136-409: The Permanente Quarry and cement plant is in an unincorporated area of Santa Clara County, California , just west of Cupertino . The limestone and aggregate mining operation and cement plant is owned by Lehigh Southwest Cement, a subsidiary of Heidelberg Cement . Limestone was mined beginning in 1902 but remained a small operation until 1939 when it was purchased by Henry J. Kaiser to supply
272-662: A census-designated place (CDP). A CDP is an area defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. It is a populated area that generally includes one officially designated but currently unincorporated community for which the CDP is named, plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions, and occasionally other smaller unincorporated communities as well. Otherwise, it has no legal status. The Census Bureau designates some unincorporated areas as "unorganized territories", as defined by
408-424: A county island is surrounded on most or all sides by municipalities. In areas of sparse population, the majority of the land in any given state may be unincorporated. Some states, including North Carolina , grant extraterritorial jurisdiction to cities and towns (but rarely villages) so that they may control zoning for a limited distance into adjacent unincorporated areas, often as a precursor (and sometimes as
544-597: A local services board in Ontario. In New Brunswick, where a significant population lives in a local service district , taxation and services may come directly from the province. The entire area of the Czech Republic is divided into municipalities ; the only exceptions are four military training areas . These are parts of the regions and do not form self-governing municipalities, but are rather governed by military offices ( újezdní úřad ), which are subordinate to
680-619: A retail and housing boom in the late 1980s that continued until the mid-1990s. Also in the 1970s, the Market Street Redevelopment Project, established in 1968, began the development of the Midtown Mall. The mall was established to prevent further property deterioration and to restore and maintain the economic health of the downtown area's commercial and retail activity. The mall suffered multiple difficulties. The passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 reduced
816-456: A "place or area with clustered or scattered buildings, and a permanent human population (city, settlement, town, village)." No legal boundaries exist, although a corresponding "civil" record may occur, the boundaries of which may or may not match the perceived populated place. Some nations have some exceptional unincorporated areas: Many countries, especially those with many centuries of history with multiple tiers of local government, do not use
952-686: A bid from the British to build thirty cargo ships. He started by building a shipyard in Richmond, California , later adding three more there, and three along the Columbia River in Portland and Vancouver, WA. After the British ships were built, Todd pulled out of the partnership to focus on their own shipbuilding business. These seven shipyards produced about 25% of the total U.S. production of ships during World War 2. When Henry Kaiser purchased
1088-480: A blaze erupted when powdered magnesium was funneling through a rubber coupling into a cylindrical retort. In November 1941, another worker was burned when a reduction retort flared up. The powdered magnesium was mixed with oil to exclude air as it was put into the retorts. The temperature could build up and spontaneously combust causing a flare up. Ten days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI arrested Dr. Hansgirg at
1224-627: A council of their own, usually an Ortsvorsteher or Ortsvorsteherin (village chairman / chairwoman) is appointed by the municipal council, except in the very smallest villages. In 2000, the number of unincorporated areas in Germany, called gemeindefreie Gebiete (municipality-free areas) or singular gemeindefreies Gebiet , was 295 with a total area of 4,890 km (1,890 sq mi) and around 1.4% of its territory. However, these are mostly unpopulated areas such as forests, lakes and their surroundings, military training areas, and
1360-499: A descriptive name, followed by the designation "unorganized territory". Unorganized territories were first used for statistical purposes in conjunction with the 1960 census. At the 2000 census there were 305 of these territories within the United States. Their total land area was 85,392 square miles (221,165 km ) and they had a total population of 247,331. South Dakota had the most unorganized territories, 102, as well as
1496-453: A few other unique cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in remote locations, cover vast areas, or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in other parts of Australia, normally use the suburb or locality names gazetted by the relevant state or territorial government. Thus, any ambiguity regarding addresses rarely exists in unincorporated areas. In Canada, depending on
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#17327726794031632-469: A form of direct democracy, such as the open town meeting or representative town meeting . Larger towns in New England may be incorporated as cities, with some form of mayor-council government. In New Jersey, multiple types exist, as well, such as city , township , town , borough , or village , but these differences are in the structure of the legislative branches, not in the powers or functions of
1768-406: A group of Japanese planes circling over the harbor in preparation of a dive-bombing attack. Vega fired her anti-aircraft guns, but three bombs were dropped, one hitting the water just 30 yards off SS Permanente's bow. The planes also strafed the water near the ships. Later that day, sailors on Ford Island at Pearl Harbor built machine gun nests using Permanente Cement bags. When Pearl Harbor
1904-466: A legal requirement) to later annexation of those areas. This is especially useful in rural counties that have no zoning at all, or only spot zoning for unincorporated communities. In California, all counties except the City and County of San Francisco have unincorporated areas. Even in highly populated counties, the unincorporated portions may contain a large number of inhabitants. In Los Angeles County ,
2040-455: A part of an incorporated place, changes to another incorporated place, or disincorporates. For example, places in Kingwood, Texas , previously unincorporated, retained "Kingwood, TX" mailing addresses after the 1996 annexation of Kingwood into the city of Houston . The Houston city government stated on its website, "The U.S. Postal Service establishes ZIP codes and mailing addresses to maximize
2176-524: A place name is "acceptable" in a mailing address or not, as is the case with Lithia Springs, Georgia . ZIP Code boundaries often ignore political boundaries, so the appearance of a place name in a mailing address alone does not indicate whether the place is incorporated or unincorporated. Unincorporated areas with permanent populations in the United States are defined by the United States Geological Survey as "populated places",
2312-478: A population between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction. Some unincorporated settlements in such unorganized areas may have some types of municipal services provided to them by a quasigovernmental agency such as
2448-593: A product which was enjoying a boom during the War. A deposit of low-alkali clay was also found in the quarry and was used for a high-strength cement. The country was still in the Depression, so it was no surprise when hundreds of men showed up at the construction gate looking for work. They were turned away as it was a union job site. Out of state workers who showed up at the Labor Temple of San Jose of Local 270 of
