109-471: Havigannada , also called as Havyaka Bhaashe and Havyaka Kannada , is the dialect of Kannada spoken by Havyaka Brahmins in Malenadu and coastal region of Karnataka and Kasargod district of Kerala . Havigannada differs substantially from mainstream Kannada, in terms of vocabulary, pronouns and verb-endings. It preserves many features of Old Kannada which are lost in other Kannada dialects. This
218-785: A Catholic community has existed here since the 1500s. Muslims are a sizeable minority in Bhatkal Taluk and are majority in Bhatkal City. A small community of Tibetan refugees lives in Mundgod . Languages in Uttara Kannada district (2011). The main language spoken in this district is Kannada , spoken by 55.34%. Other major languages include Konkani at 18.21%, 11.83% Urdu , 9.52% Marathi and 1.36% Telugu . Marathi speakers are mostly located in Joida and Haliyal taluks in
327-491: A Champu work in pure Kannada using only indigenous ( desya ) Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – tadbhavas , without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada
436-473: A Palagannada (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of " Kavirajamarga " states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya. Gunanandi (900 AD), quoted by
545-486: A 3rd-century AD Tamil inscription there is usage of oppanappa vIran . Here the honorific appa to a person's name is an influence from Kannada. Another word of Kannada origin is taayviru and is found in a 4th-century AD Tamil inscription. S. Settar studied the sittanavAsal inscription of first century AD as also the inscriptions at tirupparamkunram , adakala and neDanUpatti . The later inscriptions were studied in detail by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that
654-478: A Satavahana king Sire Polemaios, who is identified with Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose name is derived from the Kannada word for Puli , meaning tiger. Some scholars indicate that the name Pulumayi is actually Kannada's ' Puli Maiyi ' or ' One with the body of a tiger ' indicating native Kannada origin for the Satavahanas. Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy (100–170 AD) as lying between
763-711: A few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available. The oldest known existing record of Kannada poetry in Tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 7th century AD. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of
872-934: A form of opera in western eyes. Traditionally, yakshaganas use to start late in the night and run entire night. Bagavatha , the background singer is also the directory of the story and controls the entire proceedings on stage. Bagavatha along with background musicians who play chande and maddale forms himmela. The actors who wear colorful costumes and enact various roles in the story forms mummela. There are many professional troops in Karnataka. In spite of competition from modern movie industry and TV, these troops are arranging ticketed shows and making profit. Apart from this individuals arrange shows in their village inviting well known professional artists like Sri Chittani Ramachandra Hegde , Kondadakuli Ramachandra Hegde, Gopal Achari Theerthahalli and Ramesh Bhandari Murur, providing an opportunity for local talents to act with legends. Yakshagana
981-739: A number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as Kuvempu , Bendre , and V K Gokak . Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards , the highest number awarded to any Indian language. Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet 'Ranna' called 'Ranna Kanda' (ರನ್ನ ಕಂದ) in 996 AD. Other dictionaries are ' Abhidhana Vastukosha' (ಅಭಿದಾನ ವಾಸ್ತುಕೋಶ) by Nagavarma (1045 AD), 'Amarakoshada Teeku' (ಅಮರಕೋಶದ ತೀಕು) by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' (ಅಭಿನವಾಭಿದಾನ) by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398 AD) and many more. A Kannada–English dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words
1090-410: A population density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre (360/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.15%. Uttara Kannada has a sex ratio of 975 females for every 1000 males. 29.15% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 8.10% and 2.39% of the population respectively. The population is predominantly Hindu , although
1199-547: A range of birds and reptiles . Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary protects 834 square kilometres (322 sq mi) of semi-evergreen and bamboo forest in the watershed of the Kali river and its tributaries, the Kaneri and Nagajhari. Wroughton's free-tailed bat ( Otomops wroughtoni ) is endemic to the forests of Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary . The district is also home to patches of savanna and degraded scrub jungles, which are often
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#17327930624601308-615: A resemblance to Kundagannada , a Kannada dialect spoken in Kundapura and other Kannada-speaking regions of the Udupi district. Havigannada has retained many words and features from Old Kannada. Some examples are the word kūsu which means "little girl" which comes from Old Kannada kūsu which means "little child/little girl". This word is not seen elsewhere in other Kannada dialects. The verb oragu in Havigannada means "to sleep" and
1417-444: A view of Kali river , and a suspension bridge are places worth visiting in this sanctuary. Yana is an enchanting place that can be reached by trekking about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) through lush forest. There is also a shrine of Bhairaveshvara here. Anshi National Park located some distance from Dandeli is undisturbed. Burude Falls is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Siddapur , Unchalli Falls , Shivagangae, BeeneHolae Fall
