100-597: The Heimwehr ( German: [ˈhaɪmˌveːɐ̯] , lit. ' Home Guard ' ) or Heimatschutz ( German: [ˈhaɪmatˌʃʊts] , lit. ' Homeland Protection ' ) was a nationalist, initially paramilitary group that operated in the First Austrian Republic from 1920 to 1936. It was similar in methods, organization, and ideology to the Freikorps in Germany. The Heimwehr
200-521: A Roman fort named Lentia , established in the first century. The name reflects its location at a bend in the Danube ( Celtic root lentos = "bendable"). This strategic position on the river made it the first Roman fort in the Noricum region, protecting a vital transportation route. The name "Linz" in its present form was first documented in 799. Linz was mentioned as a fortified city in 1236 and
300-525: A central railway station ( German : Hauptbahnhof ) on Austria's main rail axis, the West railway , linking Vienna with western Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The Linz central station has been awarded eight times (from 2005 to 2011 and 2014) by Austrian Traffic Club as the most beautiful train station in Austria. Local public transport comprises the city tram network , the city trolleybus network and
400-467: A dominant role as an integrative element of the movement. After Schober's resignation on 25 September 1930, the new Christian Socialist Chancellor Carl Vaugoin offered the Heimwehr a share in his minority cabinet. Although the national leadership of the Heimwehr at first rejected the offer, it was forced to agree under pressure from provincial functionaries. On 1 October 1930, Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg,
500-615: A group from the right-wing Front Fighters Association of German Austria ( Frontkämpfer ), leaving two dead and five wounded. When the men who had been accused of the deaths were acquitted by a jury, protestors in what came to be known as the July Revolt of 1927 burned the Vienna Palace of Justice. More than 80 demonstrators died in the subsequent clashes with the police, leading the Social Democrats to speak of it as
600-580: A private association, it was "not concerned with military matters". The Heimatwehr was thus not a party organization but an independent, politically right-wing paramilitary unit. It saw its political enemy in the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria , or SDAP (the name that was used by the Social Democratic Party of Austria before 1945). The Heimwehr was involved early on in border disputes with troops from
700-540: A reality in 1933, the Heimwehr continued to cause unrest. On 30 January 1934 they staged large-scale armed marches in numerous towns in Tyrol and made demands for the establishment of an authoritarian provincial committee with the participation of Heimwehr members. The Heimwehr also participated in the February Uprising of 12–15 February 1934 that pitted government forces against the Social Democrats and ended with
800-543: A share of 7.4 percent in the total number of congresses, conferences and seminars held in Austria. Linz has more than 60 congress and event venues. With the Blue Meeting concept, the local tourism association has developed a conference format which focuses on individual needs of participants and adapts to the idea of green meetings, therefore supporting waste minimisation , energy efficiency , climate-neutral travel, as well as regional added value . Furthermore, due to
900-462: A significant setback for the movement, which until then had seen itself moving in a steadily upward arc. The Heimwehr's failure in the constitutional dispute and the onset of the world economic crisis in Austria in the early 1930s ushered in a period of stagnation and increasing drifting apart within the Heimwehr movement. Its national leader Richard Steidle hoped to overcome the problems in May 1930 with
1000-501: Is a German word which literally translated means 'homeland protection'. The Heimatschutz movement arose in the late 19th century in the wake of the Industrial Revolution , with a focus on nature and landscape conservation as well as the care of historic townscapes, cultural heritage and traditions, folklore and regional identity . The term was coined in 1897 by the conservationist Ernst Rudorff ; referring to
1100-615: Is also used for the Ars Electronica Festival in early September and the "Stream Festival", which takes place annually. In June, July and August the "Musikpavillon" is placed in the park where musical groups of different styles perform on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays free of charge. Linz has other culture institutions, such as the Posthof, which is near the harbour, and the Stadtwerkstatt , which
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#17327649720761200-715: Is by the river Danube. The Pflasterspektakel , an international street art festival, takes place each year in July in and around the Landstraße and the main square. Linz was the European Capital of Culture in 2009, along with Vilnius , the capital of Lithuania . The aim is to maintain and represent the cultural diversity. The Ars Electronica Center can be considered as the centre of media art and attracts every year during its festival national and international guests to Linz. The latest project developed by Linz in
1300-617: Is characterised by its medieval architectural style, whereas in those parts of the city that border with the historic centre the architecture is of neoclassical , neo-baroque and neo-renaissance styles. Even further from the historic centre there are living areas, such as Franckviertel , Froschberg , Bindermichl and Kleinmünchen southern of the Danube and Alt-Urfahr northern of the Danube. These areas are where residential buildings can be found that are still referred to as " Hitlerbauten " or "Hitler buildings", because they were built during
