Misplaced Pages

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75-585: The Ohlone Indians lived in the area for over 3,000 years prior to the arrival of the Europeans. A large village, known as Partacsi, was located in this general area. An expedition led by Colonel Juan Bautista de Anza passed through this area in March 1776 as he forged the first overland route from Monterey to San Francisco Bay . Mission Santa Clara de Asis was founded in October of the same year, where many of

150-494: A presidio and Franciscan mission at each location. A more direct land route and further colonization were desired, especially at present-day San Francisco , which Portolá saw but was not able to colonize. By the time of Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition, three more missions had been established, including Mission San Antonio de Padua in the Salinas Valley . In 1772, Anza proposed an expedition to Alta California to

225-587: A punitive expedition against the Comanche group of Native Americans, who had been repeatedly raiding Taos during 1779. With his Ute and Apache Native American allies, and around 800 Spanish soldiers, Anza went north through the San Luis Valley , entering the Great Plains at what is now Manitou Springs, Colorado . Circling "El Capitan" (current day Pikes Peak), he surprised a small force of

300-577: A 100-year Permanente Creek flood, at Cuesta Park Annex, Blach Intermediate School, McKelvey Park, and Rancho San Antonio County Park. Despite considerable community opposition, the SCVWD Board approved the decision to go ahead on June 17, 2010. The Blach School Board voted against use of school property for a detention basin but construction permits are being sought as of 2016 for the McKelvey Park and Rancho San Antonio Park basins. Construction of

375-754: A 1949 journal article: Although these classifications originated for fish, they can apply, in principle, to any aquatic organism. List of diadromous orders and families, and the number of known species: Forage fish often make great migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Schools of a particular stock usually travel in a triangle between these grounds. For example, one stock of herrings have their spawning ground in southern Norway , their feeding ground in Iceland and their nursery ground in northern Norway. Wide triangular journeys such as these may be important because forage fish, when feeding, cannot distinguish their own offspring. Capelin are

450-531: A campaign against the Comanche on the eastern plains and by 1784 they were suing for peace. The last of the Comanche chiefs eventually acceded and a formal treaty was concluded on 28 February 1786 at Pecos Pueblo . This paved the way for traders and the development of the Comanchero trade. Juan Bautista de Anza remained as governor of Nuevo Mexico (New Mexico) until 1787 when he returned to Sonora . He

525-478: A corporal in the Santa Clara Guard, and had won fame as a soldier and Indian fighter. Mesa died in 1845. Permanente Creek is also the namesake for Kaiser Permanente . Bess Kaiser and her spouse, industrialist Henry J. Kaiser , had a lodge on the creek's headwaters above the large Permanente Quarry and Cement Plant, and, in 1945, Bess felt that the name of their attractive and dependable stream would be

600-406: A culvert beneath east under Highway 85 to Stevens Creek . A floodgate is closed every winter that diverts virtually all winter flows east to Stevens Creek, preventing high winter floodwaters from flowing north in the original creek channel through dense residential areas. Only during high floods can a portion of the creek's waters surmount the floodgate and return to the original channel. Therefore,

675-593: A dissolved selenium concentration of 82 μg/L, indicating that the quarry is the source of the selenium pollution. Selenium is bioaccumulated in the aquatic food web. Safety standards for selenium concentrations in fresh water are 5 μg/L under the California Toxics Rule (same as the National Toxics Rule set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 2000 and 2012. Anthropomorphic activities related to quarry operations and

750-839: A forage fish of the smelt family found in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In summer, they graze on dense swarms of plankton at the edge of the ice shelf. Larger capelin also eat krill and other crustaceans . The capelin move inshore in large schools to spawn and migrate in spring and summer to feed in plankton rich areas between Iceland , Greenland and Jan Mayen . The migration is affected by ocean currents . Around Iceland maturing capelin make large northward feeding migrations in spring and summer. The return migration takes place in September to November. The spawning migration starts north of Iceland in December or January. The diagram on

825-526: A good name for their medical program at the shipyards. That medical program became Kaiser Permanente. Permanente Creek consists of approximately 13.3 miles (21.4 km) of channel draining a watershed area of 17.5 square miles (45 km). From its origination at 2,421 feet (738 m) in headwaters protected by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District just north of the peak of Black Mountain (and just east of