2584-735: A redesign contest. The 21st century has also seen a number of devastating wildfires near and in Redding. In 1999, the Jones Fire destroyed over 100 structures, followed by the Bear Fire in 2004. In late July 2018, the Carr Fire in Shasta County seriously impacted the Redding area with the destruction of at least 1,100 buildings, with several thousand more threatened, 38,000 people instructed to evacuate and 8 deaths. Most recently,
2720-517: A second to precipitate the metals. This was achieved by using very cold natural gas . Because of the proximity of the magnesium facility and the cement plant, the natural gas was used to cool the magnesium process then burned in the cement kilns. The magnesium carbonate and magnesite ore arrived by rail from Kaiser-owned mines in Nevada and the gas was piped from San Joaquin Valley oil fields. Raw ore
2856-935: A total cost of a little over $ 11 million. The Bureau of Reclamation rejected the second bid tendered by the Portland Cement Institute which was $ 1.6 million higher than Kaiser. The Institute bid came from a consortium the Beaver Portland Cement Company, the Calaveras Portland Cement Company, the Monolith Portland Cement Company, the Pacific Portland Cement Company, the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Company, and
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#17327726794032992-502: A winery and other buildings, expending about $ 25,000 in the process. When that venture failed, Swayne sold the property for $ 1500. Granite Rock Company of Watsonville bought it from the subsequent owner for $ 2500 to mine the limestone. In 1902 the Alvarado Sugar Company contracted with Granite Rock to produce 5,000 tons of limestone to be shipped at the rate of two carloads per day. The Alvarado (now Newark, CA ) plant
3128-407: Is 119 °F (48 °C) on July 6, 2024. Redding has an average possible sunshine of 88%, the second-highest percentage (after Yuma, Arizona ) of any US city. Summer overnight lows are unusually warm by Sacramento Valley standards and average warmer than coastal towns' daytime highs. The warmest night annually averages 79 °F (26 °C). Since the station opened in 1986, the hottest night
3264-674: Is 95,542 as of 2022, up from 93,611 at the 2020 census . During the Gold Rush , the area that now comprises Redding was called Poverty Flats. In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there. In the process of building
3400-539: Is Barry Tippin. Redding is a general law city operating under the council-manager form of government. Amtrak provides service to Redding station , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle, Washington , and Los Angeles, California via Portland, Oregon ; Sacramento, California ; Oakland, California ; San Jose, California ; Santa Barbara, California and all Intermediate station stops. Amtrak Thruway also provides twice daily service to Stockton or Sacramento for connections to
3536-422: Is a small group of islands that forms the easternmost part of Denmark. This small archipelago lies 20 kilometers northeast of Bornholm and is the only part of metropolitan Denmark which is not part of a municipality. The islands have been under military jurisdiction since 1685 when Denmark turned Christiansø into a naval base to in response to Sweden creating Karlskrona naval base a few years earlier. In 1926,
3672-621: Is also served by the intercity bus companies Greyhound and Fronteras del Norte. Shasta Regional Transportation Agency has proposed a weekday commuter bus to/from Redding and the Sacramento Valley Station , following a route similar to the twice daily Amtrak Thruway 3 . Air transportation for the Redding area is provided by two airports, one a commercial one and one a general aviation airport. Redding Regional Airport , located south of Redding, has scheduled flights from SkyWest (United Express) and Avelo Airlines. There
3808-597: Is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Megan Dahle . In the United States House of Representatives , Redding is in California's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . The city council is composed of Mayor Tenessa Audette, Vice Mayor Jack Munns, Julie Winter, Mark Mezzano and Michael Dacquisto. The city manager
3944-605: Is one of 14 Arts and Culture Districts recognized by the State of California Arts Council. The district includes Downtown Redding; the adjacent Turtle Bay Complex; and City of Redding Parks across the Sacramento River from Downtown and Turtle Bay. According to the city's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in Redding are: In the California State Legislature , Redding
4080-511: Is one of the most populated places in Georgia but is served by a branch of the Atlanta post office. Only after the city was incorporated in 2005 was "Sandy Springs" approved for use in mailing addresses, though "Atlanta" remains the default name. Accordingly, "Atlanta" is the only accepted place name for mailing addresses in the nearby unincorporated town of Vinings , also served by a branch of
4216-588: Is subdivided into 393 municipalities which are further classified, normally by population, as city , local council , or regional council . All three types of municipality provide services including zoning and planning. However, a few unincorporated areas exist, whether because of omissions and ambiguities left in official maps dating from the British Mandate for Palestine , or due to deliberate policy of ensuring facilities of national importance, such as Ben Gurion Airport , Mikveh Israel boarding school, or
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4352-546: Is the Longyearbyen Community Council in Svalbard, which since 2004 in reality acts partly like a Norwegian municipality. Svalbard has a governor appointed by the government of Norway, ruling the area. Jan Mayen has no population, only radio and weather stations with staff, whose manager has the responsibility for the activities. Bouvet Island has only occasional visitors. In local government in
4488-715: The San Joaquins , which serve the San Francisco Bay Area , San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles area via bus connections. Redding's municipal bus transportation system is called RABA ( Redding Area Bus Authority ). RABA serves routes throughout the City of Redding and also provides transportation to/from Redding's suburbs. Transportation is also available by RABA to Burney , by Sage Stage to Alturas and by Trinity Transit to Weaverville . Redding
4624-541: The BAZAN Group oil refineries, would not have their operation affected by local considerations. The largest unincorporated area in Israel is the so-called "Reservation area", a triangular region whose vertexes are Beersheba , Dimona and Arad , in which all Negev Bedouins were concentrated in the 1950s. As no municipal services are provided within unincorporated areas, this effectively makes all Bedouin settlements in
4760-808: The Central Valley , which transitions into the Cascade foothills . The city is surrounded by mountains to the north, east, and west and fertile farm land to the south. Outermost parts of the city are part of the Cascade foothills, whereas southern and central areas are in the Sacramento Valley . The elevation in Redding is 495 feet (151 meters) on average, whereas anywhere to the north, east, or west of downtown ranges between 550 and 800 feet (170 and 240 m). Southern portions range between 400 and 500 feet (120 and 150 m). The Shasta Dam on