1400-450: Is especially renowned for its theatre for young audiences called u\hof:. The Posthof is one of the biggest event centres in Linz with three rooms offering up to 630 seats or standing room for about 1,200 people respectively in the big hall. The programme focuses on contemporary art and covers concerts, theatre, cabaret, dance and literature. Artists from Linz are regularly invited to improve
1500-476: Is in the far north of Austria, 30 km (19 mi) south of the border with the Czech Republic . As of 1 January 2024, the city has a population of 212,538. It is the 7th largest of all cities on the Danube river . Since January 2014 the city has been divided into 16 statistical districts: Before 2014 Linz was divided into nine districts and 36 statistical quarters. They were: Linz originated as
1600-460: Is nearly equal to the overnight stays ranking which is listed in the following. Some restaurants and cafés are closed on Sundays. The main street "Landstraße" leads from the "Blumauerplatz" to "Taubenmarkt" (Pigeonmarket) near the main square. The main square (built in 1230), with an area of 13,200 m (142,000 sq ft), is one of the largest converted squares in Europe. In the middle of
1700-466: Is noted between 240,500 (Monday-Saturday, 8 a.m. until 7 p.m.) and 228,400 (8 a.m. until 6 p.m.) passers-by, which is the second highest value – only in 2005 more passers-by were detected. There are eleven farmer's markets as well as one weekly flea market , and two Christmas markets in Linz. One of these markets, the "Urfahraner Markt", takes place in spring and fall every year. Furthermore, there are annually Christmas and New Year's Markets. The aim of
1800-457: Is on the preservation of important landmarks, the development of the structural environment, and the promotion of good architectural design. Linz Linz ( / l ɪ n t s / LINTS , German: [ˈlɪnts] ; Czech : Linec [ˈlɪnɛt͡s] ) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria . Located on the river Danube , the city
1900-443: Is one of the main economic centres of Austria. Voestalpine is a large technology and capital goods group, founded as the " Reichswerke Hermann Göring " during World War II. It is now known for basic oxygen steelmaking technique. The former "Chemie Linz" chemical group has been split up into several companies. The Meeting Industry Report Austria (mira) ranks Linz as the third most important destination for congresses in Austria, with
2000-509: The Austrian states . It was nationalized in 1754. Plans, made in 1770, of selling it to a tradesman were canceled. Although it kept production going, its golden era was over. When the Krünitz entry was written, the manufactuary had a yearly revenue of 1.5 million Gulden and was generating a hundred thousand in profit and was employing around 30 thousand people. Anton Bruckner spent
2100-706: The Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . When it turned its opposition primarily against Austromarxism , from which it wished to protect the middle class, the Social Democrats in response formed the Republikanischer Schutzbund ('Republican Protection League') in 1923 as a defensive counterweight to the Heimwehr. The Heimwehr registered significant gains after the SDAP published its militant Linz Program in November 1926. Because it used
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#17327649720762200-505: The Musiktheater (music theatre), which opened in 2013, was designed by Terry Pawson. The city is now home to a vibrant music and arts scene that is well-funded by the city and the state of Upper Austria. Between Lentos Art Museum and the "Brucknerhaus", is the "Donaulände", which is also referred to as "Kulturmeile" ("culture mile"). This is a park alongside the river, which is used mainly by young people to relax and meet in summer. It
2300-462: The September 11 attacks of 2001. In Switzerland , the term Heimatschutz is widely considered free from historic burden and refers to preservation order and fostering of traditions in a general sense. The Schweizer Heimatschutz (SHS), best translated as Swiss Heritage , a nonprofit organisation established in 1905, is dedicated to the advancement of Switzerland's building culture. Its focus
2400-437: The "July Massacre" of workers. When they engaged in transportation strikes, the Heimwehr stepped in to break them, especially in areas outside Vienna. In the years from 1927 to 1930, the Heimwehr movement experienced a period of rapid growth and became a significant part in the increasingly radicalized domestic political situation . It aspired to be more than what Richard Steidle called a watchdog let off its leash when needed by
2500-574: The "Lentos". It is home to the "Bruckner Orchestra", and is frequently used for concerts, as well as balls and other events. It is also the venue of the "Linz Fest" which takes place annually in May as well as one of the venues during the Ars Electronica Festival in early September. In June, July and August the "Musikpavillon" is placed in the park where musical groups of different styles perform on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays free of charge. The Musiktheater (music theatre)
2600-613: The Ars Electronica archives, Linz hosts two internationally renowned archives for media art. Since 2009, the Open Commons Linz initiative has made available a wide variety of "free" data: geo-data and statistical information having to do with city life, local government, recreation and tourism. An associated effort is the Hotspot initiative that has installed 202 hotspots providing free WLAN, as well as Public Server,
