations of water in the middle of the bogs are called kolks or bog ponds (of humic acid -rich water); the wet area on the outer margins is known as a moat or lagg . Genuine ombrotrophic bogs on the North German Plain are usually sharply divided into two layers: an underlying black peat layer, which

2318-458: The importance of the site. Raised bog habitats are now very rare in Europe and it has recently been estimated that the Republic of Ireland contains 50% of the relatively intact oceanic raised bog systems in Europe. The site contains the second largest area of intact raised bog surface in Ireland. The combination of raised bog, oligotrophic lake and turlough habitats is unique in Ireland and thus

2379-564: The kermi bog type. They represent probably the most important type of raised bog on earth. The Vasyugan Swamp in this region, is the largest bog system on earth and covers more than 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi). It is estimated to contain over 14 billion tonnes of peat deposits. The largest central European raised bog areas are the southern North Sea coastal area and the Alpine Foreland . As in North America there

2440-713: The manual, "Recreational Trail Design and Construction," developed by the Minnesota Extension Service of the University of Minnesota It emphasizes the following aspects of recreational cross-country trail layout and construction: The signage for trails or loipes may be governed by standards or practices. In North America, they follow the practice of the Cross-Country Ski Areas Association. German ski trail signage conforms to DIN standards, which establish coding for

2501-477: The margins of lowland bogs i.e. fens , or transition into them. Kermi bogs ( Kermimoore, Schildhochmoore, Strangmoore or Blankenmoore ) or kermi raised bogs have only a slightly domed shape. The surface of the bog rises steadily from the broad lagg zone. Kermis have ridge-shaped hummocks of peat moss, that are aligned with the contours of the bog. The flarks or elongated depressions are generally tub-shaped and hardly distinguishable externally from kolks . In

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2562-416: The mountain, in the midst of the summit level is a further tower, the 7 meters high signal tower established around 1840. In 1892 it was converted by assembly of stairs at the exterior into an observation tower. However, it was inaccessible during the military use of the summit. In 2000 the tower (also called Bismarck tower) was reorganized and made again accessible by a steel spiral stair lying outside. There

2623-555: The north and the Mummelsee (1036 m) in the south. In the west the slope is cut through by the Schwarzwaldhochstraße (B 500) in approximately 900 to 1000 m, in the east drops the tendency steeply to the ice-age cirque Biberkessel with the landing Blindsee lake. The summit changes to the Katzenkopf mountain in the southwest at 1123 m, into the southeast drops the burr toward Seibelseckle. The Katzenkopf mountain and

2684-445: The passage of skiers. More recently, snow groomers set tracks for classic skiing and smooth lanes for skate skiing . Cross-country ski venues often comprise a system of trails or loipes of varying length and difficulty that loop back to a starting point. Often trails branch out from a common segment; the more challenging ones then branch off on longer legs. The length of each loop, including segments that coincide with other loops,

2745-749: The plateau with the raised bog and the Karwand to the Biberkessel were designated as the Hornisgrinde-Biberkessel Nature Reserve ( Naturschutzgebiet Hornisgrinde–Biberkessel , 95 ha.) in 1992. The Hornisgrinde belongs to the precipitation-richest places in Germany. The average yearly precipitation amounts to 1931 mm. Over 99% of the measuring points of the German weather service indicate lower values. The driest month

2806-478: The ridges of the string bogs can grow into hummocks several metres high. Like string bogs, the so-called palsas frequently lie within peatlands fed by mineral soil water. Some are surrounded by water-filled, ditch-like hollows. Peat formation is limited; these bogs are peat deposits from warmer, interglacial periods and did not experience frost heaving of their inner core of ice until the climate became colder. These ice lenses increase in size from year to year as

2867-407: The same time the lower layer becomes peat as the air is excluded. Depending on the geographical location, various species of peat moss are involved in making a raised bog. The growth rate of the peat layer is only about a millimetre per year. Growing bogs can be divided into two layers. The ' acrotelm ' ( Greek : akros = highest; telma = bog) is the upper part and includes the vegetation layer and

2928-400: The short summers with sufficient moisture, because the meltwater is prevented from draining away by the raised polygonal margins. The peat layers can attain a thickness of 0.3 to 1 m (1.0–3.3 ft). The west Siberian raised bog area covers 700,000 km (270,000 sq mi). The large bogs have domes in the centre up to 10 m (33 ft) high. They are predominantly of