1526-903: Is 84%. 90% of male and 78% of female population are literate here. Overall literacy rate in the district has increased by 7%. Male literacy has gone up by 5% and female literacy rate has gone up by 10%. Yakshagana is a classical dance drama popular in the state of Karnataka in India mostly popular in the districts of Uttara Kannada. Shimoga, Udupi , Dakshina Kannada and Kasaragod district of Kerala . This theater art involves music , songs , dance , acting , dialogue , story and unique costumes. While songs and dance adhere to well established talas very similar to Indian classical dance forms, acting and dialogues are created spontaneously on stage depending on ability of artists. This combination of classical and folk elements makes yakshagana unique from any other Indian art . This would be considered to be
1635-914: Is a South Dravidian language and a descendant of Tamil-Kannada , from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or Haḷegannaḍa from 450 to 1200 AD, Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa ) from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada ( Hosagannaḍa ) from 1700 to the present. Kannada has it been influenced to a considerable degree by Sanskrit and Prakrit , both in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. The three principle sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be Pāṇini 's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada
1744-501: Is a classical Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India , with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for around 15 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. The official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka, it also has scheduled status in India and has been included among
1853-504: Is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya ( lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to Bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music . The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannaḍa or Modern Kannada. Most notable among
1962-565: Is a substantial amount of Chardo families in this area as they had migrated due to the persecution of the Portuguese in Goa . Cintacora, also known as Chittakula, and Sindpur, were Portuguese and Chittakula was known to them as a very old port. When the fort of Sadashivgad was built in this area, the village also came to be known by that name. Pir fort, named for the Dargah of Shah Karamuddin,
2071-433: Is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic ( Tatwartha-mahashastra ). Other sources date Chudamani to the 6th century or earlier. An inscription of 1128 AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720 AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced
2180-549: Is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Sirsi , Magod Falls and Sathodi Falls near Yellapura are some of the best natural falls in Uttara Kannada District. There are many dams in this district namely Supa Dam , Kodasalli Dam and Kadra Dam . The atomic energy station at Kaiga is on the banks of Kali River (Karnataka) . Uttara Kannada has a Gross Domestic District Product of 530297 Lakh Crores with Karwar and Sirsi being major contributors.sirsi has
2289-796: Is about 75,000. Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga , Holiya , Kurumba and Urali . The Golars or Golkars are a nomadic herdsmen tribe present in Nagpur , Chanda , Bhandara , Seoni and Balaghat districts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh speak the Golari dialect of Kannada which is identical to the Holiya dialect spoken by their tribal offshoot Holiyas present in Seoni, Nagpur and Bhandara of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. There were around 3,600 speakers of this dialect as per
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#17327930624602398-501: Is almost identical to that of other Indian languages . The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara) . Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable , as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English—the Kannada script
2507-766: Is also observed in other non-standard Kannada dialects. The difference between Havigannada and standard Kannada is mainly observed in the inflection of verbs. For example, in standard Kannada, māḍalu means "[in order] to do", which is an infinitive form. Havigannada uses māḍale or māḍule . While standard Kannada uses ide for "[it] is", Havigannada uses iddu . In standard Kannada, one would say avaḷu bandiddāḷe for "she has come" but in Havigannada it would be adu banju or adu baindu (the Havyakas of Uttara Kannada say banju , while those from Dakshina Kannada say baindu ). The Havigannada spoken in Uttara Kannada bears
2616-555: Is also spoken by Havyakas who are settled in metropolitan cities such as Bangalore , Mumbai , etc. In Bangalore , where a substantial percentage of Havyaka Brahmins have migrated to in the preceding decades, there is a language shift among Havigannada speakers towards Bangalore Kannada , especially among the younger generation who were born and brought up in Bangalore. In some parts of Uttara Kannada District such as Kumta, Honnavara, Bhatkal, Sirsi , and Siddapur , neuter gender
2725-558: Is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script. Kannada inscriptions are discovered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in addition to Karnataka. This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages, especially during the rule of large Kannada empires. The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to