4896-938: The Defense Plant Corporation (DPC) used the " ferrosilicon process" to produce magnesium metal. The Manteca plant began production in June 1942, making 10 tons of magnesium per day. A ferrosilicon plant operated at Permanente from 1942–1944 to supply the Manteca operation. Quartz from White Rock in Mariposa County , supplemented with quartz gravel from the Bear River in Placer County , Alabama and local oil refinery coke , semi-anthracite Oklahoma coal and scrap iron were combined in an electric furnace to make ferrosilicon. The ferrosilicon process
5032-461: The Fawn Fire in 2021 also resulted in the evacuation of over 4,000 people and the destruction of 185 buildings. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 61.2 square miles (159 square kilometers). 59.6 square miles (154 km ) of it is land, and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ) of it (2.50%) is beneath water. Redding is located at the very northwestern end of
5168-599: The Ministry of Defence . Note: The Brdy Military Area was abandoned by the Army in 2015 and converted into a protected landscape area , with its area being incorporated either into existing municipalities or into newly established municipalities based on the existing settlements. The other four military training areas were reduced in size in 2015 too. The decisions on whether the settlements joined existing municipalities or formed new ones were made by plebiscites. Ertholmene ,
5304-756: The Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders (Southern IJsselmeerpolders Public Body). In 1984, the Landdrost became the first mayor of the new city Almere. Since that date, the Netherlands does not have any unincorporated land areas. The Openbaar Lichaam remained, however, only governing the water body of the Markermeer . After the municipal division of the Wadden Sea (1985), the territorial waters in
5440-878: The SS Cristobal , which had been used in the construction of the Panama Canal . The ships were converted into bulk carriers, with a capacity of 40,000 barrels each, at the Todd Shipyard in Seattle. These ships, renamed SS Permanente and SS Philippa , respectively, were operated by the Matson Navigation Company . In June 1940 Permanente Cement signed a lease with the Port of Redwood City for four acres of land for 20 years for spur tracks, storage silos and bulk ship loading equipment. Cement
5576-623: The Sacramento River provides a considerable level of flood protection for Redding. The dam is capable of controlling flows up to 79,000 cubic feet (7,300 cubic meters) per second. The flow rate exceeded this threshold in both 1970 and 1974. Soils in and around town are composed mostly of clay or gravelly loam texture, with red or brown mineral horizons. They are slightly or moderately acidic in their natural state. There are several rare and endangered species in Redding and its immediate vicinity. The Redding Redevelopment Plan EIR notes
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5712-544: The San Andreas Fault and a branch fault known as the Black Mountain Fault. 5-cubic yard Bucyrus-Erie electric shovels put the limestone into diesel-powered Caterpillar-Le Tourneau rubber-tired 20-ton buggies and then onto four miles of gravity flow conveyor belts at the rate of 1000 tons per hour. As the gravity conveyor belt moved the rock one mile to the cement plant, energy was recovered from
5848-665: The United States Postal Service (USPS) (indeed, some have their own post offices), and the Census Bureau uses the names of some widely recognized unincorporated communities for its CDPs for which it tabulates census data. In some instances, unincorporated areas have a mailing address indicating the name of an incorporated city, as well as those where residents of one incorporated city have mailing addresses indicating another incorporated city. Mailing addresses do not necessarily change whether an area becomes
5984-817: The carbothermic magnesium reduction process in 1928 in Radenthein, Austria. He set up a pilot plant using his process. His senior partner, Emil Winter of the Pittsburgh Steel Company, owned the patent rights. In 1935 he was invited by Japanese entrepreneur, Shitagau Noguchi , to build a magnesium plant at the Chosen Nitrogen Fertilizer Complex in Hungnam (known as "Konan" by the Japanese) in northern Korea . Hansgirg also set up other chemical processing plants at
6120-650: The northeastern states . All of the land in New Jersey , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New York , and Rhode Island , and nearly all of the land in New Hampshire , Pennsylvania , and Vermont , is part of an incorporated area of some type. In these areas, types (and official names) of local government entities can vary. In New England (which includes five of those eight states, plus the less fully incorporated state of Maine ), local municipalities are known as towns or cities, and most towns are administered by
6256-771: The 40th Parallel North. The somewhat strange juxtaposition of its northern position within the United States and non-desert climate, with the extreme summer heat, has long been noted by visitors and residents. The exceptional temperatures found in the city are often cited in national news sources. Winter (October–April) provides the most precipitation of any season in Redding—the weather tends to be either rainy or foggy and at times, snow occurs. While summers are mostly hot and dry, thunderstorms are not uncommon. The average daily maximum temperature in July stays near 100 °F (37.8 °C). The highest official recorded temperature in Redding
6392-581: The 5.5 million barrels of cement to build Shasta Dam . With increased production Kaiser supplied all of the cement used by the Navy in the Pacific Theater of World War 2. At 7 million barrels, it was more cement than the Shasta Dam project. Roughly 70 percent of the cement used in the communities of Santa Clara County was acquired from the cement plant. Located in the foothills above Cupertino on
6528-682: The Atlanta post office, even though Vinings is in Cobb County and Atlanta is in Fulton and DeKalb counties. In contrast, neighboring Mableton has not been incorporated in nearly a century, but has its own post office and thus "Mableton" is the only acceptable place name for mailing addresses in the town. The areas of Dulah and Faria , California, which are unincorporated areas in Ventura County between Ventura and Carpinteria , have
6664-487: The British planes. This created a demand for magnesium production in the U.S. At the time, Dow Chemical Company , with just one plant capable of producing six million tons per year, was the only magnesium manufacturer in the country. The government declared magnesium to be a strategic metal, with all production to be used in national defense. The government introduced a $ 400 million program in 1941 to spur production. Dr. Fritz Johann Hansgirg (b. 1891 in Austria) invented
6800-423: The California State listed endangered species, slender Orcutt grass ( Orcuttia tenuis ), occurs in eastern Redding near the municipal airport, where vernal pools are known to exist. This endemic grass is a Federal Candidate for listing and is endangered throughout its range, confined to several populations, and seriously threatened by agriculture , overgrazing , and residential development. Vernal pools provide
6936-402: The Hawaiian Islands, and from the ready-Mix Concrete Company of Honolulu. At the time these contracts were announced in February 1940, Henry J. Kaiser Jr. the plant manager, said the dust control apparatus was functioning perfectly and capturing 70-100 tons of cement dust a day which was used over again. In order to fulfill the overseas contracts, Kaiser bought the SS Ancon and her sister ship,