2700-804: The Austrian government and later was merged into the Fatherland Front , the austrofascist single party. After the Anschluss annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938, the Vaterländische Front was disbanded; several Heimwehr members were deported to concentration camps by the SA and later the SS . By the cultural policy of the German regime, a " Blood and Soil " ideology in literature and film
2800-629: The Austrofascist Federal State of Austria (1934–1938), the Heimwehr performed police and security duties as part of the Schutzkorps . During the February uprising and the failed National Socialist July Putsch , they not only took on reconnaissance, guard and security tasks but also independently carried out smaller combat missions, thus relieving other groups such as the gendarmerie and the federal army that were fighting on
2900-712: The Christian Socialists votes and thus played into the hands of the Social Democrats, who won the largest number of votes. The new federal government was nevertheless built by the Christian Socialist Otto Ender as a coalition of middle-class parties. Members of the Heimatblock took their seats in the National Council on the opposition bench, on the far right and in Heimwehr uniform. The election results further weakened
3000-506: The Fatherland Front so that Emil Fey could be part of the new Dollfuss II government as Vice-Chancellor. Entry of the Heimwehr into the Fatherland Front was agreed on, but a corresponding accord was never signed by Ernst Starhemberg. The resistance within the movement, which did not want to give up its position as an independent political force, was too great. Even when the corporatist state under Chancellor Dollfuss began to become
3100-776: The Feichtinger House with its carillon, which changes the melody depending on the season, the Kirchmayr House, the Schmidtberger House or the bridgehead buildings, which house a part of the Linz Art University. West of the main square there is the old quarter with many other historic buildings, such as Renaissance houses or older houses with a baroque face. Near the Schloss/castle, being the former residence of emperor Friedrich
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3200-668: The German Reich government until mid-1932. When the Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini came to believe that the Heimwehr would not achieve its goal of making Austria fascist, he stopped his financial contributions in October 1933. Defunct In 1929 the government of Chancellor Ernst Streeruwitz , a coalition of the Christian Social Party, Greater German People's Party and the agrarian Landbund , engaged
3300-730: The German term Heimat which had become popular since the Napoleonic Wars of Liberation and gained increasing political meaning during the rise of Romantic nationalism . Numerous historical and folk art societies arose, such as the bourgeois Wandervogel youth movement in 1896. On 30 March 1904, Rudorff founded the Bund Heimatschutz association in Dresden ; the architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg being its first head. In 1916, Austrian Max Dvořák 's Katechismus der Denkmalpflege appeared. In this book Dvorak builds upon
3400-508: The Heimatblock had demanded that Anton Rintelen , the Christian Social governor of Styria and an outspoken friend of the Heimwehr, become chancellor but in the end had to be satisfied with him becoming Minister of Education. Guido Jakoncig, a member of the Heimatblock ranks, became Minister for Trade and Transport. The Heimwehr's involvement in the new government had little support from its rank and file. The provincial leadership of
3500-679: The Heimwehr functionary Karl Gallian called the Heimatblock "the political machine gun of the Heimatwehr movement". In the National Council , however, internal disputes and squabbles weakened the Block's opposition activities. It was known more for noise and fisticuffs than for political work. When the Christian Socialist government of Karl Buresch had to resign on 6 May 1932, new elections appeared to be necessary. Since
3600-429: The Heimwehr in negotiations regarding constitutional reform. They and the Social Democrats were close to a compromise when in late September, the Heimwehr and Christian Social Party brought down the government. Ignaz Seipel , leader of the Christian Socialists, chose to install the independent Johannes Schober as chancellor. Schober, who had been Vienna's police chief during the 1927 July Revolt and had approved firing on
3700-728: The Heimwehr's newly elected national leader, became Minister of the Interior and Franz Hueber Minister of Justice in Vaugoin's cabinet. Vaugoin hoped that this would lead to an alliance with the Heimwehr in the next election. The Heimwehr's national leadership contemplated the electoral alliance and one with the Greater German People's Party, the Landbund and the Austrian National Socialists . There
3800-620: The III—the oldest Austrian church is located: Sankt/Saint Martins church. It was built during early medieval Carolingian times. As many central European cities, the cityscape of Linz is characterised by small and several sacred buildings. The Mariä Empfängnis Dom or New Cathedral is the biggest church in Austria, not by height (it is roughly 2 metres shorter than the St. Stephen's Cathedral ( Stephansdom ) in Vienna), but by capacity. The historic centre