2834-529: Is comparable to Malayalam eṅṅaḷ and Tamil eṅgaḷ ; similarly, naṅgaḷ is used for "we" in Havigannada, comparable to Malayalam ñaṅṅaḷ and Tamil nāṅgaḷ . On the other hand, standard Kannada uses namma and nāvu for "our" and "we" respectively. This supposed Malayalam influence was then used as a basis to theorize that the Malayalam language was perhaps initially prevalent along the Kanara coast before it
2943-411: Is home to 79 species of birds including migratory birds from 22 countries. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for the elusive black panther among other animals like gaur , tiger and leopards . The Kavala caves with their 5 feet (1.5 m). High natural Shiva linga, Synthery rocks is a 500 feet (150 m) high rock flanked by natural caves and waterfalls, Vincholi rapids, Sykes point which offers
3052-746: Is inherited from Old Kannada oṟagu ; this verb is likewise not seen elsewhere in other Kannada dialects. It is spoken in the Uttara Kannada , Dakshina Kannada and Shivamogga districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala. In these districts, it is common in places where there is a higher density of Havyakas in relation to other places, such as Thirthahalli , Shivamogga , Sagara and Hosanagara in Shivamogga, Sirsi , Yellapur , Siddapura , Honnavar , Kumta , Bhatkal , in Uttara Kannada and Puttur in Dakshina Kannada . It
3161-1063: Is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura, Brahmavara, Bynduru and Hebri), Nador-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru ), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins ), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in Madikeri and Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada ), Malenadu Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, Shimoga, Chikmagalur), Sholaga , Gulbarga Kannada , Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background. The one million Komarpants in and around Goa speak their own dialect of Kannada, known as Halegannada. They are settled throughout Goa state, throughout Uttara Kannada district and Khanapur taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka. The Halakki Vokkaligas of Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka speak in their own dialect of Kannada called Halakki Kannada or Achchagannada. Their population estimate
3270-497: Is now a tourist destination located by the Kali river bridge, which has been built at the confluence of the river and the Arabian Sea . The renowned Bengali poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore , who visited Uttara Kannada in 1882, dedicated an entire chapter of his memoirs to this town. The 22-year-old Rabindranath Tagore stayed with his brother, Satyendranath Tagore, who was the district judge in Uttara Kannada. There
3379-580: Is of 350 AD and is also older than the Halmidi inscription. Current estimates of the total number of existing epigraphs written in Kannada range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by Amaresh Datta of the Sahitya Akademi . Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I
Havigannada dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-778: Is often used instead of feminine gender. Havigannada was partly used in Sandalwood films : Bettada Jeeva , Nammoora Mandara Hoove and Naayi Neralu , which was shot in and around Yana . Kannada Vijayanagara : ( Origin . Empire . Musicological nonet . Medieval city . Military . Haridasa . Battle of Raichur . Battle of Talikota ) Sultanate : Dialects: ( Kundagannada . Havigannada . Arebhashe ) Jainism : ( In Karnataka . In North Karnataka . Jain Bunt ) Kannada ( / ˈ k ɑː n ə d ə , ˈ k æ n -/ ; ಕನ್ನಡ , IPA: [ˈkɐnːɐɖa] ), formerly also known as Canarese ,
3597-600: Is presently known as Hosapattana and is located in the town of Honnavar . Ruins of an old mosque and its minaret can still be seen in the village. The district came under the rule of Maratha Empire in the 1750s and later part of Mysore Kingdom , who ceded it to the British at the conclusion of the Fourth Mysore War in 1799. It was initially part of Kanara district in Madras Presidency . The district
3706-585: Is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called Bhasmaka . Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in
3815-796: Is roughly 1.23 million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population. The Malayalam spoken by people of Lakshadweep has many Kannada words. In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008, a number that had risen to 48,600 by the time of the 2015 census. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to the 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate), and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate). Kannada, like Malayalam and Tamil ,
3924-461: Is sometimes simply called as aataā in both Kannada and Khela (Karwari Konkani) Konkani (meaning play). Yaksha-gana literally means the song (gana) of a yaksha . Yakshas were an exotic tribe mentioned in the Sanskrit literature of ancient India. The Nawayath men wears lungis unique to them. Uttara Kannada is famous for a variety of seafood delicacies. Fish curry and rice is the staple diet of
4033-486: Is syllabic. Additionally, Kannada included the following phonemes, which dropped out of common usage in the 12th and 18th century respectively: Uttara Kannada Uttara Kannada is a fifth largest district in the Indian state of Karnataka , It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi districts to the north, Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east, Shivamogga District , and Udupi District to
4142-412: Is the only Dravidian language which is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language which was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages. During
