In genetics , a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup .
68-824: Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946 . This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia , Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands . It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia , Siberia and Mainland Southeast Asia , and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East . Haplogroup D-M174 is believed to have originated in Asia some 60,000 years ago. While haplogroup D-M174, along with haplogroup E , contains
136-524: A distinctive dish known as "raw meat" or "raw skin," which consists of pork that is roasted to a medium doneness, then sliced or shredded, and served with ginger , green onions , vinegar , and chilli peppers to entertain guests. Additionally, there are white wines produced from glutinous rice, "snow plums" crafted from stewed plums and sugar from Cang Mountain , as well as Dengchuan's distinctive "milk fan" and "milk cake", all of which are exceptionally flavourful. Bai tie-dye ( Chinese : 白族扎染 )
204-724: A few villages in Yunnan where residents are Muslims , but speak Bai as their first language. These people are officially classified by Chinese authorities as belonging to the Hui nationality and call themselves Bai Hui ("Bai-speaking Muslims"). They usually say that their ancestors were Hui people , who came to Yunnan as followers of the Mongolian army in the 14th century. Gender roles were relatively equal in Bai society and women were not considered inferior to men. Having only daughters and no sons
272-873: A hereditary ethnic group in Guizhou , Hunan , and Hubei Provinces , specifically in Bijie City , Liuzhi Special District , and Shucheng County within Liupanshui City in Guizhou; Sangzhi County in Zhangjiajie City in Hunan; and Hefeng County in Enshi Prefecture in Hubei. The origin of the Bai people has been heavily debated over the past century, though those debates mainly focus on
340-522: A long braid wrapped in a headcloth. This style is called "the phoenix bows its head". The Bai have a traditional form of theater called Chuichuiqiang . However, this local tradition is endangered, as is traditional Bai culture in general. The three major Bai festivals are called the Raosanlin (Walking Around Three Souls). The most important one is the Third Month Fair , held annually at
408-613: A moderate distribution in Central Asia . According to one study, Tibetans have a frequency of about 41.31% of haplogroup D-P47. For about 7,000 years, the natives of the Andaman Islands shared a common ancestry with each other. The closest lineage to the Andamanese is the Japanese haplogroup D, with which it has a very old relationship, dating back to about 53,000 years. Previously known as D-M55 , D-M64.1/Page44.1 (D1a2a)
476-632: A moderate distribution throughout Central Asia , East Asia , and continental Southeast Asia ( Indochina ). A study published in 2011 found D-M15 in 7.8% (4/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw and in 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Xinhmul from northern Laos. This subclade is found with high frequency among Pumi , Naxi , and Tibetans , Lu D, Lou H, Yuan K, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang C, et al. (September 2016). "Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders" . American Journal of Human Genetics . 99 (3): 580–594. doi : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002 . PMC 5011065 . PMID 27569548 . with
544-541: A move towards using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. Bai people The Bai / Pai ( Bai : Baipho, /pɛ̰˦˨xo̰˦/ (白和); Chinese : 白族 ; pinyin : Báizú ; Wade–Giles : Pai²-tsu² ; endonym pronounced [pɛ̀tsī] ), are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province , Bijie area of Guizhou Province , and Sangzhi area of Hunan Province . The Bai constitute one of
612-633: A native religion called Benzhuism : the worship of ngel zex ( 本主 ; běnzhǔ ), local gods and ancestors. Ngel zex could be any hero in history—the prince of the Nanzhao regime, a hero of folklore or even a tiger (for instance, Laojun Jingdi 老君景帝 is a tiger). George Clarke, who arrived in 1881, was the first Protestant missionary to the Bai population. Few Bai individuals adhere to the Christian faith; yet, Christian churches exist in Dali. There are
