49-639: Harun bin Idris ( Jawi : هارون إدريس , Malay pronunciation: [harun] ; 22 December 1925 – 19 October 2003) was a Malaysian politician and the 8th Menteri Besar of Selangor . Apart from his career in politics, Harun Idris (as he is informally known) was heavily involved in sports particularly organising the Muhammad Ali vs Joe Bugner fight in Kuala Lumpur as well as overseeing Malaysia and Selangor football teams' most successful periods. Harun
98-523: A few times. Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards. In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage. Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless,
147-774: A magistrate in Kuala Lumpur. Two years later his good work earned him a scholarship to read law in Middle Temple , England. Returning two years later, Dato Harun held the position of the President of the Sessions Court in Taiping. When Malaya gained her independence in 1957, Dato Harun was made a Deputy Public Prosecutor and was later the Acting Registrar of Societies and the Official Assignee of
196-481: A political rally held at his residence in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur . Harun, who was perceived as a proponent of ketuanan Melayu (Malay supremacy, although this exact phrase was not in use at the time), had seen UMNO suffer several losses in the Selangor State Assembly during the 1969 general election . As a result, the opposition held a celebration rally in the state, a counter rally
245-832: A tombstone discovered in Phan Rang , Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik , East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among
294-562: A van opposite Idris' house watching the large gathering. On the other, some claim that Dato' Harun had worked to de-escalate the situation, even saving a number of Chinese people that were being targeted by Malay rioters. One of them was the late Tan Chee Khoon , the then- Leader of the Opposition . In an article written on 24 June 1981 titled 'Datuk Harun and the May 13 Tragedy', Chee Khoon exonerates Harun by arguing that Chee Khoon concludes
343-543: Is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people . According to Kamus Dewan , Jawi ( جاوي ) is a term synonymous to ' Malay '. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi ( Kelantan-Pattani Malay , a Malayan language used in Southern Thailand ), Masuk Jawi (literally "to become Malay", referring to
392-589: Is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand. Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba , published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986 , which
441-748: Is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'. Prior to the onset of Islamisation , the Pallava script , Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay , notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription . The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with
490-570: Is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words. Nonetheless, even different modern sources may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis ( alif ا , wau و and ya ي ) and the hamzah tiga suku ء , as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English . One source tends to use
539-653: Is based on the Arabic script , consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic , which are ca ( ⟨ چ ⟩ /t͡ʃ/ ), nga ( ⟨ ڠ ⟩ /ŋ/ ), pa ( ⟨ ڤ ⟩ /p/ ), ga ( ⟨ ݢ ⟩ /ɡ/ ), va ( ⟨ ۏ ⟩ /v/ ), and nya ( ⟨ ڽ ⟩ /ɲ/ ). Jawi
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#1732790730066588-565: Is currently in general usage. Today, Jawi is one of two official scripts in Brunei . In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/67 , as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably Kelantan , Terengganu and Pahang , Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi
637-533: Is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java , but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script . Modern Jawi spelling
686-717: The Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions. The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state. The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi. This can further be seen later on when
735-657: The 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century. Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi . Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage,
784-613: The Federation of Malaya. A year later, he was appointed the State Legal Adviser for Selangor. The call from a career in politics was too strong to resist and in 1964 Dato Harun resigned from said position and was appointed as Menteri Besar of Selangor after being elected the state assemblyman for the constituency of Morib . In March 1964, having won the State Assembly seat for Morib, Selangor, Dato' Seri Harun
833-481: The Head of UMNO Youth and Supreme Council member. He was then expelled from UMNO and charged with corruption by the government, due to his abuse of state funds. The chief investigating officer on the corruption case (16 counts of corruption) was Ang Chooi Tuan KMN, AMN, the highest ranking Anti-Corruption Agency non-Malay/non-UMNO officer. Harun's career was marred by the 13 May racial riots , which had been triggered by
882-509: The Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau , Riau archipelago , Jambi , South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language ), Aceh , and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language ). This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions). Jawi script
931-655: The Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone , dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested
980-474: The Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from
1029-642: The Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019. The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended. He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts. He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah. Kuantan ,
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#17327907300661078-539: The Malays who gathered at his house with knives and machetes. Another report states that after meeting in large numbers at Harun's official residence in Jalan Raja Muda near Kampong Bahru , and hearing inflammatory speeches by Harun and other leaders, the Malay mobs prepared themselves by tying ribbon strips on their foreheads and set out to kill Chinese. The first victims of the riots were two Chinese that were in
1127-698: The Subang Division. Dato' Seri Harun died after a short illness on 19 October 2003 at the age of 77 and is survived by his wife Datin Seri Salmah Sulaiman, three sons, three daughters, 18 grandchildren and 22 great-grandchildren. Jawi alphabet Jawi ( جاوي ; Acehnese : Jawoë ; Kelantan-Pattani : Yawi ; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒä.wi] ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia , such as Acehnese , Magindanawn , Malay , Mëranaw , Minangkabau , Tausūg , and Ternate . Jawi