4251-599: Is the reason why even native Kannadigas of other regions find it difficult to comprehend it. In 1883, the dialect was described by James Campbell in the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency , where it was said to be Kannada spoken with a strong Malayalam influence. The Malayalam influence was assumed due to the similarities between the Havigannada dialect and Malayalam in terms of accent and words. For example, Havigannada uses eṅgaḷ for "our" or "we" and this
4360-543: Is the state transport agency in the district. The NWKRTC covers all towns and villages of the district. There is a good network of public transport which connects the villages to the towns of the district. There are regular intra state services to major cities & towns of the state like Bangalore , Mangalore , Shimoga , Mysore , Hubli - Dharwad and Belgaum . The Kadama Transport buses of neighboring Goa state provides regular service from Karwar to Mangalore and all part of Goa state. Kumta , Bhatkal and Sirsi are
4469-475: Is written using the Kannada script , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia and literary Old Kannada flourished during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Empire . Kannada has an unbroken literary history of around 1200 years. Kannada literature has been presented with eight Jnanapith awards , the most for any Dravidian language and
Havigannada dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-764: The Old Kannada Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, Shravanabelagola , is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400. The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma Madhava ( c. 350 –370) found at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district
4687-472: The Sahyadris from 250 to 1000 meters elevation. Many trees shed leaves in the drier months. Above 1000 meters elevation lie the evergreen North Western Ghats montane rain forests . Anshi National Park near Dandeli , preserves approximately 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) of semi-evergreen forest, which is home to the tiger, black panther , leopard cat , gaur , Asian elephant , sambar and
4796-463: The "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic. The Karnateshwara Katha , a eulogy for King Pulakesi II , is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka , a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II , belonged to
4905-476: The "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the " chattana " and the " bedande ", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument. Amoghavarsha Nripatunga compares the puratana-kavigal (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great Chattana poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, Kavirajamarga , itself in turn refers to
5014-722: The 10th century AD (in the commentary on Neminatham , a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century. Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from Kaveri to Godavari . The Kannada spoken between the rivers Varada and Malaprabha was the pure well of Kannada undefiled. The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi . The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of
5123-673: The 1901 census, spoke a Kannada dialect called Kurumvari. The Kurumbas or Kurubas, a nomadic shepherd tribe were spread across the Nilgiris , Coimbatore , Salem , North and South Arcots , Trichinopoly , Tanjore and Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu, Cuddapah and Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh , Malabar and Cochin of Kerala and South Canara and Coorg of Karnataka and spoke the Kurumba Kannada dialect. The Kurumba and Kurumvari dialect (both closely related with each other) speakers were estimated to be around 11,400 in total as per
5232-646: The 1901 census. Matthew A. Sherring describes the Golars and Holars as a pastoral tribe from the Godavari banks established in the districts around Nagpur, in the stony tracts of Ambagarh , forests around Ramplee and Sahangadhee. Along the banks of the Wainganga , they dwell in the Chakurhaitee and Keenee subdivisions. The Kurumvars of Chanda district of Maharashtra, a wild pastoral tribe, 2,200 in number as per
5341-781: The 1901 census. There were about 34,250 Badaga speakers as per the 1901 census. Nasik district of Maharashtra has a distinct tribe called 'Hatkar Kaanadi' people who speak a Kannada (Kaanadi) dialect with lot of old Kannada words. Per Chidananda Murthy, they are the native people of Nasik from ancient times, which shows that North Maharashtra's Nasik area had Kannada population 1000 years ago. Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census. The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ ). The character set
5450-845: The 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the Kaviswara referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the Kaviparameswara praised by Chavunda Raya (978 AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets. Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which
5559-617: The 4th century, i.e., 338 AD. The Kannada Lion balustrade inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa of Shivamogga district, dated to 370 AD is now considered the earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450 AD. The 5th century poetic Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Siragunda inscription from Chikkamagaluru Taluk of 500 AD are further examples. Recent reports indicate that