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900-580: A high degree of homing and the fish may make upstream or downstream migrations to reach very specific spawning locations in whitewater canyons. Sometimes fish can be dispersed by birds that eat fish eggs. They carry eggs in the digestive tracts and then deposit them in their faeces in a new place. The survival rate for fish eggs that have passed through a bird's digestive tract is low. Since prehistoric times humans have exploited certain anadromous fishes during their migrations into freshwater streams, when they are more vulnerable to capture. Societies dating to

975-480: A regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Such migrations are usually done for better feeding or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear. Fish migrations involve movements of schools of fish on a scale and duration larger than those arising during normal daily activities. Some particular types of migration are anadromous , in which adult fish live in

1050-693: A relatively unmodified natural channel until reaching Portland and Miramonte Avenues at the north end of Heritage Oaks Park. Here the creek enters a concrete trapezoidal channel constructed by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD). Just before reaching the rear of Blach Intermediate School , it becomes the Permanent Creek Diversion Channel, built by the SCVWD in 1959, and runs a total of 1.3 miles (2.1 km), continuing due east until passing in

1125-588: A route from Santa Fe to Sonora, west of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro . His various local military expeditions against tribes defending their homelands were often successful, but the Quechan (Yuma) Native American tribe which he had established peace with earlier rebelled, and he fell out of favor with the military commander of the Northern Frontier, the frontier-general. In 1783 Anza led

1200-423: A single, surviving family of trout. Downstream fish passage barrier removal will be key to restoring the genetic diversity, and thus likelihood of survival, of these trout. Also of relevance, the cement company operating in the upper part of the watershed has discharged sediment-laden water into Permanente Creek and has undertaken corrective actions. As recommended by Becker in 2007 and Higgins in 2012, modification of

1275-869: A southern route along the Rio Altar ( Sonora y Sinaloa , New Spain), then paralleled the present-day Mexico–California border, crossing the Colorado River at its confluence with the Gila River . This was in the domain of the Yuma tribe, with which he established good relations. Anza reached Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , near the California coast, on March 22, 1774, and Monterey, California , Alta California's future capital (Alta California split from Las Californias 1804, creating Baja and Alta), on April 19. He returned to Tubac by late May 1774. This expedition

1350-450: Is a euryhaline species that moves at will from fresh to salt water, and many marine fish make a diel vertical migration , rising to the surface to feed at night and sinking to lower layers of the ocean by day. Some fish such as tuna move to the north and south at different times of year following temperature gradients. The patterns of migration are of great interest to the fishing industry. Movements of fish in fresh water also occur; often

1425-1174: Is located in Riverside, California at the corner of Magnolia Ave. and 14th Street, and another statue stands in Lake Merced park, San Francisco . A 10-foot-high (3 m) portrait of de Anza by Albert Herter in 1929 hangs in the History Room of the Los Angeles Central Library. The de Anza and De Anza spellings are also the namesake of streets, schools, and buildings in his honor including: De Anza Boulevards in San Mateo and Cupertino , De Anza Park in Sunnyvale , De Anza College in Cupertino, De Anza High School in Richmond , Juan Bautista De Anza elementary school in San Jacinto, Juan De Anza K-5 in

1500-799: Is located within the village of Borrego Springs, California , which is entirely surrounded by the park. A building named the Juan de Anza House in San Juan Bautista, California is a National Historic Landmark . However, it was constructed c. 1830 with its connection unclear. The Juan Bautista de Anza Community Park is in Calabasas, California , and De Anza Park and the De Anza Community and Teen Center are in Ontario , California. A 20-foot (6.1 m) statue of Anza, sculpted in 1939,

1575-647: Is marked as the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail . Despite DeAnza's successes, Spanish ambitions to establish a permanent overland route from Sonora to Alta California were thwarted in 1781, when a revolt of the Yumas tribe closed the trail at the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River. The route was not reopened until the late 1820s, and the only regular travel to Alta California during

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1650-739: Is pumped from Charleston Slough into Shoreline Lake and from there it flows to Permanente Creek and then back into the Bay. The Mountain View Slough carries flows to the Bay between former salt ponds A1 and A2W. The levees around these ponds will be breached and opened to the Bay as part of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project Phase II. The Santa Clara Valley Water District has been working (2010–2020) to excavate as much as 23 feet (7.0 m) down to create flood detention basins to protect homes from