680-644: A pool of samples of Southern Altaians from three different localities, particularly in Kulada (5/46 = 10.9%) and Kosh-Agach (1/7 = 14%), though they did not test for any marker of the subclade D-M55 or D-P99. Kharkov et al. also reported finding haplogroup DE-M1(xD-M174) Y-DNA in one Southern Altaian individual from Beshpeltir (1/43 = 2.3%). In 2023 found in one Individual in North America, Ramon Moses, Lacrosse, Wi, USA. D-M174. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for
748-568: A sample from Cambodia and Laos (1/18 = 5.6%) and in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) in a preliminary worldwide survey of Y-DNA variation in extant human populations. Subsequently, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup D-M15 has been found frequently among Tibeto-Burman -speaking populations of Southwestern China (including approximately 23% of Qiang , approximately 12.5% of Tibetans , and approximately 9% of Yi ), and among Yao people inhabiting northeastern Guangxi (6/31 = 19.4% Lowland Yao, 5/41 = 12.2% Native Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Lowland Kimmun), with
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#1732772491267816-474: A sample of Jingpo from Luxi City, Yunnan , 10.0% (2/20) of a sample of Dai from Luxi City, and 1.82% (1/55) of a sample of Nu from Gongshan and Fugong , Yunnan. The haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes that are found among Tibeto-Burman populations as well as people of the Japanese archipelago belong to haplogroup D1a2b, D1a2a, and D1a1. D-M55 (D1a2a) is particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of
884-725: A separate ancestry for Andamanese populations. Rather, haplogroup D was part of the standing variation carried by the Eastern OOA expansion, and later lost from most of the populations except in Andaman and partially in Japan and Tibet". A 2019 study by Haber et al. showed that Haplogroup D-M174 originated in Central Asia and evolved as it migrated to different directions of the continent. One group of population migrated to Siberia, others to Japan and Tibet, and another group migrated to
952-476: A set of three samples from Thailand—including 20% (4/20) North Thai, 20% (1/5) So , and 0% (0/20) Northeast Thai—and in 16.7% (1/6) of a sample from Guam . Meanwhile, the authors found D-M15 in 15% of a pair of samples of Yao , including 30% (3/10) Yao Jinxiu and 0% (0/10) Yao Nandan ; 14.3% (2/14) of a sample of Yi ; 3.8% (1/26) of a sample of Cambodians ; and 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of Zhuang . Dong et al. (2002) found DE-YAP Y-chromosomes in 12.5% (2/16) of
1020-419: A similar manner, their names belong to completely separate systems. mtDNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mitochondrial DNA . They are named with the capital letters A through Z, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters. Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by
1088-706: A sister language of Chinese , a separate group within the Sino-Tibetan family, or in a category more related to the Thai language or Hmong language . Superficially, the Bai lexicon and grammar are closer to Chinese languages, but they also share common vocabulary items with the Lolo-Burmese languages . According to the Manshu (Book of Barbarians) by Fan Chuo (9th century), the Baiman' s pronunciation of Chinese
1156-515: A very low frequency among the Turkic and Mongolic populations of Central Asia , amounting to no more than 1% in total. This apparently ancient diversification of haplogroup D-M174 suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup". In one study, the frequency of haplogroup D-M174 without positive-tested subclades found among Thais was 10%. Su et al. (2000) found DE-YAP/DYS287(xM15) in 11.1% (5/45) of
1224-433: A white coat trimmed with a black or purple collar, loose blue trousers, embroidered shoes, silver bracelets, and earrings. Unmarried women wear a single pigtail on the top of their head, while married women roll their hair. The men wear white jackets, black-collared coats, and dark loose shorts. Their headwear and costume reflect the Bai symbols: the snow, the moon, the flower, and the wind. Many Bai women style their hair in
1292-442: Is bitter, Second is sweet, Third brings reflection (aftertaste)). The first tea course starts with baking the tea leaves in a clay pot over a small flame, shaking the leaves often while they bake. When they turn slightly brown and give off a distinct fragrance, heated water is added to the pot. The water should immediately begin bubbling. When the bubbling ceases, a small amount of bitterly fragrant, concentrated tea remains. Due to
