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51-588: Havre-Saint-Pierre ( French pronunciation: [avʁ sɛ̃ pjɛʁ] ) is a municipality located on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence , in Côte-Nord region, Minganie RCM , Quebec , Canada . In 1857, a group of Acadian families arrived, in 1872, the Parish of Saint-Pierre-de-la-Pointe-aux-Esquimaux was officially established, the same year its post office opened under the name Esquimaux Point. In 1873,

102-668: A 43 km railway line between this sector and Havre-Saint-Pierre, and the installation of a marine terminal As is often the case on the middle and lower North Shore islands, in the Mingan Archipelago , the combination of irregular seabeds and strong tidal currents sometimes makes navigation perilous. On the Mingan Banks, in the Jacques Cartier Strait , Anticosti Island and the North Shore form

153-581: A European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in the year 1534 . Cartier named the shores of the St. Lawrence River "The Country of Canadas", after an indigenous word meaning "village" or "settlement", thus naming the world's second largest country. Basque whalers from Saint-Jean-de-Luz sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1530 and began whaling at Red Bay . They established their base on

204-418: A few laricinin fields ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). There are also White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.), Dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa Minchx), Rough alder (Alnus rugosa (DuRoi Spreng.) and Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux). Brothers Marie-Victorin and Rolland Germain F.E.C. explored the region from 1924 to 1928. Their work has raised awareness in the scientific community of

255-797: A large funnel where the easterly wind creates, among other things, an impressive swell . Along the Lower North Shore, it is only from Johan Beetz Bay to Kegaska that the coastline is continuous and the water is quite deep. At ebb tide, the high flow of the rivers of the North Shore often creates very difficult, if not clearly dangerous, seas. Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence , on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon , Harrington Harbor , Natashquan , Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan , Port-Menier ( Anticosti Island ), Cap-aux-Meules ( Îles-de-la-Madeleine ). Gulf of St. Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence fringes

306-585: A lot of snowfall in winter. The city hospital is the major employer in the region. Havre-Saint-Pierre is also located near Canada's only titanium mine, for which the town serves as a port. Since 1948, the Quebec Iron and Titanium Company mines deposits of ilmenite , a mineral composed of iron and titanium, at a site some 40 km (25 mi) north. The Chemin de fer de la Rivière Romaine brings it by rail cars to Havre-Saint-Pierre. Marine transportation from Havre-Saint-Pierre or Longue-Pointe-de-Mingan

357-401: A mineral composed of iron and titanium, at a site some 40 km (25 mi) north. The Chemin de fer de la Rivière Romaine brings it by rail cars to Havre-Saint-Pierre. Havre-Saint-Pierre is located in a place formerly known as Rade aux Esquimaux or Pointe aux Esquimaux , north of the Mingan Archipelago and Anticosti Island , on the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The municipality

408-560: A multitude of facets of the great river in all seasons. In winter, the St. Lawrence River is an immense ice factory. The machine starts up in December with the formation of ice cubes between Montreal and Quebec City . The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards the estuary, it reaches the east of Les Méchins at the end of December. Ice covers the entire gulf in January and February. Ice helps navigation because it prevents

459-581: A territory stretching from Sept-Îles to Blanc Sablon, in the Lac à l'Ours region. In the field, scientists noted an abundance of Canadian beavers, a few otters and American mink, many hares, partridges and a multitude of ducks. Caribou and moose are scarce while black bears and red foxes abound. The waters of the St. Lawrence Estuary are internationally recognized as a vital feeding ground for rare or common species of marine mammals. Many species of birds can be observed in

510-477: Is about 290 m (950 ft) deep and about 1,250 km (780 mi) long from the Continental Shelf to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River . Deep waters with temperatures between 2 and 6.5 °C (36 and 44 °F) enter the Gulf at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation. Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in

561-668: Is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula and Quebec , to the east by Saint-Pierre and Newfoundland , to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island , and to the west by the Gaspé Peninsula , New Brunswick , and Quebec. As for significant islands the Gulf of St. Lawrence contains Anticosti Island , Prince Edward Island , Îles-de-la-Madeleine archipelago , Cape Breton Island , Saint Pierre Island , and Miquelon-Langlade . Half of

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612-407: Is concerned with animal distribution rather than plant distribution. The term phytogeography itself suggests a broad meaning. How the term is actually applied by practicing scientists is apparent in the way periodicals use the term. The American Journal of Botany , a monthly primary research journal, frequently publishes a section titled "Systematics, Phytogeography, and Evolution." Topics covered in

663-402: Is divided into floristic region, each region associated with a distinctive flora. Phytogeography has a long history. One of the subjects earliest proponents was Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt , who is often referred to as the "father of phytogeography". Von Humboldt advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography. Gross patterns of