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#17327726794037072-411: The King of Spain. Rio Permanente was so named, as it continued to flow all year, unlike most streams in California which dry up in the summer. Bess Kaiser suggested the name for the medical program at the shipyards, which after the War were made available to the public, becoming the Kaiser Permanente Health Plan . The shipyards, steel plant in Fontana, CA and magnesium productions facilities operated as
7208-426: The Laborer's Union were turned away as there weren't enough jobs for local residents. Those who wanted to work had to pay $ 31.50 to join the union and then pay $ 1.50 a month for dues. Another kiln was added in 1940 to boost output to 12,000 barrels/day. Even before production was a full capacity for Shasta, Permanente Cement Co. had contracts for a half million barrels each, from the Navy for dry docks and air bases in
7344-462: The North Sea (1991) and the IJsselmeer (1994), all water bodies are now also part of a municipality and no unincorporated areas exist in the Netherlands anymore. The Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders was dissolved in 1996. The New Zealand outlying islands are offshore island groups that are part of New Zealand. The Chatham Islands is the only island group among these that are populated and it has its own territorial authority . Most of
7480-455: The Permanente Metal Corp. after Todd left Todd-California Shipbuilding Corp. On the morning on Dec 7, 1941, SS Permanente was moored at Pier 31-A in the Honolulu Harbor, offloading cement to the storage facility located there. Just 10–15 feet from her bow was the ''USS Vega'' (AK-17) , a Navy cargo ship loaded with 130 tons of explosives. According to the after-action report filed by the commanding officer of USS Vega , at about 0930 they saw
7616-432: The Permanente plant for being an enemy alien. Hansgirg left Austria in 1934 but the Anschluss resulted in the annexation of Austria into the German Reich and Hitler declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. According to Sheriff William Emig, Hansgirg professed a hatred for Adolf Hitler, and although he had worked in Japanese-controlled Korea, it was for a branch of the American Magnesium Metals Corporation. At
7752-432: The Permanente plant was the only one to use the Hansgirg process. Total U.S. production increased from 12 million pounds in 1940, to nearly 600 million pounds in early 1944. Mobilization officials cut back on production in 1944 as it far outweighed demand by nearly 100 million pounds annually. In addition to the Permanente privately owned plant, Kaiser managed a GOCO plant in Manteca, CA . The $ 6 million facility, built by
7888-415: The Shasta Dam project. Construction on the quarry and cement plant began in June 1939 and the first cement was shipped in December, even before it was needed at Shasta. There were different grades of limestone within the Permanente Quarry. As lower grades of limestone were used for cement, a high-grade limestone was sold to the Spreckels Sugar Company plant in Salinas, CA to be used to purify beet sugar,
8024-433: The Todd California Shipbuilding Corp., was located adjacent to the Permanente Cement Plant. 2000 men worked 24-hours a day, seven days a week to build the plant. The plant was referred to being on, "Hill 835" as that was the elevation of the land which was leveled off for construction. The changes in elevation to allow the materials to utilize gravity to move through the process. The magnesium production plant at Permanente
8160-482: The U.S. Census Bureau where portions of counties are not included in any legally established minor civil division (MCD) or independent incorporated place. These occur in 10 MCD states: Arkansas , Indiana , Iowa , Louisiana , Maine , Minnesota , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , and South Dakota . The census recognizes such separate pieces of territory as one or more separate county subdivisions for statistical purposes. It assigns each unorganized territory
8296-496: The United States , an unincorporated area generally refers to the part of a county that is outside any municipality. An unincorporated community is one general term for a geographic area having a common social identity without municipal organization or official political designation (i.e., incorporation as a city or town). The two main types of unincorporated communities are: Most states have granted some form of home rule , so that county commissions (or boards or councils) have
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#17327726794038432-443: The United States by Congress. Currently, the five major unincorporated U.S. insular areas are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Unincorporated insular areas can be ceded to another nation or be granted independence. The U.S. has one incorporated insular area, Palmyra Atoll . Incorporation is regarded as perpetual by the U.S. federal government; once incorporated,
8568-427: The Yosemite Portland Cement Company, which had often been the only bid on other large Bureau of Reclamation projects. After the bids were opened, the Institute offered to beat the Kaiser bid and they claimed that Kaiser's lack of a cement plant, and experience, would make it impossible for him to meet the contract. Ignoring their offer and protests, the Bureau awarded the contract to the Permanente Corp. The cement plant
8704-484: The ZIP Code of 93001, which is assigned to the post office at 675 E. Santa Clara St. in Ventura; thus, all mail to those two areas is addressed to Ventura. If an unincorporated area becomes incorporated, it may be split among ZIP Codes, and its new name may be recognized as acceptable for use with some or all of them in mailing addresses, as has been the case in Johns Creek and Milton, Georgia . If an incorporated area disincorporates, though, this has no effect on whether
8840-430: The age of 18 living in them, 16,001 (44.3%) were married couples living together, 4,806 (13.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,984 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,570 (7.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 204 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 10,344 households (28.6%) were made up of individuals, and 4,622 (12.8%) had someone living alone who
8976-456: The area unrecognized , with the sole exception of those that were included from 2003 within the Abu Basma Regional Council . On 5 November 2012 that council was split into two new councils, Neve Midbar Regional Council and al-Kasom Regional Council . The Netherlands has had regular periods with unincorporated land when newly reclaimed land polders fall dry. Unincorporated land is since medieval times administered by an appointed officer with
9112-409: The area in 1815. The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading , an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for 26,632 acres (10,778 ha) that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood, California . At the time, it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California. During the Gold Rush, 49ers found gold to
9248-403: The brakes and used to power the electric shovels. There was a 1200-foot difference in elevation between the quarry and the cement plant The cement operation began with two 12-by 363-foot kilns, four Fuller coolers, 100-foot silos, crushing equipment and packing equipment. The plant employed many revolutionary production methods in order to produce the 7,000 barrels of cement each day needed for