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#17327930624605668-572: The 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. An early extant prose work, the Vaḍḍārādhane (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of
5777-485: The 8th century, this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs Ovanige and Onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (" Ovam "). The Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor Amoghavarsha I , is ascribed to the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550 AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025 AD). During
5886-431: The 9th century AD. Around 900 AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921 AD), to a noted king called Sudraka. Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950 AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra". Tamil Buddhist commentators of
5995-544: The 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today. "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in
6104-661: The Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604 CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD. Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe", Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604, writings of Jayakirthi are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored
6213-655: The Havigannada spoken in Dakshina Kannada . The Havigannada spoken in Dakshina Kannada is influenced by Tulu (due to its prevalence in South Canara) and Malayalam (due to its close proximity to Kerala ). In some parts of Uttara Kannada, especially in Gokarna , where there is a high concentration of Havyaka Brahmin priests, a Marathi influence has been observed in terms of vocabulary: āi for "mother", pyele for "drinking glass", etc. This might be because of
6322-765: The Indian-language passages in the ancient Greek play known as the Charition mime . The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription ( śilāśāsana ) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of proto-Kannada in Haḷe Kannaḍa ( lit Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription , usually dated c. 450 AD , indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about
6431-570: The Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate. A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (c. 390–420 AD) in old Kannada exists. A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district . Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning
6540-471: The National Highways of the district. Uttara Kannada (North Kanara) has many tourist places which cater to different likes of the people. There are many religious places like Gokarna , Murudeshwar , Idagunji and Ulavi. The district (Jilla) has many beaches at Karwar, Gokarna, Bhavikeri near Ankola, Murdeshwar, Harawada, Kadle beach near Kumta, Handigon. Anshi National Park (Kali Tiger Reserve)
6649-816: The Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was Margi (formal or written form of language) and Desi (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112 AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work Dharmamrita (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words which fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235 AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote Kabbigara Kava - ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called Sobagina Suggi (Harvest of Beauty) or Madana-Vijaya and Kavana-Gella (Cupid's Conquest) ,
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#17327930624606758-543: The Satavahanas, with a high degree of civilisation [...] There is, therefore, no reason to believe that these languages had less rich or less expressive oral traditions than Tamil had towards the end of its pre-literate period. The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 250 BC) has been suggested to contain words ( Isila , meaning to throw, viz. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada. In some 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, words of Kannada influence such as Naliyura , kavuDi and posil were found. In
6867-536: The banks of the Kali river). It was a trade port frequented by traders from Arabia and Africa . Baitkhol port (the current civil port of Uttara Kannada) was known for its natural harbour. The name Baithkhol is Arabic term, Bait-e-kol, meaning bay of safety. Muslin was the chief commodity purchased but Uttara Kannada was also a source for pepper , cardamom , cassia and coarse blue cotton cloth. Situated on India's west coast, 50 miles south-east of Goa , Uttara Kannada
6976-564: The country's designated classical languages . Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of South , Central India and Deccan Plateau , namely the Kadamba dynasty , Western Ganga dynasty , Nolamba dynasty , Chalukya dynasty , Rashtrakutas , Western Chalukya Empire , Seuna dynasty , Kingdom of Mysore , Nayakas of Keladi , Hoysala dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire . The Kannada language
7085-456: The crest of the Sahyadris to the sea; from north to south, they are the Kali , Gangawali , Aghanashini , Sharavati . These rivers form numerous waterfalls, The river Aghanashini drops 116 meters, Magod Falls , where the Bedti river plunges 180 meters in two leaps, Shivganga falls , where the river Sonda (Shalmali) drops 74 meters, and Lalguli falls and Mailmane falls on the river Kali. In
7194-459: The district are rich with marine fauna diversity. The beaches at Bhatkal include American Jali Beach, Bahrain Jali Beach, NaStar Beach, Nakhuda Beach, Lighthouse Beach and the rocky Udmudey Beach. The rocky beaches of Uttara Kannada District harbor the invertebrates belonging to the phyla Porifera , Coelenterata , Annelida , Arthropoda , Mollusca and Echinodermata . Attiveri bird sanctuary