714-477: Is established as follows: The five provinces bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence have several provincial parks with protected coasts. Download coordinates as: The Laurentian Channel is a feature of the floor of the Gulf that was formed during previous ice ages , when the Continental Shelf was eroded by the St. Lawrence River during the periods when the sea level plunged. The Laurentian Channel

765-401: Is grouped based on similar environmental factors. A population is the collection of all interacting individuals of a given species, in an area. An area is the entire location where a species, an element or an entire flora can occur. Aerography studies the description of that area, chorology studies their development. The local distribution within the area as a whole, as that of a swamp shrub, is

816-405: Is located 1000 km east of Montreal , 870 km northeast of Quebec City and 200 km from Sept-Îles . Access . The Havre Saint-Pierre - Mingan region is located in the geological province of Grenville . It includes rocks of Precambrian and Ordovician age. The Precambrian is represented by metamorphosed and intrusive sedimentary rocks . The Ordovician rocks, of sedimentary nature, belong to

867-486: Is noted for the unique variety of flora and fauna to be found there, such as puffins and the rare Mingan Thistle , and for the unique geological features on many of the islands, which are referred to as " monoliths ". The waters of the St. Lawrence Estuary is the host to one of the largest whale and marine mammals watching industries in the world.' Including all of the gulf coast of the St. Lawrence between Pointe-des-Monts ( Baie-Trinité ) and Blanc-Sablon , as well as

918-515: Is required to visit the islands of the Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve . It is possible to spend the night there. Private companies offer guided excursions, they also offer packages for sea kayaking expeditions , with transport by boat on the way back if the weather conditions are unfavourable. Paddle boards with equipment are available for rent. Parks Canada recommends some marine carriers.' It

969-480: The American Journal of Botany' s "Systematics and Phytogeography" section include phylogeography , distribution of genetic variation and, historical biogeography , and general plant species distribution patterns. Biodiversity patterns are not heavily covered. A flora is the group of all plant species in a specific period of time or area, in which each species is independent in abundance and relationships to

1020-788: The Migratory Birds Convention Act on Bonaventure Island , on the Bird Rocks of the Magdalen Islands , and on the Percé Rock . These migratory bird sanctuaries are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service . The Federal Government of Canada manages 37 National Parks of Canada , overview of the parks touching the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve , in Côte-Nord , Forillon National Park on

1071-662: The Strait of Belle Isle and worked closely with the Iroquois in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1579 the English government closed all English ports to Spanish oil imports. As a result, a third of Basque whale oil could not be sold. Basque whaling collapsed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and never recovered. Phytogeography Phytogeography is part of a more general science known as biogeography . Phytogeographers are concerned with patterns and process in plant distribution. Most of

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1122-684: The Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the Gulf take the following straits : Since its appearance on maps, there has been no consensus on the demarcation of the St Lawrence River from the Gulf, nor whether it is hydrographically a gulf or an estuary . According to Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2023, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence planning area covers most of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion, an area with some of

1173-592: The Commission de toponymie named Route Jacques-Cartier to the part of Route 138 located east of the Saguenay River , from Tadoussac to Havre-Saint-Pierre. The Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium Company (RTFF) owns the easternmost of the ore ports on the North Shore in Havre-Saint-Pierre. Its installation, between 1948 and 1950, included a mining shaft at Tio and Allard lakes, the construction of

1224-610: The Federal Bureau of Statistics gives detailed annual statistics for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon , Harrington Harbor , Natashquan , Havre-Saint-Pierre , Mingan , Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la -Madeleine). The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation. The first documented voyage by

1275-535: The Gulf include the Chaleur Bay , Fortune Bay , Miramichi Bay , St. George's Bay , Bay St. George , Bay of Islands , and Northumberland Strait . According to Commission of Toponymy Quebec, the St. Lawrence River becomes the gulf at Pointe des Monts on the Côte-Nord and Matane Bas-Saint-Laurent or Sainte-Anne-des-Monts La Haute-Gaspésie , the Estuary is upstream, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, much wider, downstream. Large marine mammals travel in all

1326-599: The Mingan Iceland group which is divided into two formations: the Romaine Formation and the Mingan Formation . A study by Quebec Ministry of Transport and Sustainable Mobility (1986) covers several aspects of a territory 5 to 13 km wide and 70 km long along the coast from Havre-Saint-Pierre to Baie-Johan-Beetz . From an ecological and morpho-sedimentological point of view, this region and

1377-542: The Minganie. The entirely calcareous nature of the horizontal stratified rocks, which make up the Anticosti - Minganie, exerts a profound influence on the structure of the flora and on the choice of species. Remarkable for its richness, the flora includes 350 vascular plants including the presence of two rare taxa: Cirsium foliosum var. Minganense and Cypripedium passerinum var. Minganense. Sixty species are new to