1725-801: The American eel and the European eel which migrate huge distances from freshwater rivers to spawn in the Sargasso Sea , and whose subsequent larvae can drift in currents for months and even years before returning to their natal rivers and streams as glass eels or elvers. An example of a euryhaline species is the bull shark , which lives in Lake Nicaragua of Central America and the Zambezi River of Africa. Both these habitats are fresh water, yet bull sharks will also migrate to and from

1800-577: The Apache , during the course of which he explored much of what is now Arizona . The Spanish began colonizing Alta California with the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770. The two-pronged Portolá effort involved both a long sea voyage against prevailing winds and the California Current , and a difficult land route from Baja California. Colonies were established at San Diego and Monterey , with

1875-690: The Berkeley Hills , and Anza Avenue and Anza Elementary School in Torrance . The town of Anza, California , is a small town of 7,000 people on State Route 371 in the mountains south of Palm Springs . Also named in his honor is Juan Bautista Circle in the Parkmerced development in San Francisco. Anadromous Fish migration is mass relocation by fish from one area or body of water to another. Many types of fish migrate on

1950-781: The Cupertino Union School District , and higher levels of ambient mercury generated by coal-fired power plants in Bexar County, Texas and the Permanente Quarry cement plant in Santa Clara County, California . Groundwater fills the current quarry and is pumped into Permanente Creek. Selenium pollution in the creek downstream from the quarry ranged from 13 to 81 micrograms/liter (μg/L). A North Quarry water sample in January 2010 had

2025-601: The Millingstone Horizon are known which exploited the anadromous fishery of Morro Creek and other Pacific coast estuaries . In Nevada the Paiute tribe has harvested migrating Lahontan cutthroat trout along the Truckee River since prehistoric times. This fishing practice continues to current times, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has supported research to assure the water quality in

2100-691: The San Gabriel Valley the trail is in the Puente Hills just north of Whittier, California . Also named for Anza is Anza-Borrego Desert State Park , located mostly in eastern San Diego County , California. The park contains a long and difficult stretch of the Anza trail, traveling west from the Imperial Valley to the coastal mountain passes northeast of San Diego . The de Anza Country Club and its 18-hole championship Golf course

2175-980: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention does not provide an operational definition of the term, but in an annex (UNCLOS Annex 1) lists the species considered highly migratory by parties to the convention. The list includes: tuna and tuna-like species ( albacore , bluefin , bigeye tuna , skipjack , yellowfin , blackfin , little tunny , southern bluefin and bullet ), wahoo , pomfret , marlin , sailfish , swordfish , saury and oceangoing sharks , dolphins and other cetaceans . These high trophic level oceanodromous species undertake migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are found both inside

2250-514: The Viceroy of New Spain. This was approved by the King of Spain and on January 8, 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses, Anza set forth from Tubac Presidio , south of present-day Tucson, Arizona . Anza heard of a California Native American called Sebastian Tarabal who had fled from Mission San Gabriel to Sonora, and took him as guide. The expedition took

2325-849: The high seas . Transboundary stock range in the EEZs of at least two countries. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling. It can be challenging to determine the population structure of highly migratory species using physical tagging. Traditional genetic markers such as short-range PCR products, microsatellites and SNP-arrays have struggled to identify population structure and distinguish fish stocks from separate ocean basins. However, population genomic research using RAD sequencing in yellowfin tuna, albacore, and wahoo has been able to distinguish populations from different ocean basins and reveal fine-scale population structure. Similar population genomics methods have also provided improved insight towards population structure in striped marlin . Some of

Permanente Creek - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-526: The 1980s, now there are only 35, with three breeding pairs raising ten eggs at Shoreline in 2011 (less than half the number of young in 2003). In August, 2003 the Stevens & Permanente Creeks Watershed Council was officially formed to support stewardship of the watersheds. The cement plant at the Permanente (Lehigh Hanson) Quarry is responsible for 29% of total Bay Area airborne mercury emissions and

