60-506: A healthcare center , health center , or community health center is one of a network of clinics staffed by a group of general practitioners and nurses providing healthcare services to people in a certain area. Typical services covered are family practice and dental care, but some clinics have expanded greatly and can include internal medicine, pediatric, women's care, family planning, pharmacy, optometry, laboratory testing, and more. In countries with universal healthcare , most people use
120-681: A Privy Counsellor and was promoted to Minister of Munitions when Lloyd George became Minister of War in July 1916. He supported Lloyd George against the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith , at the end of 1916, and continued into the new coalition cabinet. In July 1917, he became a Minister Without Portfolio with responsibility for analysing the problems that Britain would face after the war and preparing plans for reconstruction. He worked with Arthur Greenwood to develop programmes for sweeping social reforms. Perhaps Addison's greatest achievement
180-493: A polyclinic , it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology , dermatology , ophthalmology , otolaryngology , neurology , pulmonology , cardiology , and endocrinology . In some university cities , polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building. Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of
240-465: A specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school . The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds. In Latin, this became clīnicus . An early use of
300-471: A degree of intervention in the free market known as "War Socialism" to prompt faster munitions production. Private enterprise in key sectors was brought under the control of government, which erected its own factories, and great care was taken to improve the welfare of the munitions workers, both male and female. Ammunition supply-lines dictated the tempo of the war, especially in the first year of fighting, so stability and productivity within this industry were of
360-437: A first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas." Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after
420-831: A food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic. Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished. There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices. Christopher Addison Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison , KG , PC , FRCS (19 June 1869 – 11 December 1951 ),
480-451: A local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized health care. Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker . In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require
540-614: A major role in the post war governments after both world wars. Addison worked hard to promote the National Insurance scheme in 1911. Lloyd George made him the first Minister of Health when the ministry was created in 1919, and Addison oversaw an expansion of council housing after the Great War with an increase in public funding to local authority housing schemes with the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 . He later joined
600-562: A network of Polyclinics in England when he was a minister in 2008. These clinics had some features in common with earlier proposals for health centers, but shared with them considerable resistance from GPs. See also Community diagnostic centre . A community health center is a not-for-profit, consumer directed healthcare organization that provides access to high quality, affordable, and comprehensive primary and preventive medical, dental, and mental health care. Community health centers have
660-685: A number of sinecure positions in combination with his leadership of the Lords, until Labour lost office in October 1951. As a result of Addison's success in steering legislation through the House of Lords, the Attlee ministry issued few major reforms to the institution beyond limiting its delaying power to one year during its time in power. Lord Addison married firstly Isobel, daughter of Archibald Gray, in 1902. They had two daughters and three sons. Isobel,
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#1732773096128720-738: A part of the Primary Health Care of the National Healthcare System . They were created by the founding law of the NHS (1397/1983) by the first government of Andreas Papandreou . Today there are operated 322 Health Centers and 239 Local Health Units for the purpose of prevention, treatment and the rehabilitation of the patients. Puskesmas ( Indonesian : Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat , lit. ' Community Health Center ' ) are government-mandated community health clinics located across Indonesia . They are overseen by
780-425: A response to a more equal valuation of women as competent industrial workers and a political force. The Ministry of Munitions was a new Ministry, created and headed by David Lloyd George to rapidly improve and increase production of munitions. Working conditions were improved in the new, state-owned industry, and Addison created and implemented schemes that greatly increased the efficiency of production. He became
840-505: A unique mission of ensuring access for underserved, under-insured and uninsured patients. In the U.S., Community Health Centers (CHCs) are neighborhood health centers generally serving Medically Underserved Areas (MUAs) which includes persons who are uninsured, underinsured, low-income or those living in areas where little access to primary health care is available. Largely federally and locally funded, some health clinics are modernized with new equipment and electronic medical records. In 2006,
900-456: A visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed. Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if
960-578: Is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients . Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays. Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice , run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean
1020-407: Is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries , some of which integrate traditional medicine . In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice. The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance,
1080-703: The British Medical Association . In August 1914, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education , under Jack Pease . His work here was largely concerned with improving the health and welfare of children, but was cut short following the outbreak of the First World War . Addison became Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Munitions in May 1915. Addison introduced
1140-500: The National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 , responsibility for promoting health centers was transferred to Area Health Authorities and there were renewed calls to establish more Health Centres. It was suggested that these centers could arrange alternative medical care for patients "when their doctor is off duty, or for emergency calls when he is engaged elsewhere". Lord Darzi set up
1200-727: The Nurse Registration Act 1919 , establishing for the first time a register of nurses under the auspices of the General Nursing Council . He introduced the first Housing and Town Planning Act , under which the state built low-rent homes ( council houses ) for the working-class. Addison also reviewed and increased the provisions of the National Insurance system, and introduced programmes to improve healthcare and training. However, he presided over large increases in public spending and this raised
1260-547: The ACES were grouped with hospital units into experimental local health units ( unidades locais de saúde ) or ULS. The ULS are intended to increase the coordination between the primary and the secondary healthcare, through both of these services being provided by the same health unit. Bertrand Dawson was commissioned by Christopher Addison to produce a report on "schemes requisite for the systematised provision of such forms of medical and allied services as should... be available for
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#17327730961281320-748: The Conservatives and Liberals. Addison lost his seat at the 1931 general election . In 1934 he regained his Swindon seat in a by-election , but lost it a second time at the 1935 general election . During the Spanish Civil War he helped organise medical aid to Spain, as president of the Spanish Medical Aid Committee. In May 1937, Addison joined the Labour party's meagre caucus in the House of Lords , being raised to
1380-725: The House of Lords following Labour's victory in the 1945 general election . He was created Viscount Addison , of Stallingborough in the County of Lincoln, in July 1945. As Leader of the House of Lords, Addison had the key responsibility of steering government legislation through the upper chamber. He formed a good relationship with the leader of the Conservative opposition in the Lords, the Marquess of Salisbury . Through general consultation, Addison developed new guidelines for peers, particularly with regard to declaration of interests. He
1440-539: The Indonesian Ministry of Health and provide healthcare for the population on sub-district level. The concept was designed by Johannes Leimena , the third Indonesian Minister of Health, and be realized by G. A. Siwabessy in New Order era. Community and preventive health programs formed another component of Indonesia's health system. There is approximately 9718 Puskesmas around the country according to
1500-663: The Labour Party. Addison was born in the rural parish of Hogsthorpe in Lincolnshire, the son of Robert Addison and Susan, daughter of Charles Fanthorpe. His family had owned and run a farm for several generations and he maintained a strong interest in agriculture and rural matters throughout his life. He attended Trinity College, Harrogate , from the age of thirteen. He trained in medicine at Sheffield School of Medicine and St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. His education
1560-610: The Labour party with whom he formed a close relationship, and was an active member of the Socialist Medical Association . Facing economic crisis in 1931, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden , proposed swingeing cuts to public spending, particularly to unemployment benefit. Addison voted against these cuts in cabinet and went into Opposition when MacDonald formed a National Government with
1620-563: The Liberal Party. His belief in social reform and progressive policies brought him close to the socialism of the Labour Party, and he campaigned for Labour candidates at the 1923 general election . During this time he returned to his family farm and published a number of books, including The Betrayal of the Slums , on the link between poor housing and poor health, and Practical Socialism . He stood unsuccessfully as Labour's candidate in
1680-821: The Local Government Board in January 1919, with the goal of transforming it into a Ministry of Health . He became the first Minister of Health in June following the passing of the Ministry of Health Act 1919 . He was responsible for a great deal of public health improvements and social legislation. He ensured the extension of health and hospital services: increasing the treatment provision for communicable diseases such as venereal diseases and tuberculosis; increasing provision for maternal health and infant welfare as well as home nursing. He successfully introduced
1740-720: The Ministry of Health of Indonesia. The health center ( Portuguese : centro de saúde ) was the basic community primary healthcare unit of the National Health Service of Portugal , as well as acting as the local public health authority. Usually, each health center covered the area of one of the Portuguese municipalities, but municipalities with over 15 000 habitants could be covered by more than one of these centers. Health centers were staffed with general practitioners , public health physicians , nurses , social workers and administrative personnel. In 2008,