1428-528: The Moisie River. Only bits of paths connect a few coastal villages to each other, Natashquan connects to Aguanish by a dirt road (1959). The section of Route 138, from the Moisie River to Havre-Saint-Pierre, opened in the spring of 1976, from there access to the islands of the Mingan Archipelago by sea. In 1984, to commemorate the 450th anniversary of Jacques Cartier 's arrival in New France ,

1479-608: The St. Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic . Almost all of Quebec's ports are located along the St. Lawrence River seaway, from its source to its gulf, to the Atlantic Ocean . There are dozens and dozens of shelters, harbors, natural ports , large and small along the gulf up to the source of the St. Lawrence River, we can add village or individual wharf , without forgetting the large international maritime transport ports . In its annual report on maritime traffic in Canada,

1530-570: The United States Congress passed an act that appropriated funds to send expeditions to discover the geographic distributions of plants (and animals) in the United States. The first of these was The Death Valley Expedition , including Frederick Vernon Coville , Frederick Funston , Clinton Hart Merriam , and others. Research in plant geography has also been directed to understanding the patterns of adaptation of species to

1581-516: The area of Havre-Saint-Pierre and in Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve In spite of its maritime position just above the 50th parallel , Havre-Saint-Pierre has a relatively harsh subarctic climate , with cold winters and cool summers, although the fourth-warmest month of September is relatively close to the 10 °C (50 °F) isotherm to be cold humid continental. The high precipitation brings

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1632-410: The coasts of Anticosti Island area, the waters is renowned for fishing, catching northern lobster , whelk , Atlantic cod , Atlantic herring , Greenland halibut , capelin , rainbow smelt , snow crab , as well as Atlantic salmon and trout in the many lakes and rivers of the North Shore. Only a few of the approximately 100 species of marine algae, 1000 invertebrate species and 80 fish species in

1683-425: The distribution of plants became apparent early on in the study of plant geography. For example, Alfred Russel Wallace , co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection, discussed the latitudinal gradients in species diversity , a pattern observed in other organisms as well. Much research effort in plant geography has since then been devoted to understanding this pattern and describing it in more detail. In 1890,

1734-437: The eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula , Prince Edward Island National Park on the northern shore of the island, Kouchibouguac National Park on the northeastern coast of New Brunswick , Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island , Gros Morne National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland . In Quebec, since March 31, 2024, the network of protected areas extends over 274,431 km2 and

1785-643: The enormous value of the Mingan Archipelago. Since then, other scientists have added to the ecology and phytogeography knowledge of this sector. The vegetation of the Mingan Islands belongs to the Chibougamau-Natashquan boreal forest region, which is dominated by Black spruce . The high latitude and low altitude, combined with the proximity of the cold currents of Labrador , explain the subarctic vegetation specific to

1836-405: The environment. This is done chiefly by describing geographical patterns of trait/environment relationships. These patterns termed ecogeographical rules when applied to plants represent another area of phytogeography. Floristics is a study of the flora of some territory or area. Traditional phytogeography concerns itself largely with floristics and floristic classification,. China has been

1887-517: The formation of waves and therefore spray, ice has the advantage of preventing the icing process of ships. At Baie-Trinité, the Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse , a National historic site of Canada , was built in 1829-1830 on a point that ancient geographers, since Samuel de Champlain (1567-1655) himself, classified as the demarcation point between the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Gulf of St. Lawrence

1938-551: The gulf are exploited by humans. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first routes of what would become Route 138 (formerly Route 15) were laid in the vicinity of Sept-Îles . In 1961, a section was added from the Franquelin region to the tip of the Moisie River , some 20 kilometres east of Sept-Îles. On the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence , until 1976, there was no continuous route to go further east than

1989-501: The list of Minganie harvests compiled by Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain (1969). There were also 150 bryophytes and 152 lichens , 29 of which were additions to the Nouveau Catalogue des lichens, published by Lepage (1972). During the summers of 1964 and 1965, during geological research, Jean Depatie with a team of geologists and students, assisted by 3 canoemen and lumberjacks , plus a cook, explored 440 square miles of

2040-547: The major questions and kinds of approaches taken to answer such questions are held in common between phyto- and zoogeographers. Phytogeography in wider sense (or geobotany, in German literature) encompasses four fields, according with the focused aspect, environment, flora ( taxa ), vegetation ( plant community ) and origin, respectively: Phytogeography is often divided into two main branches: ecological phytogeography and historical phytogeography . The former investigates

2091-428: The other species. The group or the flora can be assembled in accordance with floral element, which are based on common features. A flora element can be a genetic element, in which the group of species share similar genetic information i.e. common evolutionary origin; a migration element has a common route of access into a habitat; a historical element is similar to each other in certain past events and an ecological element