2989-399: The snow layer, which include: These factors contribute to the metamorphism of snow, i.e. the process of reshaping snow crystals into smaller, more rounded ice grains, which in turn consolidates and settles the snow pack. Increased density increases strength by joining of grains though sintering and freezing of melted water. New-fallen snow may have a density of 150 – 200 kg/m . Whereas

3050-486: The southeast burr of the Hornisgrinde form the cirque of the Mummelsee . The Grinden - treeless wet heathlands on the highest areas, were created following forest clearance and the subsequent use of the land as grazing in the 15th century. By contrast the raised bog , up to five metres thick, in the southeastern area of the summit plateau is naturally treeless. It is reckoned to be at least 6,000 years old. Parts of

3111-503: The sub-polar zone, north of the 66th latitude in the northern hemisphere. Here, raised bogs only occur as islands within wetlands supplied by mineral soil water. On level ground these islands are irregularly distributed; on hillsides they form ridges parallel to the contours and at right angles to line of slope. The ridges separate boggy hollows of mineral soil known by the Finnish word, rimpis . The main distribution area for string bogs are

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3172-465: The surrounding land (due to agriculture and industry ). The last great raised bog regions are found in western Siberia and Canada . The term raised bog derives from the fact that this type of bog rises in height over time as a result of peat formation. They are like sponges of peat moss, full of water, that form a more or less dome shape in the landscape. In Germany, the term Hochmoor ( lit.   ' high bog ' ) strictly refers only to

3233-413: The temperature. In addition, the relief of the terrain has an influence on the water discharge behaviour and thus the shape of a raised bog. This results in geographical limitations to the formation of raised bogs. Favourable conditions for the development of raised bogs are found mainly in North America ( Canada and Alaska ), Northern Europe and Western Siberia , South America , Southeast Asia and in

3294-420: The three). The manual advocates that courses present a variety of uphills, varying in lengths and gradients between 6% and 12%, and which are arrayed efficiently within the venue. Terms include: definitions of climbs—major (9-18% for more than 30 m), short (9-18% for 10 to 29 m) and steep (greater than 18% for less than 10 m)—and definitions for maximum climb, total climb and for various differences in height, along

3355-632: The tower was one of the most popular destinations in the region at that time. In 1942 it was commandeered by the Luftwaffe . After World War II it was used by the French military. In 2000 the Seebach forestry association acquired the tower from the Federation and transferred it to the municipality of Seebach as a lease. On 29 May 2005 the tower was opened again to the public. At the highest point of

3416-412: The upper peat layer is called white peat, since it consists of largely undecomposed light brown peat mosses. The lower layer is black peat, which is already well humified and has a black-brown colour with still recognizable plant remains. The formation of raised bogs is dependent on the climate, that is to say the amount of precipitation and rate of evaporation, which in turn are decisively determined by

3477-578: The way. Course widths vary among 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, depending on the event. Until well into the 20th century and the advent of mechanized trail grooming, cross-country tracks were always made by the first skiers to pass through undisturbed, fresh snow and leave a parallel set of ski tracks behind them. Certain local and regional trails are available where the passage of skiers is the sole source of tracks. The "USSA Cross-Country Technical Handbook" provides guidance on equipment and techniques used in modern mechanized snow grooming operations. A snowmobile or

3538-411: The west by plateau bogs in the area of the large lakes and, eventually, by kermi bogs. Loipe A cross-country skiing trail or loipe is a route that has been laid out, constructed and maintained specifically for cross-country skiing . Trails may extend point-to-point, but are more typically loops for recreational use or for competition . Until the mid-20th Century, trails were tracked by

3599-566: Was declared as the military restricted area. First being in use since 1942 by the German Forces as an air defense position, the French took over the location in 1945. These operated on the Hornisgrinde an observing station on behalf of the French foreign secret service DGSE . Later the location was used parallel also by the Bundeswehr and NATO. After the plant went out of operation in 1994, it lay fallow several years. The restricted area

3660-427: Was formed, although this did not develop simultaneously in all raised bogs. Raised bogs also occur in precipitation-rich upland regions at the montane and, more rarely, alpine levels (i.e. above the tree line ). As a result of the sloping terrain, they often have a characteristic, asymmetric or non-concentric appearance. Mountain or upland bogs may be topographically divided into: All these bog types may occur on

3721-561: Was released in 1997. In 1999 the neighbor municipalities took over the federal area. Some of the buildings and masts are preserved, however they're purging more and more. The long-distance footpath , the West Way runs across the ridge, and the Black Forest High Road runs over the western and southern sides of the mountain, with a large car park at the Mummelsee. From there an educational path with information boards by

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