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76-754: The research in heavy water production was initiated by the Chemical Engineering Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in the 1960s and was continued by the Heavy Water Division of BARC where a pilot plant was operated for studying the H2S-H2O exchange process. While these studies were in progress, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) commissioned the first heavy water plant in India at Nangal , Punjab, India in

152-485: A 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump. Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near Hanle , Ladakh , India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by Electronics Corporation of India , Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and

228-896: A 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant 's nuclear power unit, as well as the Arihant's main propulsion reactor. Three other submarine vessels of the class( Arihant class ) including the upcoming INS arighat , S4 and S4* will also get the same class of reactors as there primary propulsion. BARC also developed stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Units for India's multirole fighter HAL Tejas and contributed to Chandrayaan-I and Mangalyaan missions. BARC has contributed for collaboration with various mega science projects of National and International repute viz. CERN ( LHC ), India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), ITER , Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator ( LEHIPA ), Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE), etc. In 2012 it

304-474: A broad spectrum covering condensed matter physics , nuclear physics, astrophysical sciences and atomic and molecular spectroscopy . Important research areas include advanced magnetism , soft and nano structured materials, energy materials, thin film and multi-layers, accelerator/reactor based fusion-fission studies, nuclear-astrophysics, nuclear data management, reactor based neutrino physics, very high-energy astrophysics and astro-particle physics. Some of

380-577: A flow sheet for reprocessing of spent thoria rods was developed and demonstrated at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF), Trombay. After gaining successful experience at UTSF, Power Reactor Thoria Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF) has been set up employing advanced laser based technology for dismantling of thoria bundle and single pin mechanical chopper for cutting of fuel pins. Thoria irradiated fuel bundles from PHWR were reprocessed using TBP as extractant to recover 233U. High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of

456-809: A number of research reactors across the country. Its primary facilities are located in Trombay , with new facilities also located in Challakere in Chitradurga district of Karnataka . A new Special Mineral Enrichment Facility which focuses on enrichment of uranium fuel is under construction in Atchutapuram near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , for supporting India's nuclear submarine program and produce high specific activity radioisotopes for extensive research. When Homi Jehangir Bhabha

532-552: A series of supercomputers for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics , theoretical physics , computational chemistry , computational fluid dynamics , and finite element analysis . The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya. BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed parallel processing as

608-409: A time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), protein crystallography , Infrared spectroscopy , Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility,

684-531: A unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of uranium but a large resource of thorium . The beach sands of Kerala and Orissa have rich reserves of monazite , which contains about 8–10% thorium. Studies have been carried out on all aspects of thorium fuel cycle - mining and extraction , fuel fabrication, utilisation in different reactor systems, evaluation of its various properties and irradiation behaviour, reprocessing and recycling . Some of

760-519: Is a public sector undertaking in India under the ownership of Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers , Government of India . The first state-owned fertilizer unit was setup in 1951 at Sindri followed by units in Nangal and Trombay . FCIL was then incorporated in 1961 by the Government of India consolidating several public sector fertilizer units into a single undertaking. In 1978, FCIL

836-755: Is a complex process and poses challenges in view of high temperature operations in presence of high amount of radioactivity . As a result, very few countries in world could master the technology of vitrification of HLLW and India is among them. Three melter technologies, Induction Heated Metallic Melter (IHMM), Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) and Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM), have been indigenously developed for vitrification of HLLW. HLLW vitrification plants, based on IHMM or JHCM technologies, have been constructed and successfully operated at Trombay , Tarapur and Kalpakkam sites of India. Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in

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912-620: Is a premier nuclear and multi-disciplinary research organisation though founded primarily to serve India's nuclear program and its peaceful applications of nuclear energy does an extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering , Radiology and their application to health, food, medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and Laser Technology, electronics, High Performance Computing , instrumentation and reactor control, Materials Science and radiation monitoring, high-energy physics and plasma physics among others. BARC

988-544: Is also added to ensure uninterrupted supply of steam during the shut down periods of RAPS. Water from the nearby Rana Pratap Sagar reservoir, on the Chambal River , purified of suspended and dissolved impurities forms the process feed with the D20. The Heavy Water Plant at Manuguru , Telangana is based on the bithermal hydrogen sulphide-water (H2S-H2O) exchange process. This plant with a capacity of 185 tonnes per year