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2142-427: The place was incorporated as a municipality. In 1924, the post office changed its name to Havre-Saint-Pierre, followed by the town in 1927, in order to focus on the harbor, which characterizes the area, while retaining the original parish name. It remained the largest town on the North Shore until 1936 when it was overtaken by Baie-Comeau . Since 1948, the Quebec Iron and Titanium Company mines deposits of ilmenite ,

2193-599: The role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing plant distributions; the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa. The basic data elements of phytogeography are occurrence records (presence or absence of a species) with operational geographic units such as political units or geographical coordinates. These data are often used to construct phytogeographic provinces ( floristic provinces ) and elements. The questions and approaches in phytogeography are largely shared with zoogeography , except zoogeography

2244-1713: The seas of the earth, the research and observations of these giants concern fishermen and shipping industry , exercise a fascination and a keen interest for laymen and, subjects of endless studies for scientists from Quebec, Canada and around the world. Thirteen species of cetaceans frequent the waters of the estuary and the gulf of the St. Lawrence River. 1. Hyperoodon ampullatus . — Hypéroodon boreal, Hypéroodon arctique. — (Northern Bottlenose Whale). 2. Delphinapterus leucas . — Béluga, Bélouga, Baleine blanche, Dauphin blanc, Marsouin blanc. — (Beluga Whale). 3. Physeter macrocephalus . — Grand cachalot, Cachalot, Cachalot macrocéphale. — (Sperm whale). 4. Lagenorhynchus acutus . — Lagénorhynque à flancs blancs, Dauphin à flancs blancs. — (Atlantic white-sided dolphin). 5. Lagenorhynchus albirostris . — Dauphin à nez blanc, Dauphin à bec blanc, Lagénorhynque à bec blanc. — (White-beaked dolphin). 6. Orcinus orca . — Orque, Épaulard. — (Killer Whale). 7. Globicephala melas . — Globicéphale commun, Globicéphale noir, Dauphin pilote. — (Long-Finned Pilot Whale). 8. Phocoena Phocoena . — Marsouin commun, Cochon de mer, Dieu des mers. — (Harbour Porpoise). 9. Eubalaena glacialis . — Baleine franche de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine noire de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine de Biscaye. — (North Atlantic Right Whale). 10. Balaenoptera acutorostrata . — Petit rorqual. — (Minke whale). 11. Balaenoptera musculus . — Baleine bleue, Rorqual bleu. — (Blue whale). 12. Megaptera novaeangliae . — Rorqual à bosse, Baleine à bosse. — (Humpback whale). 13. Balaenoptera physalus . — Rorqual commun. — (Fin whale). Around Anticosti Island and to flow into

2295-682: The shores of the provinces of Quebec , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Newfoundland and Labrador , in Canada , plus the islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon , possessions of France , in North America . The Gulf of St. Lawrence connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River . The secrets of the Saint-Laurent , marine weather guide 2013, of 100 pages, provides information on

2346-704: The signing of the Canada–Quebec Collaborative Agreement to Establish a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Quebec in March 2018. St. Paul Island in Nova Scotia off the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island, is known as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" because of its many shipwrecks . Access to this island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard . In 1919 the first Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBS) in Canada were established under

2397-421: The sub-region, Havre-Saint-Pierre and Nickerson Bay, are extremely diverse. Whether they were formed by erosion or sedimentation processes, or whether they were subjected to or resulted from extreme climatic events , or from the action of the sea and its estuary , morpho-sedimentological units bear witness to an extraordinary structural organization of the natural space. Other important geological features in

2448-534: The ten provinces of Canada adjoin the Gulf: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador , and Quebec. Besides the St. Lawrence River itself, significant streams emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence include the Miramichi River , Natashquan River , Romaine River , Restigouche River , Margaree River , Humber River , Mingan River and others. Branches of

2499-535: The topography of that area. Areas are an important factor is forming an image about how species interaction result in their geography. The nature of an area’s margin, their continuity, their general shape and size relative to other areas, make the study of area crucial in identifying these types of information. For example, a relict area is an area surviving from an earlier and more exclusive occurrence. Mutually exclusive plants are called vicarious (areas containing such plants are also called vicarious). The earth’s surface

2550-531: The vicinity of Havre-Saint-Pierre include the Romaine River to the north west, Manitou Falls on the Manitou River to the west, Île du Havre to the south, less than 1 km from the coast, and off the coast, Anticosti Island which can be seen on a clear day. With the exception of the enclosed area just behind the village, the area of Havre Saint-Pierre is mainly covered by large Spruce forests and

2601-668: The warmest surface waters in Atlantic Canada during summer and the largest amount of sea ice during winter. The planning area is approximately 240,000 km². According to Encyclopedia Britannica , the name of Gulf St. Lawrence in a hydrologic context is not accurate, a gulf has to be considered more as a sea bordering the North American continent than as simply a river mouth . The International Hydrographic Organization 1953 defines it as follows: Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area , create following

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