1176-553: The World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates. Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei . In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in
1225-637: The arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar , Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan , Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE);
1274-496: The article by writing "I have related this story not with the idea of reviving an old controversy but to show that Datuk Harun was not out for the blood of Chinese in those days of tragedy as claimed in some quarters". He served as Kuala Langat Umno Division Chief for 3 years until 1984. Dato' Seri Harun also served as a council member of the Selangor Royal Council from 1994 until his demise. On 15 November 1986 he
1323-690: The earliest examples. At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat . The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay . Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca , pa , ga , nga , va and nya . Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect
1372-970: The following conventions; there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless. Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left . Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah , غزال اونتوق ربيعة ( English : A Ghazal for Rabiah). کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا ء نکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو. Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu. The glimmer of gems twinkling in
1421-458: The letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals , as listed by UNESCO under Memories of
1470-479: The lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca , Sultanate of Johor , Sultanate of Maguindanao , Sultanate of Brunei , Sultanate of Sulu , Sultanate of Pattani , the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by
1519-584: The lofty sky, And light that dances across upon the azure sky, Are not able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the Beloved. The melodious rhythm of the reed flute, And the chorus of nymphs from Heaven, Are not able to calm the soul, That craves the certainty of your Love. Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
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1568-528: The merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi
1617-474: The original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey , Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus,
1666-559: The practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age ), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan , menjawikan (literally ' to make something Malay ' ), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Tulisan Jawi that means ' Jawi script '
1715-463: The spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as
1764-406: The standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional Malay literature when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the Latin alphabet called Rumi that
1813-580: The state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019. This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system. The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed
1862-558: The states of Terengganu , Kelantan , Kedah , Perlis , Penang , Pahang and Johor . Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons. In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce
1911-601: The strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in
1960-460: The system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script , while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest it was developed with the influence of the Perso-Arabic alphabet . The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was
2009-500: The teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system. The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence,
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2058-502: Was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard . The word Jawi ( جاوي ) is a shortening of the term in Arabic : الجزائر الجاوي , romanized : Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi , lit. 'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara . The word jawi is a loanword from Javanese : ꦗꦮꦶ , romanized: jawi which
2107-566: Was called to the Malaysian Bar and thereafter returned to his old profession of law practice and became a senior partner of Harun Idris, Yeoh & Partners and was actively practising law until his demise. Harun served as Semangat 46 Supreme Council member and Selangor Chief for a brief period from 1987 to 1990. In the year 2000, Dato' Seri Harun rejoined Umno and was a member of the Umno SS7 Sri Dagang Branch, in
2156-581: Was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia , supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone , a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that
2205-522: Was elected to the UMNO Supreme Council and served as Selangor Umno liaison chief from 1964 to 1976. From 1964 to 1976, Dato' Seri Harun was appointed the eighth Chief Minister of Selangor, after Dato' Abu Bakar Baginda and he was the longest serving Chief Minister of Selangor, holding office for exactly 12 years, until his resignation in April 1976. From the early 1970s until 1976, Harun was
2254-885: Was in both Malay and English mediums (he attended Victoria Institution in 1936) and in the 1940s he joined the Malayan Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army against the Japanese occupation of Malaya . He was one of the founders of the Selangor Malays Union, and joined UMNO in 1949. Subsequently, he joined the Malay Administrative Service and worked as an assistant district officer in the districts of Gemas and Tampin, both located in Negeri Sembilan. The year 1951 saw him serve under Malaysia’s first PM Tunku Abdul Rahman as
2303-696: Was the president of the Football Association of Selangor from 1961 to 1983 and was the manager of the Malaysian national team in the 1972 Olympics . Harun is widely acknowledged to be responsible for unearthing some of Malaysia’s best talents such as Santokh Singh , Soh Chin Ann and even the late Mokhtar Dahari . Harun was born in Petaling , Selangor (which was still a mukim under the Kuala Lumpur district) on 21 July 1925. His early schooling
2352-496: Was then held with Malays gathering at Idris' house in Kampong Baru , which quickly spiralled out of control. The discipline of those at the rally soon broke down, and the rally turned into a riot which lasted two days and cost at least 180 lives. Harun's role in the riot is not exactly clear and reports are conflicting. On one hand it is claimed that he was responsible for ordering the counter-rally, and even as far as supplying
2401-404: Was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script. Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521),
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