1800-1020: The National Association of Community Health Centers implemented a model for offering free, rapid HIV testing to all patients between the ages of 13 and 64 during routine primary medical and dental care visits. Medically Underserved Areas/Populations are areas or populations designated by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) as having: too few primary care providers, high infant mortality, high poverty and/or high elderly population. Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) are designated by HRSA as having shortages of primary medical care, dental or mental health providers and may be geographic (a county or service area), demographic (low income population) or institutional (comprehensive health center, federally qualified health center or other public facility). Clinic A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic )
1860-718: The Topographical Anatomy of the Abdominal Viscera in Man, especially the Gastro-Intestinal Canal", that was published in four parts in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology between 1899 and 1901: Addison cut the first sod for Bristol City Council 's new Sea Mills estate on 4 June 1919. An oak tree was planted by city's lady mayoress as part of the same event, it survives and is known as
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1920-420: The building of health centers. A well known center was opened at Woodberry Down in October 1952. It had provision for 6 GPs, 2 dentists, a pharmacist and two nurses. It cost about £163,000, which included the cost of a day nursery and child guidance clinic. This was regarded as extravagant and used as an excuse by critics for not building more. Harlow , where 4 centers were built by the new town corporation,
1980-547: The cheap cottages movement launched in 1905. With hindsight, this may be seen as something of a prototype of the municipal housing that followed in the post-war period and the beginnings of town planning as an accepted concern of the state. Fellow idealists might well have regretted the design, layout and landscaping compromises inevitably struck in the pursuit of rapid construction to support homeland defence as an over-riding priority. Improved dimensions of kitchens, bathrooms and gardens for working-class houses might also be seen as
2040-424: The coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases. A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from
2100-526: The constituency of Hammersmith South for the 1924 general election , before winning the Swindon constituency in Wiltshire, at the 1929 general election . Ramsay MacDonald appointed Addison as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1929. He served under Noel Buxton , and succeeded him as Minister of Agriculture in June 1930. He worked with Clement Attlee , the future Leader of
2160-506: The countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine; and in many countries across Asia and Africa. In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-). Recent Russian governments have attempted to replace
2220-414: The country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas. Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators. Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in
2280-612: The daughter of a wealthy Scottish businessman and shipping agent, supported her husband morally and financially when he embarked upon a career in politics. After her death in 1934 Addison married secondly Dorothy, daughter of Frederick Percy Low, in 1937. Lord Addison died in December 1951, aged 82, only two months after the end of his political career. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, Christopher . Lady Addison died in September 1982. Addison wrote an important paper, "On
2340-557: The effects of poverty on health could be fought only by governments, not by doctors, Addison entered politics. He was adopted as Liberal candidate for Hoxton , Shoreditch , in 1907, and was duly elected in the January 1910 general election . The Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , noted Addison's medical background and asked him to speak in support of the 1911 National Insurance Bill , both in Parliament and with
2400-563: The healthcare centers. In countries without universal healthcare, the clients include the uninsured, underinsured, low-income or those living in areas where little access to primary health care is available. In Central and Eastern Europe, bigger health centers are commonly called policlinics (not to be confused with polyclinics ). Community Health Centers (CHCs) have existed in Ontario for more than 40 years. The first established CHC in Canada
2460-536: The inhabitants of a given area". The Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services was produced in 1920, though no further report ever appeared. The report laid down detailed plans for a network of Primary and Secondary Health Centres, together with detailed architectural drawings of different sorts of centers. By 1939 the term health center was widely used to refer to new buildings housing local health authority services. The Dawson report
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2520-517: The ire of Conservatives in the government. He was moved from the Ministry of Health in April 1921, becoming Minister Without Portfolio. Addison resigned in July 1921 when a Cabinet committee decided to halt the housing construction scheme altogether; he subsequently became a strong critic of the government. Addison lost his seat in the 1922 general election . Since the end of the war, he had found himself increasingly detached from both warring factions of
2580-573: The medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers .) Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China , for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011. Health care in India , China , Russia and Africa
2640-570: The more than 300 health centers were aggregated into around 70 health center groups ( agrupamentos de centros de saúde ) or ACES. Each ACES includes several family and personalized healthcare units, these being now the basic primary health care providers of the Portuguese National Health Service. Besides family health care services, the ACES also include public health , community health and other specialized units, as well as basic medical emergency services. Some of