9384-521: The bulk operations saved in ship-hours or the man-hours necessary in handling the cement. The savings in man-hours probably was twice that of the product. Permanente was the only American company to provide bulk cement. Seven million barrels of Permanente cement was delivered to Contractors, Pacific Naval Air Bases (CPNAB), a construction firm building fortifications in the Pacific. No Permanente cement shipment ever failed to be delivered on time, even when ordered on short notice or in large quantity. CPNAB
9520-454: The cement, and another bid to provide the aggregate and sand to mix with the cement, to produce the 15 million tons of concrete used to build what would then be the second most massive dam in the world. On June 5, 1939, the Columbia Construction Company, one of Henry Kaiser's many companies, won the bid to provide the 7.6 million tons of aggregate and 2.8 tons of sand required for the construction of Shasta Dam. Twenty years earlier, when Kaiser
9656-432: The city. The California Government Code allows cities to call themselves towns, if they wish, although the designation is purely cosmetic. In the context of the insular areas of the United States, the word "unincorporated" refers to territories in which the United States Congress has determined that only selected parts of the Constitution of the United States apply and which have not been formally incorporated into
9792-476: The concept of an unincorporated area. Redding, California Redding is the county seat of Shasta County, California , and the economic and cultural capital of the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California . Redding lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles (261 km) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles (190 km) south of California's northern border with Oregon . Its population
9928-510: The construction site, using compressed air to blow the cement in and out of the ships. Permanente was given the contract to supply all of the bulk cement for Pacific airfields, fortifications, and other wartime installations. Shipments averaged 5000 barrels daily from the bulk silos in Honolulu during 1942–43. The dollar volume was $ 15 million saving the government $ 7.5 million using bulk cement over sacked cement. This does not consider how much
10064-694: The council of Municipal District or Specialized Municipality within their boundaries, or by the Minister of Municipal Affairs within the boundaries of an Improvement District. For example, were they incorporated, the urban service areas of Fort McMurray in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo and Sherwood Park in Strathcona County would be the fifth- and sixth-largest cities in Alberta. Unincorporated settlements with
10200-495: The county government estimates the population of its unincorporated areas to exceed one million people. Despite having 88 incorporated cities and towns, including the state's most populous, 65% of the land in Los Angeles County is unincorporated, this mostly consisting of Angeles National Forest and sparsely populated regions to its north. In California, the state constitution recognizes only one kind of municipality,
10336-609: The county level. In mid-Atlantic states such as New York and Pennsylvania, a hybrid model that tries to balance the two approaches is prevalent, with differing allocations of power between municipalities and counties existing. Throughout the U.S., some large cities have annexed all surrounding unincorporated areas within their counties, creating what are known as consolidated city–county forms of government (e.g., Jacksonville, Florida , and Nashville, Tennessee ). In these cases, unincorporated areas continue to exist in other counties of their respective metropolitan areas. Conversely,
10472-543: The dry season. The rock was taken to the sugar factory in Alviso where it was burned into quicklime and used to refine sugar. The stone was described as, "being good road material as it was in small pieces that would not require further grinding". In 1906 the sugar refining industry was using much of the limestone quarried in California and only a small amount was used in road construction. Large amounts were also used for
10608-449: The economy and population to falter by 1920. It recovered in the thirties as the economy boomed due to the construction of Shasta Dam to the northwest. The building of the dam, which was completed in 1945, caused Redding's population to nearly double, also spurring the growth and development of other towns in the area. Redding continued to grow steadily in the 1950s due to the region's growing lumber industry and tourism brought about by
10744-428: The efficiency of their system, not to recognize jurisdictional boundaries." The USPS is very conservative about recognizing new place names for use in mailing addresses and typically only does so when a place incorporates. The original place name associated with a ZIP Code is still maintained as the default place name, even though the name of the newly incorporated place is more accurate. As an example, Sandy Springs
10880-565: The entire area was declared protected cultural heritage. Population of less than 100. Statistics Denmark groups it with Bornholm in Landsdel Bornholm . Since Germany has no administrative level comparable to the townships of other countries, the vast majority of the country, close to 99%, is organized in municipalities ( German : Gemeinde , plural Gemeinden ), often consisting of multiple settlements that are not considered to be unincorporated. Because these settlements lack
11016-486: The entities themselves. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the Virginia "strong county" model. Virginia and other states with this model, such as Alabama , Maryland , and Tennessee , set strict requirements on incorporation or grant counties broad powers that in other states are carried out by cities, creating a disincentive to incorporate, and thus have large urbanized areas which have no municipal government below
11152-408: The first years, the soil is equivalent to quicksand . During the initial period of inhabitation, a special, government-appointed officer was installed, the landdrost . During the administrative office of a Landdrost , no municipal council forms. In 1975, the first homes in what is now the city of Almere were built, and from 1976 to 1984, the area was governed by the Landdrost as the executive of
11288-463: The form of another Market Street Redevelopment Project with significant changes to Midtown in 1990 to include a mix of residential and commercial land around the original project. Following redevelopment of Midtown, property values within the Market Street Redevelopment Project area improved; further redevelopment continued. A plan for the downtown area adopted in January 2001 led to the renovation of
11424-412: The historic Cascade Theatre , the removal of the Midtown Mall roof creating an open air pedestrian street, the installation of a visitor way-finding system, the completion of a Health Sciences and University Center with partnership with Shasta College , and the renovation of various buildings along California Street with the help of a private developer. In 2017, the city adopted a new flag after holding
11560-521: The land for $ 235/acre. As with many of Kaiser's entities the Permanente operation was a web of bank loans and partnerships with the other construction companies. Bank of America loaned $ 7 million for the cement plant and another $ 3.5 million was capitalized with investments from the other members of Six Companies , Kaiser's partners in the construction of Boulder Dam . Kaiser had 25.5%; Utah Company, J.F. Shea and General Construction had 13.5% each and