1360-424: Is extensively utilised in Bai apparel, everyday items, traditional folklore, religious ceremonies, and national celebrations. The primary stages of tie-dyeing consist of flower tying and dyeing, with the essential techniques being the twisting and tying approach along with the dyeing process. The essence of the technique is in the dying method and the proficiency in dyeing. The primary instruments for tie-dyeing include
1428-791: Is found at high frequencies among Andaman Islanders , especially Onge (23/23 = 100%) and Jarawa (4/4 = 100%). D1b (L1378, M226.2) has been found in commercial testing in two families from Mactan Island in the Cebu region of the Philippines , in the ethnic Rade people from Vietnam as well as an ancient sample from Malaysia. D-M174 (xM15, P99, M55) is found in some Tibetan minority tribes in Northeast India (among whom rates vary from 0% to 65%). The basal D-M174 (xM15, P47, M55) has been found in approximately 5% of Altaians . Kharkov et al. found haplogroup D*(xD-M15) in 6.3% (6/96) of
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#17327724912671496-655: Is found with high frequency among Ainu and with medium frequency among Japanese and Ryukyuans . Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup D-M55 in 2.0% (1/51) of a sample of Beijing Han and in 1.6% (8/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea , including 3.3% (3/90) from the Jeolla region, 2.4% (2/84) from the Gyeongsang region, 1.4% (1/72) from the Chungcheong region, 1.1% (1/87) from the Jeju region, 0.9% (1/110) from
1564-512: Is not found in the New World ; it is not present in any modern Native American (North, Central, or South) populations. While it is possible that it traveled to the New World like haplogroup C-M217, those lineages apparently became extinct. Haplogroup D-M174 is remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of chromosomes being found exclusively in each of
1632-451: Is then offered to the guest. This tea is sweet without being oily, so the guest can easily drink it. The third tea is made by mixing honey, Sichuan pepper , slices of ginger, and cassia together in a china cup with hot Cangshan Xue green tea. The product is a tea that is sweet, coarse and spicy all at once. This Dali specialty has a noticeable aftertaste, which meant it was known as Hui Wei Cha 回味茶 (Reflection Tea). The 18 procedures of
1700-908: The Bai , Dai , Han , Hui , Manchu , Miao , Tujia , Xibe , Yao , and Zhuang peoples of China and among several minority populations of Sichuan and Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans, such as the Jingpo , Jino , Mosuo , Naxi , Pumi , Qiang , and Yi . Haplogroup D is also found in populations in China proper and in Korea , but with much lower frequency than in Tibet and Japan. A study published in 2011 found D-M174 in 2.49% (43/1729) of Han Chinese males, with frequencies tending to be higher than average toward
1768-663: The Riang people (a Tibeto-Burmese population) and the Andamanese share the same D clade (D1a3, also known as D1a2b) and have their closest lineages with other clades in East Asia. The Jarawa and Onge shared D1a2b with each other within the last ~7,000 years. The East Asian D1a2b diverged from the Japanese D1a2a lineage ~53,000 years ago. The authors conclude: "This strongly suggests that haplogroup D does not indicate
1836-605: The Tibetans and Nakhi , convene from across the globe in ceremonial clothing with their horses to engage in horse-racing. The Bai tea ceremony , San Dao Cha 三道茶 (Three Course Tea), is most popular among the Bai in the Dali area and is a common sight at festivals and marriages. It is both a cultural ceremony and a method of honouring a guest. The ceremony is often described in Mandarin as 'Yiku, Ertian, sanhuiwei' 一苦二甜三回味 (First
1904-643: The 'Bo (or Bai) People'. Assuming the Bo transcription is correct, the earliest mention of the Bai was in the third century BCE in a text called Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lü Buwei). They were mentioned again in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian in the first century BCE. The Bai were one of the tribes that helped establish Nanzhao (649–902). In 937, the Dali Kingdom
1972-493: The 25th day of the sixth lunar month to wish health and a good harvest. On that evening, the countryside is decorated with banners with auspicious words written upon them. Villagers then light torches in front of their gates and walk around the fields while holding yet more torches in order to catch pests. Horse racing is a customary practice of the Bai people, conducted not only during the Third Month Fair but also at