1064-399: Is also directed towards management of Hulls, contaminated left over pieces of zirconium clad tube after dissolution of fuel, and Geological Disposal Facility for safe disposal of vitrified HLLW and long lived waste with objective to long term isolation of radionuclide from the human environment . The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a MOX fuel fabrication facility, is part of

1140-623: Is an agency of the Department of Atomic Energy. It is divided into a number of Groups, each under a director, and many more Divisions. BARC's Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) was formed in 2009. It is located in three cities – Mumbai, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam . BARC conducts extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronics instrumentation, biology and medicine, advance computing, high-energy plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear program and related areas. The few are: India has

1216-657: Is being used for carrying out experiments with thoria based fuels. Thoria based fuel irradiations have been carried out in our research and power reactors. Thoria fuel rods in the reflector region of research reactor CIRUS. Thoria fuel assemblies as reactivity load in research reactor Dhruva. Thoria fuel bundles for flux flattening in the Initial Core of PHWRs. Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR. (Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva. Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on

1292-683: Is located 8 km north from Baroda railway station along the national highway No. 8, adjacent to the Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. (GSFC).The plant was integrated with GSFC until 1999 when GSFC upgraded their Ammonia plant to an incompatible low pressure system resulting in temporary suspension in the operations of the Heavy Water Plant. HWP Baroda also has a potassium metal plant for supply of potassium metal for preparing catalyst solution for all monothermal ammonia-hydrogen exchange plants. The plant

1368-646: Is located at Thal-Vaishet village in Raigad district of Maharashtra and is about 100 km south of Mumbai on National Highway No.66. The site is also accessible from Gateway of India, Mumbai by speedboats and Catamaran services. Work on HWP Thal was started in February 1982 and plant was commissioned in 1985. HWP Tuticorin is located in the port town of Tuticorin in Southern India. The plant employs an ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (mono-thermal). The plant

1444-455: Is the second plant based on this process, the earlier one being at Kota , Rajasthan for which the complete technology has been developed indigenously by BARC and HWB. The Manuguru site was chosen because of its proximity to Singareni coal fields and Godavari river which provide respectively large quantities of coal and water required by the plant. It was commissioned in December 1991. It is

1520-701: Is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy . It manages all facets of nuclear power generation , from the theoretical design of reactors to, computer modeling and simulation, risk analysis , development and testing of new reactor fuel, materials, etc. It also researches spent fuel processing and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, radiation technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and laser technology, electronics , instrumentation and reactor control and material science , environment and radiation monitoring etc. BARC operates

1596-959: The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay ( AEET ) in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program. It operates under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India . BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science , chemical engineering , material sciences and metallurgy , electronic instrumentation , biology and medicine, supercomputing , high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC's core mandate

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1672-622: The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER), and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly, layout, detonation and data collection. On 3 June 1998 BARC was hacked by hacktivist group milw0rm , consisting of hackers from the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand. They downloaded classified information, defaced

1748-408: The Government of India as they were incurring heavy losses. Jodhpur Mining Organization which was also a part of FCIL was hived-off into FAGMIL . The main reasons for the loss incurred by FCIL were higher incidence of interest, higher input costs especially the power tariffs by the respective state electricity boards and the associated raw materials, and higher consumption which was not reimbursed by

1824-438: The nuclear submarine program. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC

1900-421: The radioactivity generated in entire nuclear fuel cycle . The HLLW is immobilised into an inert Sodium Boro- Silicate glass matrix through a process, called vitrification . The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an air cooled vault to facilitate the dissipation of heat generated during radioactive decay . Prior to its eventual disposal in geological disposal facility . Vitrification of HLLW

1976-546: The Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, instrumentation , metallurgy , and material science , etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Bhabha's death in 1966,

2052-536: The BARC Training School to cater to the manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and development program. Bhabha emphasized self-reliance in all fields of nuclear science and engineering. The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) with Bhabha as the founding director on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activities for nuclear reactors and technology under

2128-504: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Currently there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started around 1984 under the aegis of BARC in partnership with NPCIL. Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in