11696-521: The largest amount of land under that status: 39,785 square miles (103,042 km ), or 52.4% of the state's land area. North Dakota followed with 86 territories, 20,358 square miles (52,728 km ), or 29.5% of its land area. Maine was next with 36 territories, 14,052 square miles (36,396 km ), or 45.5% of its land area. Minnesota had 71 territories, 10,552 square miles (27,330 km ), or 13% of its land area. Several other states had small amounts of unorganized territory. The unorganized territory with
11832-445: The largest population was Camp Lejeune, North Carolina , a United States Marine Corps base with a census population of 34,452 inhabitants. In the 2010 census , unorganized territory areas were identified in nine U.S. states: Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Many unincorporated communities are also recognized as acceptable place names for use in mailing addresses by
11968-427: The largest unincorporated areas in Germany (including all inhabited areas, but excluding lakes) with an area of more than 50 km (19 sq mi): In Bavaria, there are other contiguous unincorporated areas covering an area of more than 50 km (19 sq mi) which are however composed of several adjacent unincorporated areas, each one of which is under 50 km in area. In Israel, almost all land
12104-405: The latter to flow over the southern Sacramento valley during the summer months, producing intense heat in Redding. The direction of this winds switches from the north and east in the summer, as hot, high-pressure air flows from land to sea, making the area very dry. Tornadoes are extremely rare; flooding occurs only around the area near the Sacramento River. The coldest temperature recorded in Redding
12240-797: The like. As of 31 December 2007 , Germany had 248 uninhabited unincorporated areas (of which 214 are located in Bavaria ), not belonging to any municipality, consisting mostly of forested areas, lakes, and larger rivers. Also, three inhabited unincorporated areas exist, all of which served as military training areas : Osterheide and Lohheide in Lower Saxony, and Gutsbezirk Münsingen in Baden-Württemberg . They have fewer than 2,000 inhabitants in total. Gutsbezirk Münsingen has become uninhabited after losing its inhabited parts to adjacent municipalities on 1 January 2011. The following shows
12376-560: The mall's property valuation and consequently, the city had to continuously loan money to keep the bonds for the mall's parking structure from going into default; the bonds completely repaid in 2003 and Midtown began to pay off its more than $ 1.5 million debt to the City of Redding. By the 1980s, the properties around the mall and along the old State Highway 99 / 273 corridor continued to suffer urban blight, including deteriorating and dilapidated utilities and structures and inappropriate mixed land uses; this required further public intervention in
12512-571: The manufacture of Portland cement . In 1908 Southern Pacific Railroad completed the Mayfield Cutoff which ran from Mayfield (now part of Palo Alto ), along the west side of the Santa Clara Valley to Los Gatos . There was a stop at Monta Vista where the tracks crossed Stevens Creek Road. This eliminated the nine-mile wagon journey between the quarry and the railroad. The operation continued intermittently until 1934. When
12648-597: The most in any calendar day on record. It rarely gets sleet or freezing rain. Frost occurs commonly in December through February, less often in March or November. In spring, rain is common. The city is located near the foothills of the Cascade and Klamath mountain ranges and it therefore gets much more rain than most places in the Sacramento Valley; temperature differentials between land and sea cause moist air from
12784-584: The mountain originated as a seamount at 22 degrees north in the tropical Pacific about 100 million years ago and was transported to Los Altos by the Pacific Plate . These rocks occur as jagged gray boulders and outcrops just southwest of the radio towers on the summit of Black Mountain, as well as in the Permanente Quarry. In the 1890s, R. A Swayne purchased 160 acres of land at the headwaters of Permanente Creek . He planted vineyards, built
12920-458: The name Landdrost or Drossaart . Also, Elten and Tudderen , both annexed from Germany after World War II , were governed by a Landdrost until they were ceded back to Germany in 1963. The most recent period with unincorporated land started in 1967, when the dyke around Southern Flevoland was closed, but several years are required before the polder is genuinely accessible for cultivation, and construction of roads and homes can start, as in
13056-441: The newly completed dam. The constructions of Whiskeytown and Keswick dams also helped boost the economy by bringing new workers to the area. Interstate 5 was built during the sixties and seventies, which added to development and tourism in the region. Growth in Redding during the 1960s and 1970s was further spurred by the annexation of an area east of the Sacramento River that included the unincorporated community of Enterprise ;
13192-493: The north on Rock, Middle and Salt creeks, near Shasta, California , and to the south along Oregon and Olney creeks but the area that is now Redding was poor placer gold ground and called Poverty Flats. In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin B. Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad for a northern terminus, which
13328-503: The north. That allowed the Soviets to take possession of the former Hansgirg plants who transferred the technology back to Russia to use in their own atomic bomb program. The United States also utilized Hansgirg's CECE process for heavy water in atomic bomb production. In 1940, Hansgirg was hired by Henry J. Kaiser to build a magnesium plant at Permanente utilizing his carbothermic magnesium process. Kaiser paid Emil Winter $ 750,000 for
13464-526: The northeast slopes of Black Mountain , the quarry runs east–west parallel to the upper watershed of Permanente Creek to the south and to Permanente Ridge and Rancho San Antonio Open Space Preserve to the north. The limestone rock found in the Permanente Creek valley and on the summit of Black Mountain is relatively unique in the Bay Area . Microfossils in the limestone deposits suggest that
13600-400: The other island groups are not part of any administrative region or district , but are instead each designated as an Area Outside Territorial Authority . In Norway, the outlying islands of Bouvet Island , Jan Mayen , and Svalbard are outside of all of the country's counties and municipalities . They are ruled directly by national authorities without any local democracy. An exception
13736-566: The others varied from 1.5% for Pacific Bridge to 10.4% for MacDonald & Kahn. No government money was involved. Within a few years, it generated an annual profit of $ 2–3 million. Two days before the cement supply bids for Shasta Dam were opened on April 31, 1939, the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors voted to permit the construction of a $ 4,000,000 cement plant at Permanente. Kaiser offered to deliver 5.58 million barrels of low-heat Portland cement at $ 1.90/barrel for
13872-587: The patent of the carbothermic process. He received a loan for $ 9,250,000 from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to construct a magnesium production and fabricating facility. Construction on the $ 11.5 million plant began in March 1941 on the first eight-million-pound unit. The RFC loan eventually amounted to $ 22.75 million. The magnesium plant, a venture of the Chemical Engineering Division of