2040-498: The 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China , with a population of 2,091,543 ( as of 2020 ). The Bai people hold the colour white in high esteem and call themselves "Baipzix" ( pɛ˦˨ tsi˧ , Baizi, 白子), "Bai'ho" ( pɛ˦˨ xo˦ , Baihuo, 白伙), "Bai yinl" ( pɛ˦˨ ji˨˩ , Baini, 白尼), or "Miep jiax". Bai means "white" in Chinese. Because of their strong preference for white, in 1956 the Chinese authorities named this ethnic group
2108-474: The Andaman Islands, thus forming or helping to form the Andamanese people. Another group stayed in modern Tibet and southern China (today Tibeto-Burman peoples), and a third group migrated to Japan, possibly via the Korean Peninsula (pre- Jōmon people ). Haplogroup D-Z27276 is the common ancestor of D-M15 and D-P99, which are common in Tibet (China). D-M15 was first reported to have been found in
Haplogroup D-M174 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-555: The Andaman islands. A 2020 genetic study by Hallast et al. on ancient and modern haplogroups using a phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup C, D, and FT sequences—including very rare deep-rooting lineages such as D0/D2, a divergent D lineage not belonging to D-M174—argues that the initial splits within haplogroup CT (an ancestor of DE ) occurred in Africa . It also argues that phylogeographic analyses of ancient and present-day non-African Y chromosomes all point to East/Southeast Asia as
2244-706: The Bai ate cheese and made it from either cow or goat milk. The leftover whey from the process of cheese-making was fed to pigs. Those who lived around Erhai Lake fished. Bai fishermen have trained cormorants to fish since the 9th century. Lower water quality and high costs of cormorant training have resulted in recent disuse of the practice, though cormorant fishing is still done by local fishers today for tourists. The Bai people enjoy sour, cold and spicy flavours and excel in preparing delicacies such as cured gammon , bowfish ( Zacco taliensis ), river snails sauce, fried termite mushrooms ( Termitomyces ) and pork liver. The Bai people of Dali and surrounding regions enjoy
2312-516: The Bai nationality. The Bai were previously named the Minjia (民家) by the Chinese from the 14th century to 1949. The Bai people are one of the most sinicized minorities in China. Although the Bai are technically one of China's 56 official ethnic groups, it is difficult to qualify them as a distinct ethnic minority. As early as the 1940s, some rejected their non-Chinese origin and preferred to identify themselves solely as Chinese. The Bai ethnic label
2380-815: The D-M55 clade, which is found frequently among Ainu , Ryukyuan , and Japanese people. Haplogroup D Y-DNA has been found (albeit with low frequency) among modern populations of the Eurasian steppe , such as: It has also been found among linguistically similar ( Turkic - or Mongolic -speaking) modern populations of the desert and oasis belt south of the steppe, such as Yugurs , Bao’an , Monguors , Uyghurs , and Uzbeks . In commercial testing, members have been found as far west as Romania in Europe and Iraq in Western Asia. Unlike haplogroup C-M217, haplogroup D-M174
2448-713: The Dali Kingdom. The Yuan dynasty established Yunnan Province , created administrative districts in the Erhai region, and retained the Duan Family, the former rulers of Dali, to oversee the region. In 1381, the Ming dynasty army defeated the Yuan forces, deposed the former ruler of Dali, instituted Dali Prefecture, and subsequently migrated to the Dali region to cultivate the land. As of 2004, only Bai people who lived in
2516-759: The Min-kia [minjia 民家]), said that many travelers regarded them as an absorbed people hardly to be distinguished from Han Chinese. The Bai predominantly reside in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture , Yunnan Province , as well as in Gucheng District and Yulong County of Lijiang City , Nanhua County of Chuxiong Prefecture , Xishan District , Wuhua District , and Anning City (Taiping Town) of Kunming City , Lushui County of Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture , Longyang District of Baoshan City , Fengqing County of Lincang City , and portions of Zhenxiong County of Zhaotong City . The Bai also constitute
2584-937: The Mule-and-Horse Meeting in Jianchuan in July, the Fish Pone Meeting in Eryuan and Dengchuan in August, and in several villages. The origins of Bai horse racing date back over a millennium to the Tang Dynasty , coinciding with the introduction of Buddhism to Nanzhao . The Guanyin Temple Fair, conducted at the base of Cang Mountain in March of the lunar calendar, has progressively transformed into