2204-458: The FCIL. The main products of FCIL were Ammonia , Urea , Nitric acid , Ammonium bicarbonate , Gypsum , and Ammonium nitrate in varied forms such as Prill , Flake, and Melt. In the year 2007, due to shortage of domestic production of Urea leading to higher imports and import costs from other countries, the Government of India decided to revive all the production units of FCIL and HCF to meet

2280-543: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades". Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC,

2356-567: The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the Digital holographic microscopy for biological cell imaging at Vizag. The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and

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2432-679: The National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai. BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of detectors , sensors , mass spectrometer , imaging technique and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh,

2508-602: The Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB), and located at the Tarapur, Maharashtra . Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabricated MOX fuels on experimental basis for BWR, PHWR, FBTR and research reactors. It makes plutonium-based MOX fuel for the stage 2 of Indian Nuclear Program. The unit has successfully fabricated more than 1 lakh PFBR fuel elements for the Kalpakam based Bhavini's PFBR. AFFF is presently engaged in

2584-731: The Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS synchrotron , RRCAT -Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at

2660-440: The areas of system integration , system engineering , system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users. The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in

2736-640: The atomic energy programme could no longer be carried out within TIFR he proposed to the government to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to this purpose. For this purpose, 1200 acres of land was acquired at Trombay from the Bombay Government . Thus the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) started functioning in 1954. The same year the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was also established. Bhabha established

2812-1029: The best training facilities for the reactor personal and also for licensing of reactor operators. Core competencies cover a wide spectrum and include Process Sensors, Radiation Detector , Nuclear Instruments, Microelectronics , MEMS , Embedded Real Time Systems, Modelling and Simulation, Computer Network , High Integrity Software Engineering , High performance DAQ systems, High Voltage Supplies, Digital Signal Processing , Image Processing , Deep Learning , Motion control , Security Electronics, Medical Electronics etc. Development of stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Platform Unit for LCA HAL Tejas multi-mode Radar, Servo system for Indian Deep Space Network IDSN32- 32 meter antenna which tracked Chandrayaan-I and Mangalyaan , Instrumented PIG for Oil Pipe line inspection, Servo control and camera electronics for MACE telescope, Radiometry and Radiation Monitoring Systems etc. Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL)

2888-622: The capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. BARC was also involved in the Pokhran-II series of five nuclear test conducted at Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted after Smiling Buddha by India. The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons ( Hydrogen bomb /fusion bomb) with yields up to 200 Kilotons. The then Chairman of

2964-550: The centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967. The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station were from the United States. The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that

3040-427: The development of various indigenous technologies. In the fields of nuclear energy, many Control and Instrumentation systems including In Service Inspection Systems were designed, developed and deployed for Nuclear Reactors ranging from PHWR , AHWR , LWR , PFBR , to new generation Research Reactors and C&I for reprocessing facilities. Development of simulators for Nuclear Power Plant are immense as they provide

3116-492: The extent required subject to submission of fully tied up proposal for final decision on waiver. In November 2008, Empowered Committee of Secretaries (ECOS) was constituted to evaluate all options of revival of closed units and to decide upon the action to be pursued for seeking investments towards revival of each of the unit & recommend to the Government for approval. The ECOS after detailed deliberations recommended that

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3192-614: The fabrication of PFBR fuel elements for reloads of PFBR. AFFF also is involved in AHWR(Thorium MOX Fuel) MOX fuel fabrication for the third stage of Indian nuclear program and is experimenting with different fabrication techniques. | MOX fuel fabrication at AFFF follows Powder Oxide Pelletisation (POP) Method. Major operations are mixing and milling, pre-compaction, granulation, Final compaction, Sintering, centreless grinding, degassing, endplug welding, decontamination of fuel elements and wire wrapping. AFFF also does

3268-498: The field of partitioning of Minor Actinides from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived radioactive waste constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long lived radio-contaminants is planned to be burnt in Fast reactor or Accelerator Driven Sub Critical systems to get converted into short- lived species. This will reduce the need of long term isolation of radionuclide from environment by multifold. R&D

3344-549: The flagship plant of Heavy Water Board. It also has a captive power plant having 3 × 30 MWe generating capacity along with providing process steam to Heavy Water Plant production. Heavy Water Plant at Talcher employs the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (bithermal). The plant is located at a distance of 150 km from Bhubaneshwar . The work on this plant in October 1972 and it was commissioned in March 1985. Operation of