2475-444: The 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometre) exclusive economic zones and in the high seas outside these zones. They are pelagic species, which means they mostly live in the open ocean and do not live near the sea floor, although they may spend part of their life cycle in nearshore waters . Highly migratory species can be compared with straddling stock and transboundary stock . Straddling stock range both within an EEZ as well as in

2550-550: The Bay at the Mountain View Slough just east of Shoreline Park , the latter built on a reclaimed San Francisco garbage dump in 1983. This lowest part of the creek historically disappeared into the marshland before reaching the Bay, and its channel was extended to the Bay in the nineteenth century. The creek must have been hydrologically connected to the Bay at times of high winter flows since steelhead trout were able to access Permanente Creek historically. Saltwater

2625-881: The Black Mountain Trail), Permanente Creek descends along the Permanente Quarry (currently known as the Lehigh Southwest Cement Plant and Quarry), and continues easterly through unincorporated County land for about five miles (8 km), then turns to the north at the base of the foothills and continues another eight miles (13 km) along the valley floor. It has two major tributaries, the West Fork Permanente Creek and Hale Creek . West Fork Permanente Creek and its Wildcat Canyon tributary were formerly known as Ohlone Creek. West Fork Permanente Creek begins on

2700-614: The Comanche near present-day Colorado Springs . Pursuing them south down Fountain Creek , he crossed the Arkansas River near present-day Pueblo, Colorado . He found the main body of the Comanche on Greenhorn Creek, returning from a raid in Nuevo México, and won a decisive victory. Chief Cuerno Verde , for whom Greenhorn Creek is named, and many other leaders of the Comanche were killed. In late 1779, Anza and his party found

2775-668: The County Park's main parking lot leads to the historic 10-acre Deer Hollow Farm on the West Fork Permanente Creek. There is a trail that runs along the creek, beginning at the historic Rengstorff House in Shoreline Park where it is connected to the San Francisco Bay Trail . The Permanente Creek Trail runs from there south to West Middlefield Road. Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788)

2850-543: The Diversion Channel are impassable barriers to upstream fish migration, modifications to the Diversion Channel would open up an additional 9 miles (14 km) of upper Permanente Creek watershed to steelhead trout. The Diversion Channel essentially changes the total length of Permanente Creek from 13.3 miles (21.4 km) to San Francisco Bay to 9.3 miles (15.0 km) ending at its junction with Stevens Creek just past Highway 85. However, Hale Creek still flows to

2925-489: The Diversion Channel effectively reconnects Permanente Creek to the Stevens Creek watershed. This recapitulates the 1862 Allardt Map of the San Francisco & San Jose Railroad which shows Permanente Creek (Arroyo Permanente) as a tributary of Stevens Creek (then Cupertino Creek) (see inset). This is significant ecologically, because Stevens Creek still hosts an anadromous steelhead trout run. Although steep drops in

3000-663: The McKelvey Park detention basin and recreational facilities was completed in February 2020. Construction at Rancho San Antonio Park is planned to include a 15-foot deep basin and new park infrastructure. Federally threatened California red-legged frogs ( Rana draytonii) ) inhabit the upper watershed of Permanente Creek and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 2017 asked the Army Corps of Engineers to assure that sufficient riparian habitat, specifically near ponds 14 and 21 along

3075-625: The Permanente Creek Diversion Channel would enable steelhead trout to return to the protected upper reaches of Permanente Creek beginning above Heritage Oaks Park and including Rancho San Antonio County Park and Rancho San Antonio Open Space Preserve . The amount of stream length available to spawning steelhead trout above the Diversion Channel would be increased significantly by more than 10 miles (16 km) (7.5 miles (12.1 km) of Permanente Creek mainstem plus 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of West Fork Permanente Creek (to

Permanente Creek - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-692: The Permanente Quarrry, would be set in a conservation easement to ensure their survival. In fact, a 2011 biological resources assessment of the quarry property found six California special status wildlife species, including the California red-legged frog, dusky-footed woodrat { Neotoma fuscipes ), white-tailed kite ( Elanus leucurus ), olive-sided flycatcher ( Contopus cooperi) ), yellow warbler ( Setophaga petechia ), and grasshopper sparrow ( Ammodramus savannarum ). Although Leidy postulated that steelhead trout (coastal rainbow trout) ( Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus ) were once native to Permanente Creek but now extirpated , twenty stream resident rainbow trout from