7303-602: The district. The British made Carwar the district headquarters of North Canara in 1862. Since 1862, the time from which it came under Bombay presidency , Uttara Kannada was described as a first rate harbour between Bombay and Colombo . It became a part of Maratha territory. It was a part of the Bombay Presidency until 1950. The main geographic feature of the district is the Western Ghats or Sahyadri range, which runs from north to south through
7412-433: The district. Between the Sahyadris and the sea is a narrow coastal strip, known as the Payanghat, which varies from 8 to 24 kilometres (5.0 to 14.9 mi) in width. Behind the coastal plain are flat-topped hills from 60 to 100 meters in height, and behind the hills are the ridges and peaks of the Sahyadris . East of the Sahyadris is the Balaghat upland, part of the vast Deccan plateau . Moisture-bearing winds come from
7521-468: The district: Uttara Kannada being one of the coastal district of the Karnataka state has a coast of 120 kilometres (75 mi) has many ports which are used for sea trade, naval base, fishing and other maritime activities. The Proposed Hubli - Ankola railway line can be feasible venture for the future developments of the ports in the district, for movement of the cargo, at present roads are only major mode of cargo movement which leads to congestion of
7630-405: The drier portion of the district east of the Western Ghats. Bhatkal is known for its imported goods markets, which existed even before India's liberalisation. According to the 2011 census , Uttara Kannada has a population of 1,437,169, roughly equal to the nation of Eswatini or the US state of Hawaii . This gives it a ranking of 346th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has
7739-474: The early 8th century AD, are associated with Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kannada district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala . It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink. Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing
7848-551: The early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna , who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works. The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and
7957-764: The first ten books of the Mahabharata . During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms. During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia. Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa , Purandaradasa , Naraharitirtha , Vyasatirtha , Sripadaraya , Vadirajatirtha , Vijaya Dasa , Gopala Dasa , Jagannatha Dasa , Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period. Kanakadasa's Rāmadhānya Charite (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ)
8066-643: The grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as Bhagawan (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and sahitya . Durvinita (529–579 AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th sarga of Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it
8175-576: The highest per capita income in the district at 54850 followed by karwar at 44326, while Bhatkal and Haliyal have the lowest. The chief crops of the district are rice and areca nut , along with a great diversity of other crops. Tree crops include coconut , sugarcane , cocoa , cashew , mango , banana, pineapple , garcinia , jack fruit , and sapota ; vegetables include onion, radish , cucumber , cauliflower , sweet potato , eggplant (brinjal), and amaranth ; spices include pepper , cardamom , ginger and nutmeg . Millet and cotton are grown in
8284-530: The history and culture of Karnataka. A set of five copper plate inscriptions discovered in Mudiyanur, though in the Sanskrit language, is in the Pre- Old Kannada script older than the Halmidi edict date of 450 AD, as per palaeographers. Followed by B. L. Rice , leading epigrapher and historian, K. R. Narasimhan following a detailed study and comparison, declared that the plates belong to
8393-545: The language and culture) in the southern Kuntala region during the reign of Vasishtiputra Pulumayi ( c. 85 -125 AD, i.e., late 1st century – early 2nd century AD) who was ruling from Paithan in the north and his son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka in the south. An early ancestor of Kannada (or a related language) may have been spoken by Indian traders in Roman-era Egypt and it may account for
8502-457: The life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola . Some of the early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the Kavirajamarga, numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), and poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala. For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer
8611-443: The locals. Cashews and coconut are also extensively used. The staple diet includes a portion of steamed rice with a vegetable and/or seafood accompaniment. Seafood is immensely popular due to its ease of availability, and is prepared with a lot of local spices. Tea is the most popular beverage and is sometimes supplemented with cardamom or mint to give a distinct flavour. North West Karnataka Transport Corporation (NWKRTC)
8720-570: The lowlands, these rivers form wide estuaries , extending several kilometers inland from the coast. The district's high rainfall supports lush forests, which cover approximately 70% of the district. The Malabar Coast moist forests ecoregion lies in a narrow strip between the Arabian Sea and the foothills of the Western Ghats up to 250 meters elevation. These forests have been almost completely converted to agriculture and teak plantations. The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests cover