3900-545: The Landestheater (regional theatre) Linz used to perform musical productions as well as theatre productions at a venue located on the "Promenade" in the inner city of Linz (this venue is still referred to simply as "Landestheater"). Since the opening of the new Musiktheater, only theatre performances take place at the "Promenade" venue, whereas musical productions are shown in the Musiktheater. The Landestheater Linz
4000-563: The National Council was made possible by the achievement of a 'basic mandate' in Upper Styria – that is, they attained a sufficient minimum percent of the votes in a region to qualify for entry into parliament. In the provincial elections in Styria, which took place at the same time, the Heimatblock won 12.5% of the votes and 6 seats. In national politics, the election results achieved the opposite of what had been wanted. The Heimatblock cost
4100-567: The National Socialists. Rauter met with the German Nazi Party's organizational leader, Gregor Strasser , to discuss cooperation in early October 1930. Because there were not enough supporters for such an alliance in the movement, they drew up their own electoral list, the Heimatblock. Since the National Council elections were scheduled for 9 November 1930, there was very little time for preparation. The election campaign
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4200-548: The Nazi Party had already made large gains in the regional elections earlier in the year, the Christian Socialists tried to avoid holding one. The Social Democrats and the Greater Germans rejected coalition offers, which left only the Heimatblock and the Landbund to enable Engelbert Dollfuss , then still of the Christian Social Party, to form a government with a majority of just one seat. In the coalition negotiations,
4300-466: The Nazis. They were also openly anti-Semitic, calling for a boycott of Jewish businesses and banning Jews as members after 1933. The attitude of the rest of the Heimwehr was less definite. Although anti-Semitism was brought into play as a political weapon, as it was against refugees from eastern Europe and the allegedly "Jewish" social democracy, its use was more opportunistic than ideological and did not play
4400-697: The Organization Chancellor). Numerous World War I front-line officers served as military "advisors" and functionaries. Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg , who became the Heimwehr's national leader in 1930, approached right-wing circles in Great Britain , including the fascist politician Oswald Mosley , from whom he was able to receive no financial support. Konstantin Kammerhofer , leader of the Styrian Heimwehr, received money from
4500-401: The Styrian Heimwehr even declared its "state of political independence" on 19 May. The Heimatblock was not easy to work with inside the coalition, where it repeatedly objected to proposals made by Chancellor Dollfuss. A motion of no confidence by the Greater German People's Party was supported by two Heimatblock deputies and was defeated by 81 votes to 81. The narrow majority made it difficult for
4600-459: The airport within 20 minutes with the centre of Linz. There is also a free shuttle service from Hörsching railway station. Direct flights include Frankfurt , Düsseldorf and Vienna with additional seasonal routes added during the summer and winter months, like for example Mallorca , Ibiza , Tenerife , several Greek islands (like Kos , Rhodes , Crete or Corfu ) or Hurghada . Ryanair also flies to London Stansted Airport . The city also has
4700-544: The cabinet of Chancellor Carl Vaugoin in 1930 and in Engelbert Dollfuss ' right-wing government from 1932 to 1934. In 1936 the Heimwehr was absorbed into what was at the time the only legally permitted political party in Austria, the Fatherland Front , and then later into the Frontmiliz , an amalgamation of militia units that in 1937 became part of Austria's armed forces. After the end of World War I and
4800-429: The city as well built and fortified and its economy as growing, partially because of its location on the Danube and the connection to routes to Hungary and Vienna. When written, the city had a population of 16-17 thousand. Major industries were the productions of gunpowder, iron, steel, salt, firewood and predominantly, the wool industry: A wool manufactuary, established in 1672, was the biggest in then-Austria, or rather,
4900-617: The city bus network, all operated by the Linz Linien division of Linz AG. The city tram network includes the Pöstlingbergbahn , a steeply graded tramway which climbs a small mountain at the northwest edge of the town. The urban area includes (parts of) 13 other municipalities with together 271,000 inhabitants. Linz is also part of the Linz-Wels-Steyr metropolitan area of Upper Austria , home to around one third of
5000-570: The city centre. Shopping centres include: Arkade, Atrium City Center, Shopping Mall Auwiesen, Shopping Mall Biesenfeld, Shopping Mall Industriezeile, Shopping Mall Kleinmünchen, Shopping Mall Muldenstraße, EuroCenter Oed, Shopping Mall Wegscheid, Infra Center, Lentia City, Passage, and PRO-Kaufland. According to a study by Infrapool in Oktober 2010, the Linzer Landstraße is the busiest shopping street outside of Vienna. The weekly frequency
5100-399: The constitution, with the goal of creating a "social, Christian, German state of Austria on a corporatist basis and under strong authoritarian leadership". The Heimwehr was thus able to say that its Korneuburg Oath had become a state program. They therefore no longer saw any need to have their own political party, and the Heimatblock was dissolved on 27 September 1933. Before that, it had joined