3225-418: The Presidio of Fronteras. His family was a part of the military leadership in Nueva España , as his father and maternal grandfather, Captain Antonio Bezerra Nieto, had both served Spain, their families living on the frontier of Nueva Navarra. He was the son of Juan Bautista de Anza I . It is traditionally thought that he may have been educated at the College of San Ildefonso in Mexico City , and later at

3300-434: The Quarry) a large section of the creek mainstem and all of the West Fork Permanente Creek tributary, and the Ohlone Creek sub-tributary, is protected by Rancho San Antonio County Park and Rancho San Antonio Open Space Preserve . The 3,988 acres (16.14 km) Open Space Preserve, combined with the adjoining 165 acres (0.67 km) County Park, in area and contains 23 miles (37 km) of hiking trails. A one-mile walk from

3375-549: The State's tallest and third largest California bay laurel tree ( Umbellularia californica ) - see Gallery below, estimated to be over 200 years old. Other riparian trees include Willow ssp. ( Salix ssp. ), California sycamore ( Platanus racemosa ), white alder ( Alnus rhombifolia ), black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ), Fremont cottonwood ( Populus fremontii ), bigleaf maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), California buckeye ( Aesculus californica ) and California walnut ( Juglans californica ). Shoreline Park meadows near

3450-636: The Truckee can support suitable populations of the Lahontan cutthroat trout. Because salmonids live an anadromous lifestyle, they encounter a larger range of viruses from both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are part of a GTP-ase family that aid in viral immunity, and previously, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) had been shown to possess three different Mx genes to aid in viral defence in both environments. The number of Mx genes can differ among species of fish, with numbers ranging from 1 to 9 and some outliers like Gadiformes that have totally lost their Mx genes. A study

3525-534: The Wiseburn Elementary School District of Hawthorne , De Anza Middle School in Ontario , De Anza Middle School in Ventura , De Anza Elementary School in El Centro , and the De Anza School in Baldwin Park, the landmark De Anza Hotel in San Jose , and the historic De Anza Hotel in Calexico —all in California . Using just Anza in his honor are: Anza Vista Avenue within the Anza Vista neighborhood of San Francisco, Anza Street in that city's Richmond District , Lake Anza in Tilden Regional Park above Berkeley in

3600-503: The best-known anadromous fishes are the Pacific salmon species, such as Chinook (king), coho (silver), chum (dog), pink (humpback) and sockeye (red) salmon. These salmon hatch in small freshwater streams. From there they migrate to the sea to mature, living there for two to six years. When mature, the salmon return to the same streams where they were hatched to spawn. Salmon are capable of going hundreds of kilometers upriver, and humans must install fish ladders in dams to enable

3675-422: The captives among them as slaves; Anza kept the fifteen female captives and their newborns as his share. In Anza's diary on March 25, 1776, he states that he "arrived at the arroyo of San Joseph Cupertino (now Stevens Creek ), which is useful only for travelers. Here we halted for the night, having come eight leagues in seven and a half hours. From this place we have seen at our right the estuary which runs from

3750-428: The cement plant have resulted in sediment discharges into Permanente Creek that are 3.5 times what would be expected under normal conditions. Sediment loads in the upper Permanente Creek mainstem are 15 times those in the West Fork Permanente Creek, which drains mostly parkland. These sediment loads could threaten the resident rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) population in the creek. Above Interstate 280 (and below

3825-409: The channelized lower reaches of Permanente Creek. The original creek channel below the floodgate in the Diversion Channel, now severely depleted of water, runs north another 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to its confluence with Hale Creek just upstream from McKelvey Park. Permanente Creek's original channel then goes on to pass under U. S. Highway 101 , along the west side of the Google campus, and out to

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3900-482: The colonists having suffered greatly from the winter weather en route. The expedition continued on to Monterey with the colonists. Having fulfilled his mission from the Viceroy, he continued north with the priest Pedro Font and a party of twelve others, following an inland route to the San Francisco Bay established in 1770 by Pedro Fages . On the way, he led a raid on Apache settlements near Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac , capturing forty Apaches. The soldiers divided