2652-560: The Seoul-Gyeonggi region, and 0% (0/63) from the Gangwon region. Hammer et al. (2006) found haplogroup D-P37.1 in 4.0% (3/75) of a sample from South Korea. D-M116.1, which is a subclade of D-M55, has been observed in one individual in a sample from Micronesia ( n =17) according to the supplementary material of a study published in 2006. D-M116.1 also has been observed in one individual in a pool of samples from West Timor ( n =497);
2720-432: The Third Month Fair and associated commercial activities. Initially, the market primarily focused on the exchange of medical herbs and cattle. To further their business, horse sellers arranged horse-riding competitions at the market to showcase the strength and speed of the horses. Horse racing has consequently become a significant aspect of Third Month Fair. Annually, during the festival, the Bai and other ethnic groups, like
2788-761: The Thousand Search Pagoda at Chongsheng Temple , Fengyi North Tangtian Fazang Temple , the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, and the Fotu Temple have yielded various Buddhist texts, including the Diamond Sutra , Lotus Sutra , and Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras , among others. Although most Bai people adhere to Azhaliism , a form of Buddhism that traces its history back to the Nanzhao Kingdom , they also practice
Haplogroup D-M174 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-481: The Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree. The table below brings together all of these works at
2924-517: The area of sampling. Little high-resolution data regarding the phylogenetic position of Han Chinese and Korean members of Y-DNA haplogroup D has been published, but the available data suggests that most Han Chinese members of haplogroup D should belong to clades found frequently among Tibetans (especially the D-M15 clade, also found among speakers of some Lolo-Burmese and Hmong-Mien languages), whereas most Korean members of haplogroup D should belong to
2992-464: The distinctive YAP polymorphism —which indicates their closer ancestry than C—no haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes have been found outside of Asia. Haplogroup D1 is also often found in Southern Asia's populations. Several studies (Hammer et al. 2006, Shinoda 2008, Matsumoto 2009) suggested that paternal haplogroup D-M174 originated s in Central Asia . A 2017 study by Mondal et al. finds that
3060-552: The dyeing jar, dyeing stick, sun rack, and stone mill. Zhoucheng, Dali ( Chinese : 大理周城 ) offers a diverse array of tie-dye items, featuring over 1,000 distinct patterns characterised by a broad spectrum of themes and profound meanings. The Bai people, as their name would suggest, favor white clothes and decorations. Women generally wear white dresses, sleeveless jackets of red, blue, or black, embroidered belts, loose trousers, embroidered shoes of white cloth, and jewelry made of gold or silver. Women in Dali traditionally wear
3128-490: The first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted
3196-420: The foot of Mount Cang in Dali between the fifteenth and twentieth days of the third lunar month. Originally, it was a religious activity to rally and pay homage, but it gradually evolved into a fair that included performances of traditional sports and dance as well as the trade of merchandise from different regions. The second festival is the Shibaoshan Song Festival, and the third is the Torch Festival , held on
3264-515: The groups of people who were assimilated. According to archaeological excavations around Lake Erhai, the Bai people may have originated in the area around the lake. The earliest human site, discovered in the early 20th century, was called the paleolithic Malong relics of Mt. Cangshan (苍山马龙遗址), dated circa 4000 BP . The late sites include Haimenkou of Jianchuan (剑川海门口, 3000 BP), Baiyangcun of Binchuan (宾川白羊村, 3500 BP), and Dabona of Xiangyun (祥云大波那, 2350 BP). The Bai are mentioned in Tang dynasty texts as
3332-480: The haplogroup D-M174 phylogeny , thus distinguishing it clearly from the other haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes that are found among Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome haplogroup D-M55 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric Jōmon culture in the Japanese islands. It is suggested that the majority of D-M174 Y-chromosome carriers migrated from Central Asia to East Asia . One group migrated to