8829-666: The main hubs for public transport which provides services to intra-district and intrastate round the clock. Many private transport buses also provide services for inter / intra state from the district. Bhatkal is the main sector for private transport in the district. The NH-66 which passes through the district which connects Panvel near Mumbai to Kerala state, many private buses are plying on this Highway which provides inter-intra state services to places like Bombay , Poona , Kolhapore , Belgaum , Panaji , Margao , Udupi , Mangalore , Bangalore, Mysore, Bhatkal , Kasaragod , Cannanore, Calicut etc. The following Railways pass through
8938-482: The middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada. Iravatam Mahadevan, a Brahmin, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in those regions
9047-593: The modern port city of Mangaluru , upon its mouth. Many of these are Kannada origin names of places and rivers of the Karnataka coast of 1st century AD. The Greek geographer Ptolemy (150 AD) mentions places such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) and Pasage (Palasige). He mentions
9156-654: The modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the " Bible in Canarese " of John Hands in 1820. The first novel printed
9265-932: The native Kannada words found in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population. Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words ( Sanskrit : तत्सम , romanized : tatsama , lit. 'same as that'') include dina , 'day', kōpa , 'anger', sūrya , 'sun', mukha , 'face', and nimiṣa , 'minute'. Some examples of naturalised Sanskrit words ( Sanskrit : तद्भव , romanized : tadbhava , lit. 'arising from that') in Kannada are varṇa , 'colour', pūrṇime , and rāya from rāja , 'king'. Some naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa , 'colour' derived from vaṇṇa , huṇṇime , 'full moon' from puṇṇivā . The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from
9374-563: The native people do not understand Kannada as Konkani is dominant due to the close proximity of Goa. Kannada dialects spoken in the district include Achchagannada or Halakki Kannada spoken by Halakki Gowdas , Nadavar dialect of kannada spoken by Nadavaru and Havigannada spoken by the Havyakas . Total about 10.8 lakh people in the district are literate , among them about 5.8 lakh are male and about 5 lakh are female. Literacy rate (children under 6 are excluded) of Uttara Kannada
9483-668: The north and Konkani is in majority in Karwar taluk, although it is spoken throughout the district in lesser numbers. Nawayathi is a Konkani dialect spoken by Nawayath Muslims in Bhatkal and surrounding areas. Kannada is understood by a vast majority of the population of Uttara Kannada, even by the Konkani speaking people; exceptions are the villages in the extreme north of the Karwar taluka such as Sadashivgad, Baval, Majali etc. where
9592-457: The patronage of Marathi clients who regularly come to Gokarna to have their religious rituals performed by Havyaka priests. In Havigannada, /o/ and /e/ are pronounced /wa/ and /ye/ respectively when they occur at the beginning of a word. For example, ole (stove/fireplace) is pronounced /ole/ in standard Kannada but /wale/ in Havigannada; ondu (one) as /wandu/ and ele (leaf) is pronounced /ele/ in standard Kannada but /yele/ in Havigannada. This
9701-473: The period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa - ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa , who wrote the Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of
9810-488: The period between the first century BC and fourth century AD. These are some examples that are proof of the early usage of a few Kannada origin words in early Tamil inscriptions before the common era and in the early centuries of the common era. Pliny the Elder , a Roman historian, wrote about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias ( Netravati River ), called Nitran by Ptolemy. He also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring to
9919-421: The result of overuse for logging or grazing. Much of the lowland has been cleared for agriculture. Mangrove forests can be found in the river estuaries, and the sandy beaches are home to groves of Calophyllum inophyllum , coconut and screw pine ( Pandanus ). The rocky beaches at Binaga, Arga , Belekeri , Tadadi , Gokarna, Ankola , Kumta , Dhareshwar , Kasarkod , Murdeshwara , Bhatkal and Belke of
10028-505: The river Benda (or Binda) or Bhima river in the north and Banaouasei ( Banavasi ) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde ( Indi ), Tiripangalida ( Gadhinglaj ), Hippokoura ( Huvina Hipparagi ), Soubouttou ( Savadi ), Sirimalaga ( Malkhed ), Kalligeris ( Kalkeri ), Modogoulla ( Mudgal ) and Petirgala ( Pattadakal ), as being located in Northern Karnataka which signify the existence of Kannada place names (and
10137-1142: The rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty , the Badami Chalukyas , the Alupas , the Western Chalukyas , the Rashtrakutas , the Hoysalas , the Vijayanagar Empire , the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom , the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery. The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,
10246-573: The second highest for any Indian language. In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada had 43.7 million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of Karnataka , where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two thirds of