14008-570: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 39,662 people (44.1%) lived in rental housing units. Redding is the economic hub of the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California . The Redding Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was recognized as the 29th Most Dynamic MSA in the United States in 2019 by the Walton Family Foundation. Redding was recognized for having a diversified economy with several large employers in different sectors. The Redding Cultural District
14144-562: The preferred habitat for this plant, which the California Native Plant Society considers a rare and endangered species. These same vernal pools also support federally protected species such as the federally threatened vernal pool fairy shrimp (Branchinecta lynchi) . Redding has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa), with very hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Redding is known for very high summer temperatures, despite being located just north of
14280-454: The province, an unincorporated settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a larger municipal government. These range from small hamlets to large urbanized areas similar in size to a town or city. In Alberta , unincorporated communities can be classified as Hamlet, Locality or townsite. A Hamlet is an unincorporated community that can be designated by
14416-432: The quarry land, he also got a stone-and-redwood building high in the hills at the headwaters of Permanente Creek. According to legend, the house, served by only one road, had been a speakeasy. Kaiser converted it to a lodge and he, and his wife, Bess, spent time in the quiet surroundings. Rio Permanente or sometimes, Arroyo Permanente, was discovered in 1776 by Col. Juan Bautista de Anza as he explored Alta California, for
14552-692: The quarry. Permanente is 300 miles (480 km) south of Shasta Dam, requiring the cement to be moved by rail. Southern Pacific built a 1.9-mile spur from the Los Altos Branch line to the plant site. That line required a wye at the Simla Junction. On October 1, 1939, Permanente became a Class A, non-agency station on the Los Altos Branch of Southern Pacific. From the outset objections to the plant were lodged by neighboring farmers who were afraid that cement dust would adversely affect their wine grapes, apricot, cherry, and prune trees. A lawsuit
14688-553: The railroad. At the suggestion of one of Kaiser's engineers, a 9.6-mile conveyor belt system was built, completely bypassing the railroad, and delivering the aggregate at $ .18/ton. In 1938 Henry Kaiser signed a three-year lease for 1000 acres along Arroyo Permanente, from the Santa Clara Holding Co. Ltd., at a cost of $ 12,000/year. On July 14, 1939, a deed recording revealed that the Permanente Corp bought
14824-476: The residents voted to support the annexation primarily to acquire less expensive electricity via Redding's municipal utility, which receives power from the dam. During the 1970s, the lumber industry suffered from decline. In the early 1990s Lumber mills in the area closed down due to the preservation of the living habitat of the Spotted Owl. This heavily impacted the Redding area. The economy picked up, due to
14960-464: The same location until 1940 when Japanese pro-Axis militarism caused Hansgirg to leave for the United States. Among the other systems that Hansgirg left behind was one for the production Heavy water using a water gas shift reduction process. Korea was a colony of Japan from 1910 until 1945 when it was portioned with the United States in control of the south, and the Soviet Union in control of
15096-484: The same powers in these areas as city councils or town councils have in their respective incorporated areas. Some states instead put these powers in the hands of townships, which are minor civil divisions of each county and are called "towns" in some states. Differences in state laws regarding the incorporation of communities leads to a great variation in the distribution and nature of unincorporated areas. Unincorporated regions are essentially nonexistent in eight of
15232-472: The terminus, the railroad also built a town in the same area, which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding. In 1874, there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading, in order to honor Pierson B. Reading , who arrived in the area in 1843, owned the Buenaventura land grant on which Redding sits, and had died only a few years before, in 1868. The name
15368-564: The territory cannot be disincorporated . The United States Minor Outlying Islands without a permanent civilian population are "unorganized" in the sense that they do not have a local government, and they are administered by the Office of Insular Affairs directly. The populated American Samoa is "unorganized" in the sense that Congress has not passed an organic act , but it does have a constitution and locally elected territorial legislature and executive. An unincorporated community may be part of
15504-573: The time of his arrest, Hansgirg was supervising the connection of the first and second units and he was the only one who knew how to do so. As work progressed in early 1942, Hansgirg managed the construction and production from twelve miles away in the Santa Clara County Jail. He was rumored to have use of a private telephone. The 50-year-old Hansgirg was described by Sheriff Emig as a, "charming old man". Kaiser did his best to get him released from custody. When first arrested, Hansgirg
15640-411: The tracks reached in 1872. In the process of building the terminus, the railroad also built the town of Redding which was officially incorporated on October 4, 1887. In 1888, Redding won the county seat from Shasta. In the early twentieth century the town's economic growth was spurred by the significant copper and iron mineral extraction industry nearby. The mining industry eventually declined, causing
15776-496: The two bids to build Shasta Dam were opened in June 1938, they were only $ 262,000 apart on the $ 35 million project. The winning bid went to Pacific Constructors Inc. of Los Angeles, a consortium of twelve companies. The losing bid was entered by the Shasta Construction Company, a consortium of nine companies including Kaiser-Bechtel. After losing the bid to build Shasta Dam, Henry J. Kaiser bid on supplying
15912-543: Was $ .50 per ton and the finished product was $ 450 per ton. Additional magnesium oxide was produced in Kaiser's seaside plant in Moss Landing , just south of Watsonville . North of Salinas , ten miles from Moss Landing was Permanente's Natividad plant where dolomite, a calcium-magnesium carbonate was quarried, crushed, and calcined (heated) in a kiln, separating calcium-magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. The material
16048-446: Was 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 17, 2012, and December 9, 2009. The average coldest daytime high of the year is 41 °F (5 °C) and the lowest on record is 29 °F (−2 °C) in 1990, which remains the latest year to record an ice day. The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861. The population density was 1,468.9 inhabitants per square mile (567.1/km ). The racial makeup of Redding
16184-419: Was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males. There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 units per square mile (244.1 units/km ), of which 19,968 (55.3%) were owner-occupied, and 16,162 (44.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9%. 48,179 people (53.6% of
16320-423: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43. There were 22,791 families (63.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.94. The population was spread out, with 20,518 people (22.8%) under the age of 18, 9,436 people (10.5%) aged 18 to 24, 21,725 people (24.2%) aged 25 to 44, 23,424 people (26.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 14,758 people (16.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