3400-533: The highest amount of diversity. Haplogroup D-M174 is found today with high frequency among populations in Tibet , Magar-ethnic Nepal , northern Myanmar , Qinghai , the Japanese archipelago , and the Andaman Islands , though curiously not as much in the rest of India . The Ainu people of Japan and various Tibeto-Burmese people (such as the Tripuri people ) are notable for possessing almost exclusively haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes. Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among
3468-401: The inhabitants of Tibet and some other parts of central Eurasia ( e.g. Mongolia and the Altai ). D-M174* without positive-tested subclades D-M15 or D-M55 is found at high frequencies among Andaman Islanders , and recently an Andamanese subclade was found to be D-Y34637 (D1a2b). Another type (or types) of paragroup D-M174* without positive-tested subclades of D-M15, D-P47, or D-M55 is found at
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#17327724912673536-501: The mountains spoke Bai as their only language, but some Han Chinese in Dali also spoke Bai due to local influence. Among modern Bai people, Chinese is usually used for popular media such as radio, television, and news, while Bai is relegated to folk-arts related activities. No book in the Bai language has been published as of 2005. The origins of the language have been obscured by many years of intensive Chinese influence. Several theories have been proposed, including categorizing it as
3604-520: The north and west of the country (8.9% of Shaanxi Han, 5.9% of Gansu Han, 4.4% of Yunnan Han, 3.7% of Guangxi Han, 3.3% of Hunan Han, and 3.2% of Sichuan Han). In another study of Han Chinese Y-DNA published in 2011, haplogroup D-M174 was observed in 1.94% (7/361) of a sample of unrelated Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai , with the origins of most of the volunteers being traced back to East China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang , Shanghai, and Anhui ). In Korea, haplogroup D-M174
3672-415: The official language. The habits of the Bai people in the Dali region closely resemble those of conventional Han Chinese culture. They are profoundly impacted by Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Most Bai people adhere to a form of Buddhism known as Azhaliism . Historically, the Dali Kingdom was the first Buddhist nation in Yunnan, excluding the Tibetan people in northwestern Yunnan. Buddhism
3740-762: The origin of all known surviving non-African male lineages (apart from recent migrants) soon after an initial 70,000–55,000-year-ago migration from Africa of basal haplogroup D and other basal Y-lineages. It argues that these lineages then rapidly expanded across Eurasia , diversified in Southeast Asia, and expanded westward around 55,000–50,000 years ago, replacing other local lineages within Eurasia; haplogroup D (as D-M174) then underwent rapid expansions within Eastern Eurasian populations and consists of five branches that formed about 45,000 years ago. The study finds that these haplogroups currently have their greatest diversity in Eastern Eurasia (East/Southeast Asia). Tibeto-Burmese populations of East and Southeast Asia were found to have
3808-400: The pertinent individual is from Umaklaran, located on the north side of the island of Timor near the border with East Timor . According to Mitsuru Sakitani , haplogroup D1 arrived from Central Asia to northern Kyushu via the Altai Mountains and the Korean Peninsula more than 40,000 years ago, and haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago. D1a2b (formerly one of D*)
3876-419: The point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. The following research teams, per their publications, were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. By ISOGG tree(Version 14.151): Subclade Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in
3944-408: The populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to haplogroup D-M174: haplogroup D-M15 among Tibetans , as well as other East/Southeast Asian populations that display low frequencies of haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes; haplogroup D-M55 among the various populations of the Japanese archipelago and with low frequency among Koreans ; and haplogroup D-P99 among
4012-475: The presence of a series of SNP markers on the Y chromosome . Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP , the SNP furthest down in the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major human Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature ). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with