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#17327649720765200-485: The context of the City of Media Arts project is the Valie Export Center, which is located in the Tabakfabrik (tobacco factory) and carried out in cooperation with the University of Art and Design Linz. It serves as an international research hub for media and performance art. Beyond that, it comprises the legacy as well as the archives of the most renowned media artist coming from Linz, Valie Export , who has received numerous national as well as international prizes. Along with
5300-447: The demonstrators, was seen by the Heimwehr as strong and a beacon of hope. He proved, however, to be a bitter disappointment to them. In the dispute over the 1929 amendment to the Austrian constitution that strengthened the position of the federal president, he worked out a compromise with the Social Democrats that was completely unacceptable to the Heimwehr, and in addition he was unwilling to give in to their other demands. It represented
5400-410: The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , local residents' militias and self-defense associations formed mainly from demobilized soldiers sprang up across Austria. Their purpose initially was to protect the local population from dangers such as those posed by soldiers trying to make their way to their home countries who, driven by hunger and largely without leadership, sometimes looted and assaulted
5500-487: The fact that one of the four Donau-Harbors (Donauhäfen) in Austria is located in Linz, it constitutes an attractive location in regards to logistic and trading enterprises. Manufacturing plants can be found along the waterfront. The economic importance of Linz was founded over centuries in trade. Large industrial enterprises are still located in Linz nowadays. Important examples are the Voestalpine AG . Thirteen shopping malls can be found in Linz, three of which are situated in
5600-405: The fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , had to improvise the management for the election campaign, develop a party program and schedule election events. Their unexpected participation in the party process, which had previously been so extensively criticized, also had to be explained to members and made palatable to them. The Heimatblock received 6.2% of the total vote and 8 seats. Entry into
5700-470: The founding of the Bruckner Symphony Orchestra, which began presenting concerts in autumn 1943. His plan for one of the bell towers in Linz to play a theme from Bruckner's Fourth Symphony never came to pass. During World War II Linz was a giant industrial complex in support of the Nazi war effort. Hermann Göring supervised the construction of the Voest complex, ultimately a gigantic construction site built by slave labour. The Mauthausen concentration camp
5800-458: The government side. When all defence associations ( Wehrverbände ) were disbanded in 1936 under Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg , the Heimwehr was for the most part absorbed into the Fatherland Front and the Front Militia ( Frontmiliz ). A standard uniform was intended for Heimwehr members, but it never came about because members generally had to pay for their own clothing. The men were dressed in both military and civilian dress of all types. Only
5900-495: The government to pass legislation. A deputy who was out sick, or the voting behaviour of individual Heimatblock members that deviated from the party line, could determine success or defeat in the National Council. Before the parliamentary summer recess on 19 August 1932, the Social Democratic Arbeiter-Zeitung ( Workers' Newspaper ) wrote: "But in October when Parliament reconvenes, either it will have to be dissolved or another government formed. This governing which depends daily on
6000-428: The hoped-for movement of the Fatherland Front towards fascism did not proceed to the extent hoped for by much of the Heimwehr, relations with the movement remained contradictory and distrustful. On 19 June 1933, Dollfuss banned the Styrian Heimatschutz alongside the Austrian Nazi Party . On 11 September 1933, Dollfuss announced the end of the party-state and introduced plans to institute a corporatist order and to change
6100-402: The ideas of fellow-countryman Alois Riegl and extends the idea of "homeland protection" beyond simply protection of geographical borders to encapsulate a society's culture. A distinct early modernist Heimatschutz architectural style , characterised by traditional and regional building structural shapes, became common mainly in residential constructions up to World War II and continued until
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#17327649720766200-429: The internal cohesion of the Heimwehr. Starhemberg eventually made way for Walter Pfrimer as the new national leader. He represented a radical course within the Heimwehr and had already used violence several times in Styria to push through political demands. Pfrimer saw that all previous attempts to bring about the desired change in the political system had failed, that the Heimwehr was continuing to break apart and that it
6300-416: The interwar period and the time of Nazi dictatorship. The residential area called Gugl became a well liked living area among the wealthy at around 1900, which is why there are numerous villas still there today. Amongst the newer buildings is the Linz Hauptbahnhof station, which was designed by Wilhelm Holzbauer and added the Terminal Tower skyscraper as part of a mixed-use complex. Between 2005 und 2011 it