3420-544: The head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, Raja Ramanna . The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower was developed by BARC. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research but also

3496-629: The important milestones achieved / technological progress made in these are as follows: The process of producing thoria from monazite is well established. IREL has produced several tonnes of nuclear grade thoria powder The fabrication of thoria based fuel by powder-pellet method is well established. Few tonnes of thoria fuel have been fabricated at BARC and NFC for various irradiations in research and power reactors. Studies have been carried out regarding use of thorium in different types of reactors with respect to fuel management, reactor control and fuel utilisation. A Critical Facility has been constructed and

3572-639: The important ongoing developmental activities are: Indian Scintillat or Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos (ISMRAN), neutron guides, polarizers and Neutron supermirror , Nb-based superconducting RF cavities, high purity Germanium detector , 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free superconducting magnets , electromagnetic separator for radio-isotopes, nuclear batteries and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) power source and liquid Hydrogen cold neutron source. Other activities include research and developmental towards India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) and quantum computing . BARC designed and developed

3648-1151: The irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins. Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the thoria based fuels. Thoria fuel rods irradiated in CIRUS have been reprocessed at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF) BARC. The recovered 233U has been fabricated as fuel for KAMINI reactor. Thoria blanket assemblies irradiated in FBTR have been reprocessed at IGCAR . The recovered 233U has been used for experimental irradiation of PFBR type fuel assembly in FBTR. Thoria fuel bundles irradiated in PHWRs will be reprocessed in Power Reactor Thorium Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF). The recovered 233U will be used for reactor physics experiments in AHWR-Critical Facility. Advanced reactors AHWR and AHWR300-LEU have been designed at BARC to provide impetus to

3724-434: The large-scale utilisation of thorium. After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that fission chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as spent nuclear fuel (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in

3800-616: The overall domestic demand of Urea. The closed units had huge infrastructure facilities like sizable land bank, residential quarters, office buildings, railway siding, tied up sources of electricity and water which also led to the decision of revival. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) gave in principle approval to examine the feasibility of reviving units of FCIL and HFCL subject to confirmed availability of gas. In October 2008, CCEA accorded approval to revive FCIL and HFCL units subject to non-recourse to government funding and to consider write-off of government loan & interest to

3876-474: The plant was commissioned in February 1991. The Heavy Water Plant at Kota is indigenously built and is based on the bithermal H2O-H2S exchange process. The plant is located in Rawatbhata at a distance of 65 km from Kota Railway Station, adjacent to Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS). The Heavy Water Plant is integrated with RAPS for its supply of power and steam. An oil fired steam generation plant

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3952-624: The plant was suspended in August 1994 due to unsatisfactory operation of the fertilizer plant of the Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited , Talcher. Subsequent to closure of the Heavy Water Plant in Talcher, the plant operation was resumed later and an R&D pilot plant has been commissioned for the production of di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), an effective metal extractant, used for hydro-metallurgical recovery and

4028-598: The premises of National Fertilisers Limited (NFL) in 1962. The plant had to be dismantled owing to national security considerations arising out of the disinvestment of NFL. The plant used to be operated by NFL and the DAE ensured the quality of the product. HWB currently operating seven plants around the country. Heavy Water Plant at Baroda is the first plant set up in India for the production of heavy water by employing Monothermal Ammonia - Hydrogen exchange process. The plant

4104-480: The proposal regarding revival of five closed units of FCIL which included approval of Rs.10,644 crore loan and interest wavier and inter corporate loan of Rs.171 crore. In June 2013, the Company was deregistered from BIFR , after its net worth became positive in the financial year 2012-13. Following companies have been registered during the revival of the closed fertilizer units of both FCIL and HFCL in which FCIL

4180-428: The reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of plutonium . The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate

4256-568: The reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras ), CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from the US), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990), and KAMINI . Apsara

4332-647: The recycling of the rejects based on either thermal pulverisation or microwave based oxidation and reduction. AFFF uses Laser welding for encapsulation of fuel elements along with GTAW. The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, ion and electron accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include