4080-405: The sound the hot water makes when it enters the clay pot, the first course tea was, in previous times, also known as Lei Xiang Cha 雷响茶 (Sound of Thunder Tea). The second course is sweet tea. Pieces of walnut kernel and roasted rushan (乳扇, lit. milk fan ), a dried cheese specific to the Dali region, are put into a tea cup with brown sugar and other ingredients. Boiling water is added and the tea
4148-535: The structural layout but also the intricate decorative elements that are characteristic of Bai architecture. The Bai homes, with their white walls, hexagonal tile patterns, colorful paintings, and elaborate decorations like carved wooden doors, exemplify the attention to detail and artistic flair that define Bai architectural aesthetics. The village of Xizhou is known for its preservation of Qing Dynasty-era Bai homes, with some of these structures repurposed into museums. The Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, dating back to
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#17327724912674216-557: The tea ceremony are governed by strict etiquette, which follows the principles of etiquette, honesty, and beauty. As such, the tea ceremony is considered by some to perfectly embody the hospitable Bai people's current customs. The Bai people have developed and preserved three distinctive architectural styles that reflect their unique traditions and craftsmanship. These styles include the "one house with two cottages," "three rooms and one wall screening," and "four houses and five courtyards." Each of these architectural designs showcases not only
4284-444: Was brought to the Bai people as early as the 8th century. The Bai people once practiced Mahayana Tantric Buddhism. After Wu Sangui 's Three Clans Rebellion , it was decisively quelled by the Qing Dynasty . Subsequently, the Buddhist beliefs of the Bai people were coercively supplanted by Chinese Hinayana Buddhism . Furthermore, the Bai people exhibit a strong interest in transcribing Buddhist scriptures. Notable locations such as
4352-434: Was founded by Duan Siping , a Bai man whose family had played a major role in the Nanzhao Kingdom, advocated for the "relief of corvée" ( Chinese : 宽徭役 ) and joined 37 tribes in eastern Yunnan to instigate a rebellion. The Dali Kingdom persisted for about 300 years (937-1253), facilitating the Bai's establishment of internal cohesion centered around the Erhai Lake . In 1253, the Mongols led by Kublai Khan conquered
4420-401: Was not considered a tragedy. Most Bai are agriculturalists. They cultivate many crops like rice, wheat, rapeseed, sugar, millet, cotton, cane, corn, and tobacco. However, some Bai also engage in fishing and selling local handicrafts to tourists. Most Bai were subsistence rice farmers, but they also cultivated wheat, vegetables, and fruits. Unlike the Han and most other Chinese minority groups,
4488-542: Was not widely used or known until 1958. Today, the Bai people accept minority status for pragmatic reasons; however, they are culturally nearly indistinguishable from Han Chinese. One prerequisite for creating a hybrid form of Chinese would be a unique cultural identity, distinct from the Han, but the Bai people have been said by the sinologist Charles Patrick Fitzgerald to have held no ‘strong national feeling’ even before 1949. Hence, Fitzgerald, author of an authoritative study on Bai (whom he called by their former Chinese name,
4556-503: Was observed in 3.8% (5/133) of a sample from Daejeon , 3.5% (3/85) of a sample from Seoul , 3.3% (3/90) of a sample from Jeolla , 2.4% (2/84) of a sample from Gyeongsang , 2.3% (13/573) of another sample from Seoul, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Chungcheong , 1.1% (1/87) of a sample from Jeju , and 0.9% (1/110) of a third sample from Seoul- Gyeonggi . In other studies, haplogroup D-M174 has been observed in 6.7% (3/45) and 4.0% (3/75) of samples from Korea without any further specification of
4624-470: Was the most accurate out of all the tribes in the area. Scriptures from Nanzhao unearthed in 1950s show that they were written in the Bai language (similar to Chữ Nôm and the Old Zhuang script ) but it does not seem Nanzhao ever attempted to standardize or popularize the script. The same was true for its successor, the Dali Kingdom . During the Ming dynasty , the government began offering state examinations in Yunnan , which solidified Classical Chinese as
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