6400-441: The language of Marxism and class conflict to provide the theoretical basis for political confrontation with the Christian Social Party and the Heimwehr, it caused many in the middle class, including some who were merely not socialist minded, to fear a domestic political turn toward a dictatorship of the proletariat . On 30 January 1927 members of the SDAP who were holding a meeting at Schattendorf in Burgenland were fired on by
6500-447: The late 1950s. The homeland literature of the late 19th century, opposing the prevalent naturalist movement, was popularised by authors like Berthold Auerbach , Ludwig Ganghofer , Peter Rosegger , or the " Heath Poet" Hermann Löns . In the Wilhelmine era, the middle-class educated Heimatschutz milieus increasingly adopted an anti- Modernist stance and developed strong ties with nationalist and chauvinist Völkisch circles. On
6600-409: The leader of the Styrian Heimwehr, which made up the largest segment within the movement. Martial speeches nevertheless continued to be made at voter meetings and in newspapers. The election appeal in the newspaper of the Heimatschutz stated that the Heimatblock had to "conquer parliament ... in order to build the new state, the Heimatwehr state, on the ruins of the party-political parliament." In Linz,
6700-427: The leader of the Vienna Heimatschutz, Emil Fey . He immediately arranged for a ban on marches in Vienna by the political movements involved in the violence. Dollfuss' authoritarian course pleased the Heimwehr, and on 5 November 1932 the Österreichische Heimatschutzzeitung ( Austrian Heimatschutz Newspaper ) ran the headline: "Commitment to fascism!" and on 25 February 1933: "Away with Parliament!" Seven days later,
6800-495: The like. In 1927 the various provincial Heimwehr associations joined to form an umbrella organization, the Federation of Austrian Self-Defense Associations. The Heimwehr's leaders attempted to implement the political change they wanted both through ongoing agitation in the streets – mainly in the form of massive Sunday marches – and behind the scenes through political pressure on the federal government. A large march on 7 October 1928 in Wiener Neustadt , an industrial area of Vienna that
6900-414: The local cultural scene; e.g. bands from Linz get the opportunity to play as pre-bands alongside nationally and internationally known artists. Altogether a total of about 250 events take place at the Posthof each year with a total number of visitors of about 80.000. The Stadtwerkstatt is an independent association for culture and was founded in 1979. Its headquarters is located in the Urfahr district on
7000-399: The main square the high "Pestsäule" (" plague column ", also known as "Dreifaltigkeitssäule" (Dreifaltigkeit means Holy Trinity )) was built to remember the people who died in the plague epidemics. It was designed by Antonio Beduzzi in 1713, and was finished in 1723. Around the main square are many historically relevant and architecturally interesting houses, such as the Old Town Hall,
7100-519: The market administration is to provide the population with a wide range of products, as well as operating the markets in an economical, suitable and customer oriented manner. Additionally, the annual market called "Linzer Marktfrühling" sets further accents and lures new customers with attractive offers. Linz Airport lies about 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of the town centre, in the municipality of Hörsching . The airport can be reached easily via federal highways B139 and B1. The bus line 601 connects
7200-401: The middle-class parties. Many Heimwehr leaders began to develop a more political profile and demanded a fundamental change in Austria's political system that would move it towards authoritarianism and corporatism – that is, a society similar to the type favoured by Italian fascism that was organized around corporate groups such as agriculture, manual labour, the military, business, trade and
7300-425: The mobile Heimwehr formations known as Jägerbataillone , which were intended to function as a kind of rapid reaction force, were completely and relatively similarly dressed, something that was made possible primarily by the fact that Starhemberg paid for their equipment with his own funds. Because of their headgear, a hat or cap with a " Spielhahnstoß " (a hunter's term for the black grouse's tail feathers; see
7400-405: The municipal cloud available to all citizens registered in Linz. Linz is thus at the forefront in Europe when it comes to universal access to open data. Linz houses 43 galleries and exhibit rooms, 13 cultural centres, one club centre, as well as four educational institutes. The Brucknerhaus, a famous concert hall in Linz is named after Anton Bruckner. It is situated just some 200 metres away from
7500-460: The next screening of a film it took until 20 March 1897, when Johann Bläser's travelling cinema guested in the "Hotel of the Golden Ship". Until the opening of the first cinemas with regular programme, it took till the end of the year 1908. At that time, Karl Lifka opened his "Lifka's Grand Théâtre électrique" in that building, where already the very first film showing took place. Subsequently,
7600-685: The north bank of the Danube close to the Ars Electronica Centre and serves as venue for music events and other artistic and cultural activities. Situated at the same address is the Stadtwerkstatt's own Café Strom café/bar. The history of cinema and film begins in Linz in September 1896, when, as part of a variety programme, a film programme was shown in "Roithner's vaudeville" for the first time in Upper Austria. Until