3975-506: The east side of 1,253-foot (382 m) Ewing Hill, and runs easterly until it reaches the connector from the Chamise and Rogue Valley Trails where an earthen dam forms High Meadow Pond (aka Rogue Valley Pond). Below the pond, the West Fork is joined by 1.7-mile (2.7 km) long Wildcat Canyon Creek at Deer Hollow Farm, then continues on its run (3.2-mile (5.1 km) total) to the Permanente Creek mainstem which it joins 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of Interstate 280 . Flows are perennial in

4050-546: The fact that the fish cannot identify their own offspring and moving in this way prevents cannibalism . Some species have been described by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as highly migratory species. These are large pelagic fish that move in and out of the exclusive economic zones of different nations, and these are covered differently in the treaty from other fish. Salmon and striped bass are well-known anadromous fish, and freshwater eels are catadromous fish that make large migrations. The bull shark

4125-402: The fish swim upriver to spawn, and these traditional movements are increasingly being disrupted by the building of dams. As with various other aspects of fish life, zoologists have developed empirical classifications for fish migrations. The first two following terms have been in long-standing wide usage, while others are of more recent coinage. George S. Myers coined the following terms in

4200-435: The intervening years was by sea. On his return from this successful expedition in 1777 he journeyed to Mexico City with the chief of the lower Colorado River area Quechan (Yuma) Native American tribe who requested the establishment of a mission. On August 24, 1777, the Viceroy of New Spain appointed Anza as the Governor of the Province of Nuevo México , the present-day U.S. state of New Mexico . Governor Anza led

4275-430: The local Indians were taken. Governor Alvarado granted Rancho San Antonio de Padua to Juan Prado Mesa in 1839. This 440-acre (1.8 km) rancho was bounded by Adobe Creek to the north and Stevens Creek to the south, and included Permanente Creek. On a diseño of Rancho San Antonio in 1839 Permanente Creek is shown as Arroyo Permanente . Mesa had been a soldier at the Presidio of San Francisco since 1828, served as

4350-415: The military academy there. In 1752 he enlisted in the army at the Presidio of Fronteras. He advanced rapidly and had become a captain by 1760. He married in 1761. His wife was Ana María Pérez Serrano (b. January 1744/45, d. date unknown), the daughter of Spanish mine owner Francisco Pérez Serrano. They had no children. His military duties mainly consisted of hostile forays against Native Americans , such as

4425-495: The mouth of Permanente Creek provide critical remnant habitat for the western burrowing owl ( Athene cunicularia ), a bird that has vanished from many counties in the Bay Area . The owl was listed as a Species of Special Concern (a pre-listing category under the Endangered Species Act ) by the California Department of Fish and Game in 1979, and its Bay Area population continues to decline. Although there were hundreds of burrowing owls in Santa Clara County when monitoring began in

4500-409: The ocean. Specifically, Lake Nicaragua bull sharks migrate to the Atlantic Ocean and Zambezi bull sharks migrate to the Indian Ocean. Diel vertical migration is a common behavior; many marine species move to the surface at night to feed, then return to the depths during daytime. A number of large marine fishes, such as the tuna , migrate north and south annually, following temperature variations in

4575-494: The ocean. These are of great importance to fisheries . Freshwater (potamodromous) fish migrations are usually shorter, typically from lake to stream or vice versa, for spawning purposes. However, potamodromous migrations of the endangered Colorado pikeminnow of the Colorado River system can be extensive. Migrations to natal spawning grounds can easily be 100 km, with maximum distances of 300 km reported from radiotagging studies. Colorado pikeminnow migrations also display

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4650-520: The port of San Francisco." Pressing on, Anza located the sites for the Presidio of San Francisco and Mission San Francisco de Asis in present-day San Francisco, California on March 28, 1776. He did not establish the settlement; it was established later by José Joaquín Moraga . While returning to Monterey, he located the original sites for Mission Santa Clara de Asis and the town of San José de Guadalupe (present-day San Jose, California ), but again did not establish either settlement. Today this route

4725-488: The right shows the main spawning grounds and larval drift routes. Capelin on the way to feeding grounds is coloured green, capelin on the way back is blue, and the breeding grounds are red. In a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recount their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008. The term highly migratory species (HMS) has its origins in Article 64 of