4408-510: The revival of these closed units would be through ‘nomination route’ by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and through ‘bidding route’ by private sector. In August 2011, Government of India decided inter alia awarding individual units to selected parties on a concession basis based on the revival model recommended by ECOS. Talcher and Ramagundam unites were to be revived by PSUs through ‘nomination route' while Sindri, Gorakhpur and Korba Units through ‘bidding route’. In May 2013, CCEA approved

4484-527: The separation of various metals. The solvent is useful for concentrating and purifying the valuable metal solutions of low-grade complex ores and is already being used by India's nuclear industry at various commercial operations for the separation and recovery of zinc , cobalt , nickel and lanthanides . In addition TBP is used in the PUREX process of nuclear reprocessing allowing the recovery of plutonium and reprocessed uranium from spent nuclear fuel . As

4560-411: The series of supercomputers is Anupam-Aganya with processing power of 270 TFLOPS and PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained LINPACK performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems. BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in

4636-447: The technology can be used both for high burnup fuel yielding reactor grade plutonium for use in MOX fuel and for extracting weapons grade plutonium from low irradiated fuel, the technology is inherently dual use . Presently HWP Talcher houses three chemical plants: Heavy Water Plant Thal is the first of second generation plants in India and is made completely with indigenous efforts. It

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4712-504: The time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated". It was decommissioned in 1973. Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974

4788-487: The underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the core architecture . BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation. To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in

4864-511: The website and deleted data from servers. BARC also designed a class of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor IPHWR (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor), the baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the Canadian CANDU reactor . The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) was the first in class series of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by

4940-440: The year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of Uranium based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved PUREX based reprocessing flow sheet involving recovery of SNM. Implementation of thorium fuel cycle requires extraction of 233U from irradiated thorium fuel and its re-insertion into the fuel cycle. Based on indigenous efforts,

5016-533: The year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve fuel efficiency and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate Generation III+ features. Almost 100% of the parts of these indigenously designed reactors are manufactured by Indian industry. BARC designed and built India's first pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam ,

5092-399: Was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of isotopes , basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It

5168-551: Was assembled at the campus of Indian Astronomical Observatory at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of astrophysics , fundamental physics , and particle acceleration mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia. Ongoing basic and applied research encompasses

5244-419: Was awarded ISO-9001:2000 on 06.08.2002. with calcium carbide initially HWP ( Hazira ) is the second heavy water plant in the country based on the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process which has been set up without foreign collaboration. It employs the ammonia-hydrogen exchange monothermal process. The plant is located at a distance of about 16 km from Surat city. Work on this plant commenced in August 1986 and

5320-561: Was commissioned in July 1978. Along with heavy water, the site is also engaged for production of different types of solvents, which will be used in Indian Nuclear Industry, and other activities. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as

5396-449: Was expanded in 1987 to enhance the production capacity to 52 MT/year and has a capability to meet the demands of external customers also. This plant is based on Thermal reduction of Potassium Fluoride with Calcium Carbide initially developed by Hoechst A.G., Werk Griesheim, West Germany. An independent front end was added to produce Ammonia at this time. This plant was commissioned in 1975 with an initial rated capacity of 30 MT/year. The plant

5472-513: Was later transferred to Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL). Production units in Gorakhpur , Sindri , Talcher and Ramagundam along with the proposed unit at Korba were retained with FCIL. In November 1992, FCIL along with HFCL was referred to BIFR and was declared sick under The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 . The production units of FCIL were completely shutdown in between 1990 and 2002 by

5548-415: Was reorganized and following new entities were formed – Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFCL), Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers (RCF) and Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL). As part of reorganization, Nangal plant was transferred to NFL , Trombay plant was transferred to RCF while Namrup , Haldia , Barauni and Durgapur plants was transferred to HFCL . Namrup plant

5624-560: Was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in Atchutapuram , near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , and in Challakere in Chitradurga district in Karnataka. BARC would be setting 30 MW special research reactor using an enriched uranium fuel at Visakhapatnam to meet the demand for high specific activity radio isotopes and carry out extensive research and development in nuclear sector. The site would also support

5700-428: Was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons . On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, P. K. Iyengar , reflected on

5776-592: Was working at the Indian Institute of Science , there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in nuclear physics , cosmic rays , high energy physics , and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in March 1944 to the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for establishing "a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics". When Bhabha realised that technology development for

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