7700-745: The other hand, the idea of 'homeland protection' also became the concept of labour movements such as the German Friends of Nature ( Naturfreunde ). During the interwar period in Austria , the Heimatschutz concept was adopted by paramilitary Heimwehr forces, first in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia at the end of the World War I . Upon the 1930 legislative election , their Heimatblock organisation became part of
7800-495: The pan-German nationalism of the Nazi Party – as a basic part of its ideology. Such attempts to unite the Heimwehr under an integrated leadership failed in the long run due to the differing objectives of the individual Heimwehr associations and the rivalries of their various leaders. The Styrian and Carinthian Heimwehr in particular rejected the Christian, corporatist course of the federal leadership and moved increasingly close to
7900-471: The picture of Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg above) that was adopted by the Tyrolean provincial riflemen, they were also called " Hahnenschwanzler " ('one with a rooster tail'). The following mocking verse circulated among their opponents: " Hahnenschwanzler, Hahnenschwanzler such a poor devil you are. What a cock has on his behind, you wear with pride on your head." Heimatschutz Heimatschutz
8000-596: The population in the areas they passed through. Such local self-defense associations over time formed individual Heimwehr units. Beginning in April 1919, the Vorarlberg provincial government approved and promoted active paramilitary people's militias to combat Austromarxism , either equipping the militia members with weapons or allowing them to use their own. They were led by the Christian Socialist provincial governor Otto Ender and financed primarily by local industry. In
8100-481: The respective whims of Mr. Werner or Mr. Hainzl is impossible, untenable, intolerable." On 16 October, during a march by National Socialists in Vienna, gunfire broke out between members of the SDAP's Republican Protection League, Communists, Nazis and the police. Four people died and many more were wounded. In response, the government the next day created the new position of State Secretary for Security and filled it with
8200-465: The second cinema of Linz was opened a few months later. As the owner of travelling cinemas, Johann Bläser, got settled in Linz, he bought the "Hotel of the Golden Ship", and installed a cinema in it, the "Bio-Kinematograph". The third stationary cinema, called "Kino Kolloseum", in town was founded around 1910 by the vaudeville operator Karl Roithner. Its first location was the former festival hall at Hessenplatz. The Linz International Short Film Festival
8300-503: The so-called Korneuburg Oath, which he read out at a general assembly of the Lower Austrian Heimatschutz . It included statements that pointed in the direction of Austrofascism such as "We want to seize power … and bring a new order to the state and the economy" and "We reject Western democratic parliamentarianism and the party-state!". The oath established Austrian conservative nationalism – as distinct from
8400-405: The state's population (460,000 people) and second-largest urban area in Austria. Linz has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ), with warm summers and quite cold winters. In 2018, Germans were the most frequent guests from other countries, followed by tourists from China (including Hong Kong and Macao), making Italians 3rd in comparison with the years before – the ranking
8500-528: The summer of 1920 they had about 3,000 members, whereas the Austrian army in the province had only 800 soldiers under arms. The Vorarlberg Heimwehr subsequently emerged from the militia groups. The first association of the Heimatwehr ('Homeland Guard'), as the Heimwehr was called in Tyrol , was founded on 12 May 1920 by Richard Steidle , a member of the Tyrolean parliament from the Christian Social Party who
8600-409: The victory of the Fatherland Front. After the Social Democratic Party was outlawed on 12 February 1934, the Nazi Party became the new enemy of those Heimwehr associations that supported the political course of the federal government, while the associations of Styria and Carinthia moved more and more in the direction of the Nazis and eventually merged organizationally with them. During the period of
8700-650: The wish was fulfilled. With the so-called " Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament " of 4 March 1933, the way was paved for the dictatorship of Austrofascism. On 24 March, Fey imposed preliminary censorship on the Social Democratic party newspapers Arbeiter-Zeitung and Das Kleine Blatt , and on 31 March the Republican Protection League was dissolved. The traditional May Day march was also banned. On 10 May Fey
8800-555: The years between 1855 and 1868 working as a local composer and organist in the Old Cathedral, Linz . The Brucknerhaus is named for him. Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn (an Austrian town near the German border) and moved to Linz during his childhood. The notorious Holocaust bureaucrat Adolf Eichmann also spent his youth in Linz. Until the end of his life, Hitler considered Linz to be his hometown. Hitler effected
8900-513: Was a stronghold of the SDAP, was a self-confident demonstration of strength. Many in the middle class cheered the Heimwehr as a "saviour in the time of need". The Heimwehr was supported financially, logistically, and with arms by industry and large landowners, especially from Styria , as well as by Italian fascists, the Hungarian regime of Miklós Horthy and groups on the Bavarian right (e.g.