16456-563: Was 77,117 (85.8%) White , 1,092 (1.2%) African American , 2,034 (2.3%) Native American , 3,034 (3.4%) Asian , 156 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 2,307 (2.6%) from other races , and 4,121 (4.6%) from two or more races. There were 7,787 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (8.7%). The Census reported that 87,841 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,138 (1.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 882 (1.0%) were institutionalized. There were 36,130 households, out of which 11,012 (30.5%) had children under
16592-456: Was 86 °F (30 °C) in June 2004. Redding's warm summer days and nights compared to areas further south are a result of a greater distance to maritime influences than the lower end of the valley. Redding occasionally receives snow, though it has received as much as 23 inches (58 centimeters) of snow in a single storm, occurring on December 4–7, 1909 and December 22–24, 1968, including 16 in (41 cm) on December 23, 1968,
16728-626: Was a consortium of construction companies. Although Kaiser was not among those companies, some his partners from the Six Companies, including W. A. Bechtel Company, Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc., and the Utah Construction Company, were involved. When aircraft downed during the 1940 Battle of Britain were examined, it was determined that German manufacturers used magnesium in engine mounts, wing surfaces and other parts to enable their planes to fly farther and faster than
16864-932: Was allowed to visit the plant in the custody of a deputy sheriff, but the FBI later stopped the visits, claiming it was in a prohibited area. Unincorporated area An unincorporated area is a region that is not governed by a local municipal corporation . There are many unincorporated communities and areas in the United States and Canada. In Argentina, the provinces of Chubut , Córdoba , Entre Ríos , Formosa , Neuquén , Río Negro , San Luis , Santa Cruz , Santiago del Estero , Tierra del Fuego , and Tucumán have areas that are outside any municipality or commune. Unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area (LGA) often contains several towns and even entire metropolitan areas. Thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and
17000-404: Was also a carbothermic process which combined dolomite ore, a source of magnesium oxide , with ferrosilicon, a combination of iron and quartz . Heating pieces of this mix at high temperatures releases magnesium. Hansgirg's carbothermic magnesium reduction process required the magnesium oxide and carbon to be heated to 3800 °F and then rapidly cooled to 380 °F in one thousandth of
17136-479: Was attacked, 65,000 barrels were available in the Pacific, most of it in Permanente's privately owned bulk facilities in Honolulu, making it possible to quickly put the airfields back into action. Initially the Navy was against using bulk cement in the tropics fearing the moisture would cause the cement to deteriorate. Kaiser was confident that would not be the case and guaranteed acceptable quality delivered right to
17272-500: Was brought by rail and truck from the Permanente plant and loaded into the two ships. The port facility made it possible to fulfill the Navy contracts which by November 1941 included construction projects at Midway, Guam, Wake, and other American-owned Pacific islands. Henry Kaiser's first experience with ships prompted him to form the Todd-California Shipbuilding Corporation , and then winning
17408-468: Was building roads in the area, he purchased rights to a gravel bank in the area east of Redding , approximately nine miles from the Shasta Dam construction site. Southern Pacific Railroad wanted $ .27/ton to move the material to the construction site. The gravel was 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles from the Southern Pacific railhead which required the construction of a conveyor belt between the pit and
17544-492: Was filed by 290 residents. There was a suspicion that the objections were raised by the cement industry consortium which was trying to stop Kaiser any way they could. A Cottrell precipitator collected dust from smokestacks on electrodes and trapped it into bins to be used for the manufacture of by- products. A consultant for the company argued that precipitators would remove 99% of the cement dust. The Calera (Franciscan) limestone quarry, at an elevation of 1850-feet, lies between
17680-531: Was founded by Kaiser as the Kaiser Permanente Cement Plant in 1939, taking the name of the business from the Permanente Creek in whose valley it lies. Kaiser intended to use the quarry to provide the majority of the cement used in the construction of the Shasta Dam, supplying the 6 million barrels (950,000 m) of cement. Additionally, Kaiser Cement Company built Highway 101, Highway 85 and other major Northern California landmarks from
17816-566: Was officially changed back to Redding by 1880. The area is inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu . At their height, the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area. Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542, when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now San Diego Bay , the indigenous natives were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through
17952-508: Was part of a massive undertaking by the U.S. government to increase production. Until 1941, Dow Chemical Co. was the only magnesium producer in the country. In addition to providing government subsidies to the privately owned Permanente Metals Corp. plant, the government had several government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) operations, all of which combined to end the Dow monopoly. Different plants used different processes to produce magnesium, but
18088-507: Was shipped to aircraft and munitions factories, but work was proceeding on adding a fabrication plant and a mill to turn out rolled sheet magnesium and tubing. The eventual goal was 24,000-tons by June which would have been enough for 48,000 airplanes, assuming each utilized 985 pounds of magnesium. The production of magnesium was extremely dangerous due to its volatility. Just as production was ramping up in August 1941, three men were killed as
18224-616: Was the first sugar beet factory in the country. A state mining report in 1906 lists it as the El Dorado Sugar Company Quarry, located in Section 18 of Township 7 S, Range 2 W. That location is approximately 1.8 miles west of the end of Stevens Creek Blvd. The rock was transported nine miles by wagon to Mountain View , where it was then loaded onto Southern Pacific Railroad trains at a rate of 30-60 tons per day in
18360-415: Was trucked to Moss Landing where it was mixed with sea water, which contains a small amount of magnesium chloride, resulting in magnesium hydroxide. That mixture was heated in a 203-foot long, nine-foot diameter rotary kiln, causing it to decompose into water vapor and magnesium oxide. Most of the sea water was returned to Monterey Bay. After processing and cooling, the resulting white powder magnesium oxide
18496-490: Was trucked to Permanente. It only took until September 1941 to produce the first metal, and by January 1942 production was up to five tons per week, with a goal of fifteen tons a day by the end of February. In addition to the 12000-KVA furnaces, they built a complex of thirty-six large retorts to distill the metal into the final product. The retorts were moved by a large moveable hammerhead crane which came from Kaiser's construction job at Grand Coulee Dam . Initial production
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