4800-431: The salmon to get past. Other examples of anadromous fishes are sea trout , three-spined stickleback , sea lamprey and shad . Several Pacific salmon (Chinook, coho and Steelhead) have been introduced into the US Great Lakes, and have become potamodromous, migrating between their natal waters to feeding grounds entirely within fresh water. Remarkable catadromous migrations are made by freshwater eels. Examples are

4875-424: The sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn ; and catadromous , in which adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to spawn. Marine forage fish often make large migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Movements are associated with ocean currents and with the availability of food in different areas at different times of year. The migratory movements may partly be linked to

4950-574: The small reservoir) plus additional miles of Wildcat Canyon Creek and other small tributaries). Leidy's 2007 report also recorded the fish still inhabiting Permanente Creek - including native California roach ( Lavinia symmetricus ), Sacramento sucker ( Catostomus occidentalis occidentalis ), threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), and non-native bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), rainwater killifish ( Lucania parva ), and western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ). Riparian trees on Permanente Creek include

5025-418: The stream were sampled in a genetic study by the SCVWD and published in 2008. In 1940, a California Department of Fish and Game stream survey noted a resident's account of Permanente Creek as formerly a "fine trout stream" from which anglers caught large fish. Since most of the creek's flow is diverted to the Permanente Creek Diversion which culminates in a 10-foot (3.0 m) drop, steelhead can no longer ascend

5100-421: The stream. However, rainbow trout (the landlocked form of steelhead trout) can successfully reproduce in freshwater and continue to do so. The genetics study indicates that their genetics have historical integrity, i.e. they are not hatchery stock. A study of trout in South Bay streams found the Permanente Creek trout to be the most genetically introgressed of any watershed in the region, potentially descended from

5175-450: The upper watershed but seasonal on the valley floor, with two exceptions: the portion of the Permanente Creek mainstem between Foothill Expressway and Interstate 280 , and the Hale Creek tributary. The perennial reaches of these creeks share the same perennial nature as a similar reach on nearby Adobe Creek . Except for sakrete (bagged concrete) banking and several weirs, Permanente Creek's upper mainstem runs about 8 miles (13 km) in

5250-488: Was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under the Spanish Empire . He is credited as one of the founding fathers of Spanish California and served as an official within New Spain as Governor of the province of New Mexico . Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto was born in Fronteras , New Navarre , New Spain (today Sonora , Mexico ) in 1736 (near Arizpe ), most probably at Cuquiarachi, Sonora, but possibly at

5325-437: Was appointed commander of the Presidio of Tucson in 1788 but died before he could depart and take office. He was 52 years old. Anza was survived by his wife. Juan Bautista de Anza died in Arizpe, in what is now the State of Sonora, Mexico, and was buried in the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe . In 1963, with the participation of delegations from the University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco , he

5400-650: Was closely watched by Viceroy and King, and on October 2, 1774, Anza was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel , and ordered to lead a group of colonists to Alta California. The Spanish were desirous of reinforcing their presence in Alta California as a buffer against Russian colonization of the Americas advancing from the north, and possibly establish a harbor that would give shelter to Spanish ships. The expedition got under way on October 23, 1775, and arrived at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in January 1776,

5475-672: Was disinterred and reburied in a new marble memorial mausoleum at the same Church. The primary legacy is the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail in California and Arizona, administered by the US National Park Service , for hiking and driving the route of his expedition exploring Las Californias In the San Fernando Valley the trail crosses the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve , and in

5550-452: Was performed by Wang et al. (2019) to identify more potential Mx genes that resided in rainbow trout. An additional six Mx genes were identified in that study, now named Mx4-9. They also concluded that the trout Mx genes were "differentially expressed constitutively in tissues" and that this expression is increased during development. The Mx gene family is expressed at high levels in the blood and intestine during development, suggesting they are

5625-427: Was shown to impact a rural site, Calero Reservoir , 20 miles (32 km) away. Mercury, a neurotoxin and pollutant which is concentrated in the aquatic food web, was found to be 5.8 to 6.7 times higher in precipitation near the cement plant than at a control location 2.0 miles (3.2 km) away. A 2011 study showed a significant geographic association between the occurrence of autism in local school districts, such as

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