9000-479: Was appointed Minister of Security, and the Heimwehr ideologue Odo Neustädter-Stürmer was appointed State Secretary for Labor Procurement, Labor Service, Roads and Tourism. On 20 May the Fatherland Front was founded, in large part at Starhemberg's suggestion. It absorbed Christian Social Party, the Landbund and the Heimwehr and was conceived as a rallying organization in which all political movements except Austromarxism and National Socialism were to be represented. Since
9100-490: Was characterized by considerable confusion. The Viennese, Lower Austrian, and Burgenland provincial associations preferred to stand in combination with the Christian Socialists, while the Vorarlberg provincial association abstained from any political participation in accordance with its statutes. Some Heimwehr newspapers had to advertise for two lists. In a very short time, the Heimatblock, with generous financial support from
9200-581: Was coming under increasing pressure from the growing strength of the Austrian National Socialists. As a result, he decided to risk everything in a coup d'état which was to finally implement the Heimwehr's demands and thus solve all the group's problems with one blow. Pfrimer's coup attempt in September 1931 failed completely and ultimately led to the Heimwehr movement splitting into a pro-government wing around Steidle and Starhemberg and an anti-government wing around Konstantin Kammerhofer,
9300-408: Was considerable disagreement over questions of ideology and political strategy. Starhemberg advocated a separate Heimwehr list for the 1930 National Council election , while the Styrian Heimwehr rejected the idea. Walter Pfrimer , leader of the Heimwehr in Styria, was fundamentally opposed to participating in the election, while his chief of staff, Rauter, pursued the idea of an electoral alliance with
9400-737: Was established to the east of Linz, but three Mauthausen sub-camps were within the Voest complex. In addition to an ordnance depot Linz had a benzol plant which was bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II . The city's confrontation with its Nazi past resulted in the renaming of many streets. In 1945, immediately after the end of the Nazi dictatorship, 39 streets in Linz were renamed, but from 1946 to 1987, only two streets were renamed. However, since 1988, 17 new traffic areas were named after victims of National Socialism or resistance fighters. Linz
9500-460: Was granted city rights in 1324. Johannes Kepler spent several years of his life in the city teaching mathematics. On 15 May 1618 he discovered Kepler's laws of planetary motion . The local public university Johannes Kepler University Linz is named for him. The Oeconomische Encyclopädie (also simply known as the Krünitz ), with the entry about Linz being written around 1800, describes
9600-614: Was opened in April 2013 and is considered to be one of the most modern opera houses in Europe. It offers five stages of varying sizes; the big hall ("Großer Saal") with 1,200 seats, the BlackBox with up to 270 seats, the BlackBoxLounge with up to 150 seats, the orchestra hall ("Orchestersaal") with up to 200 seats and another stage in the foyer ("FoyerBühne"). Performances at the Musiktheater include operas and typically Austrian operettas , ballets and musicals . The ensemble of
9700-504: Was opposed to parliamentary democracy , socialism and Marxism and fought in various skirmishes against left-wing and foreign groups during the 1920s and 1930s. Some of its regional groups also opposed Nazism while others favored it. In spite of its anti-democratic stance, the Heimwehr developed a political wing called the Heimatblock ('Homeland Bloc') that was close to the conservative Christian Social Party and took part in both
9800-715: Was promoted as an integral part of Nazi propaganda . After World War II, the Heimat concept remained the basis of numerous light novels and Heimatfilm movies. During the Cold War era, Heimatschutz reserve battalions were deployed by the West German Bundeswehr for homeland defense . Today, the word is also used to translate the English expression " homeland security " used by the US federal government after
9900-475: Was the regional leader of the Heimatwehr in Tyrol until 1936. His deputies either supported or held parliamentary seats with the Greater German People's Party ( Großdeutsche Volkspartei ), an Austrian political party calling for unification with Germany. The group's statutes listed four program points: Their program also emphasized the "exclusion of all party politics" and stated that as
10000-565: Was voted Austria's most beautiful railway station seven times in a row by the Verkehrsclub Österreich . The Wissensturm ("Tower of knowledge") with a height of about 63 metres, houses the public library and the Volkshochschule , an adult education centre. It was designed by Franz Kneidinger and Heinz Stögmüller and opened in 2007. Lentos Art Museum , which opened in 2003, was designed by Zürich-based architects Weber & Hofer and
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