2700-400: The need arises. Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals. Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals. Besides GPs, if a clinic is
2760-564: The newly formed University College of Sheffield , and edited the Quarterly Medical Journal from 1898 to 1901. In 1901, he moved to London again, teaching at Charing Cross Hospital . He published his research on anatomy and became Hunterian professor with the Royal College of Surgeons. Addison's principal contributions to anatomy were in his writings in three volumes of the Journal of Anatomy , 1899–1901, "On
2820-599: The peerage as Baron Addison , of Stallingborough in the County of Lincoln. He was Chairman of the Buckinghamshire War Agricultural Committee during the Second World War , co-ordinating agricultural production and supply in that county. Attlee appointed Addison to be Labour's leader in the Lords in 1940, after Lord Snell stepped down for health reasons. Addison retained this position until his death, serving as Leader of
2880-555: The policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed. In the Czech Republic , many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building. India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of
2940-528: The politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection. People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns. When new settlements that sprang up along
3000-445: The remote villages. Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be
3060-404: The topographical anatomy of the abdominal viscera in man" . Subsequently, he contributed to the three-dimensional mapping of the abdomen, which was based on numerous bodily measurements, "some 10,000 measurements made on forty bodies". He linked his measurements to an imaginary plane of section, known as " Addison's transpyloric plane ". Motivated by concern for the treatment of the poor, and that
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#17327730961283120-500: The utmost importance. The government subsidised housing estates, such as Vickerstown on Walney Island (now in Cumbria ), with integral religious, social and recreational amenities, to enable pools of munitions workers and their families to move next to expanded armament factories. Raymond Unwin , an influential civil servant from this time injected some of the late Victorian/utopian/Fabian philosophy of garden suburbs and ideals from
3180-449: The word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed". Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners . Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists , and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside
3240-478: Was Mount Carmel Clinic in 1926. Most CHC's consist of an interdisciplinary team of health care providers using electronic health records. In Quebec , local community services centers known by their French acronym, CLSC , offer routine health and social services, including consultations with general practitioners with and without an appointment. In China there are, as of 2011, 32,812 community health centers and 37,374 township health centers. Health Centers are
3300-605: Was a British medical doctor and politician. A member of the Liberal and Labour parties, he served as Minister of Munitions during the First World War and was later Minister of Health under David Lloyd George and Leader of the House of Lords under Clement Attlee . He was a prominent anatomist and perhaps the most eminent doctor ever to enter the Commons . He was a leader in issues of health, wartime munitions, housing and agriculture. Although not highly visible, he played
3360-798: Was also Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs in Attlee's first cabinet, directing the transformation of the Dominion Affairs Office into the Office of Commonwealth Relations and playing an instrumental role in Labour's early anti-imperialist policies and the strengthening of the British Commonwealth . In 1946, he became the first Labour politician to be made a Knight of the Garter . As his health began to deteriorate he withdrew from foreign affairs in 1947, subsequently holding
3420-635: Was expensive for his family, and he insisted on re-paying his parents once he had begun his career. In 1892, Addison graduated from the University of London as a Bachelor of Medicine and Science with honours in forensic medicine. A year later he qualified as a Medical Doctor and two years after that he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons . He combined private practice with academic research, and taught anatomy at Sheffield School of Medicine . In 1896 he became professor of anatomy at
3480-513: Was the establishment of a costing system which by the end of the war had saved an estimated £440 million. Addison's Hoxton constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election , when he was elected for the new Shoreditch constituency. Although Lloyd George was increasingly influenced by the Conservative members of his coalition government, Addison's plans formed the basis of much post-war legislation. Addison became President of
3540-680: Was the only community in Britain served exclusively by doctors working from health centers. The few centers that were built "functioned as isolated islands in a sea of General Practitioners generally indifferent to their success". There were later calls to establish a network of centers to include not only GPs but also dentists and diagnostic facilities. In 1965 there were only 30 health centers in England and Wales, and 3 in Scotland. By 1974 there were 566 in England, 29 in Wales and 59 in Scotland. After
3600-433: Was very influential in debates about the National Health Service when it was set up in 1948, but few centers were built because "it was not practicable for local authorities to establish health centers without the full compliance of general practitioners" – which was not forthcoming. Far more attention and resources were devoted to hospital services than to primary care. From 1948 to 1974 local authorities were responsible for
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