10355-562: The south, and the Laccadive Sea to the west. Karwar is the district headquarters, Kumta and Sirsi are the major commercial centers in the district. The district's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain consisting of Karwar , Ankola , Kumta , Honnavar Bhatkal taluks and Malenadu consisting of Sirsi , Siddapur , Yellapur , Haliyal , Dandeli , Joida , Mundgod taluks. The first known dynasty from Uttara Kannada District are Chutus of Banavasi. Uttara Kannada
10464-420: The state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100) and Goa (67,800). It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third biggest linguistic group; their population
10573-468: The sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna , Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi . Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850 AD recognised that
10682-456: The west, and yearly rainfall averages 3,000 millimetres (120 in) on the coast, and as high as 5,000 millimetres (200 in) on the west-facing slopes of the Sahyadris . East of the crest is the rain shadow of the Sahyadris , which receive as little as 1,000 millimetres (39 in) annually. Much of the rain falls in the June–September monsoon . Four major rivers drain westwards from
10791-436: The words erumi , kavuDi , poshil and tAyiyar have their origin in Kannada because Tamil cognates are not available. Settar adds the words nADu and iLayar to this list. Mahadevan feels that some grammatical categories found in these inscriptions are also unique to Kannada rather than Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to the movements and spread of Jainas in these regions. These inscriptions belong to
10900-658: The work Karnataka Kavi Charite . Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the Chattana and Bedande which preferred to use the Desi metre are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850 AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada,
11009-520: Was John Bunyan 's Pilgrim's Progress , along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs , The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood , Christian Gottlob Barth 's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book." Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya , Navya , Navyottara , Dalita and Bandaya . Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced
11118-530: Was Kannada as the case may be. He can be quoted as follows: If proof were needed to show that Kannada was the spoken language of the region during the early period, one needs only to study the large number of Kannada personal names and place names in the early Prakrit inscriptions on stone and copper in Upper South India [...] Kannada was spoken by relatively large and well-settled populations, living in well-organised states ruled by able dynasties like
11227-629: Was captured and burnt by the Portuguese in 1510. The creek at the mouth of the Kali River was a trading center which came into great prominence after Sadashivgad was built and the Portuguese realized the advantages of its sheltered harbour . In 1638, a rival English trading body, the Courteen Association, established a factory at Uttara Kannada (actually the village named Kadwad, situated 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) eastwards on
11336-545: Was composed by Ferdinand Kittel . G. Venkatasubbaiah edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat . He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a kliṣtapadakōśa (ಕ್ಲಿಷ್ಟಪಾದಕೋಶ), a dictionary of difficult words. There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form
11445-493: Was divided to North and South Kanara districts in 1859. The British finally transferred Uttara Kannada district to Bombay Presidency in 1862. After India's independence in 1947, Bombay Presidency was reconstituted as Bombay State . In 1956, the southern portion of Bombay State was added to Mysore State , which was renamed Karnataka in 1972. Significant and picturesque, the Sadashivgad fort of historical importance
11554-626: Was noted for its safe harbour . In 1649, the Courteen Association united with the British East India Company and Uttara Kannada became a company factory. In the Treaty of Mangalore signed in 1784, between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company , one finds reference to Uttara Kannada and Sadashivgad written as Karwar and Sadasewgude respectively. Bhatkal and Honnavar were the chief ports of Tippu Sultan in
11663-697: Was settled by Kannada speakers from inland regions. However, this theory is not true as it does not explain the lack of Malayalam influence on other languages and Kannada dialects spoken along the Kanara coast. It is now known that these similarities are not due to Malayalam influence but rather due to the fact that because Havigannada is closer to Old Kannada than the modern Kannada dialects are, it preserves many archaic features which are lost in other Kannada dialects but are parallelly preserved in Tamil and Malayalam. The Havigannada spoken in Uttara Kannada differs from
11772-541: Was the home of the Kadamba kingdom from the 350 to 525. They ruled from Banavasi . After the subjugation of the Kadambas by the Chalukyas , the district came under successive rule of empires like Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas , Hoysalas and Vijayanagar empire . Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta is said to have stayed for a time in the district under the protection of Nawayath Sultan Jamal Al-Din at Hunnur. This place
11881-417: Was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. The scholar K. V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages. The work of scholar Iravatham Mahadevan indicates that Kannada was already a language of rich spoken tradition by the 3rd century BC and that and based on
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