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72-527: Kopi luwak is an Indonesian coffee made from beans that have passed through the digestive system of the Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ), known in Indonesia as the luwak . Collected from the floor of the jungle, the defecated beans are dried and roasted, and then exported for a price of up to A$ 1,250 per kilogram. The Heritage Tea Rooms are situated inside North Queensland's oldest building -

144-422: A combination of acidic, enzymatic , and fermentation treatment. During digestion, digestive enzymes and gastric juices permeate through the endocarp of coffee cherries and break down storage proteins , yielding shorter peptides . This alters the composition of amino acids and impacts the aroma of the coffee. In the roasting process, the proteins undergo a non-enzymatic Maillard reaction . The palm civet

216-482: A day. Following this waiting period, the mucilage is washed off and the coffee is partially dried for sale. At least one U.S. manufacturer, soft drink producer Bai , purchases the non-bean remnants of coffee cherries for use in their products. Otherwise, these remnants are discarded. Collectors and processors then hull the coffee in a semi-wet state, which gives the beans a distinctive bluish-green appearance. This process reduces acidity and increases body, resulting in

288-469: A gimmick or novelty item. The Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) states that there is a "general consensus within the industry...it just tastes bad". A coffee professional compared the same beans with and without the kopi luwak process using a rigorous coffee cupping evaluation. He concluded: "it was apparent that luwak coffee sold for the story, not superior quality...Using the SCAA cupping scale,

360-416: A high mortality rate. Although kopi luwak is a form of processing rather than a variety of coffee, it has been called one of the most expensive coffees in the world, with retail prices reaching US$ 100 per kilogram for farmed beans and US$ 1,300 per kilogram for wild-collected beans. Another epithet given to it is that it is the "Holy Grail of coffees." The origin of kopi luwak is closely connected to

432-485: A portion of their coffee for up to five years, normally in large burlap sacks, which are regularly aired, dusted, and flipped. As they age, the beans turn from green to light brown, and their flavour gains strength while losing acidity. Aged coffees can display flavours ranging from cedar to spices such as cinnamon or clove, and often develop a thick, almost syrupy body. These aged coffees are called Old Government, Old Brown or Old Java. The popular Java programming language

504-544: A split log construction built circa 1865. Formerly known as the Eureka Hotel, the building has been restored to its former glory and remains standing as one of the countries few slab sided inn's. In the 1860s the inn provided a welcome respite for early travelers ascending the range via Thorntons Gap. Aside from kopi luwak, the Heritage Tea Rooms provide a variety of attractions including: On 1 July 2007,

576-452: A sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes. Unlike other parts of Indonesia, such as Sumatra, Bali coffee has a single harvest season each year—typically around July to September. Coffee production in Bali, much as Indonesia, is mainly performed by smallholders. Coffee production in Bali lacks significant backing from the government at either

648-589: A unique process called "giling basah" (wet hulling). West Java was the region where the earliest coffee plantations were established by the VOC . The Dutch began cultivation and exportation of coffee trees on Java (part of the Dutch East Indies ) in the 17th century. Agricultural systems in Java have changed considerably over time. A rust plague in the late 1880s killed off much of the plantation stocks in

720-480: A very poor diet in very small cages. There is a high mortality rate and for some species of civet, there's a real conservation risk. It is spiraling out of control". The trade in palm civets for the production of kopi luwak may constitute a significant threat to wild populations. In 2013, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) investigators found wild-caught civets on farms in Indonesia and

792-559: A wet hulled process. Chemical fertilizer pesticide and herbicide are unknown in this origin, which makes this coffee both rare and valuable. All arabica coffee in Indonesia is picked by hand, whether it is grown by smallholders or on medium-sized estates. After harvest, the coffee is processed in a variety of ways, each imparting its own flavours and aromas to the final product. A small number of Arabica farmers in Sulawesi, Flores and Bali, and almost all Robusta farmers across Indonesia, use

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864-527: Is Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica or commonly known in Indonesia as Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica. These companies are assisting farmers to obtain organic and fair trade certification , which will significantly improve incomes. The area is extremely remote, with most coffee-growing areas inaccessible by road and nearly untouched by the modern world. All coffee is shade grown under Calliandra , Erythrina and Albizia trees. Farmers in Papua use

936-409: Is a coffee that consists of partially digested coffee cherries , which have been eaten and defecated by the Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ). The cherries are fermented as they pass through a civet's intestines , and after being defecated with other fecal matter, they are collected. Asian palm civets are increasingly caught in the wild and traded for this purpose. Kopi luwak

1008-534: Is also produced in Palawan 's Langogan Valley. The beans from droppings of the Asian palm civet and Palawan binturong ( Arctictis binturong whitei ) are collected from the forest floor and cleaned. Producers of the coffee beans argue that the process may improve coffee through two mechanisms: selection , where civets choose to eat only certain cherries; and digestion , where biological or chemical mechanisms in

1080-490: Is another variation that is in demand. Bats feed on the ripest coffee and fruits and spit out the seeds. These seeds are dried and processed to make coffee with a slight fruity flavor. In the movie The Bucket List , billionaire health care magnate Edward Cole (played by Jack Nicholson ) brings kopi luwak with him on all of his travels, but is unaware of how the drink is produced. Carter Chambers ( Morgan Freeman ) explains how civets defecate kopi luwak coffee beans, and that

1152-593: Is believed that some coffee in East Timor can be traced back to the 18th century. In the late 1800s, Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the Ijen Plateau in eastern Java. However, disaster struck in the 1876, when the coffee rust disease, Hemileia vastatrix , swept through Indonesia, wiping out most of the Arabica Typica cultivar. Robusta coffee ( C. canephor var. robusta )

1224-515: Is centred on the Ijen Plateau, at the eastern end of Java, at an altitude of more than 1,400 meters. The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century. The five largest estates are Blawan (also spelled Belawan or Blauan), Jampit (or Djampit), Pancoer (or Pancur), Kayumas and Tugosari, and they cover more than 4,000 hectares. These estates transport ripe cherries quickly to their mills after harvest. The pulp

1296-466: Is closely related to the body of the coffee. The after-taste coats the palate on the finish and is smooth and soft. Most of Sulawesi's coffee is grown by smallholders, with about 5% coming from seven larger estates. The people of Tana Toraja build distinctively shaped houses and maintain ancient and complex rituals related to death and the afterlife. This respect for tradition is also found in way that small-holders process their coffee. Sulawesi farmers use

1368-475: Is commonly traded through the town of Kalosi , which is a well-known brand of specialty coffee. The regions of Mamasa (to the west of Toraja) and Gowa (further to the south near Makassar), also produce Arabica, although they are less well known. Sulawesi coffees are clean and sound in the cup. They generally display nutty or warm spice notes, like cinnamon or cardamom. Hints of black pepper are sometimes found. Their sweetness, as with most Indonesian coffees,

1440-513: Is estimated that 154,800 tons were slated for domestic consumption in the 2013–2014 financial year. Of the exports, 25% are arabica beans; the balance is robusta . In general, Indonesia's arabica coffee varieties have low acidity and strong bodies, which make them ideal for blending with higher-acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. The Dutch governor in Malabar (India) sent arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) seedlings from Yemen to

1512-450: Is grown at 1,200 to 1,800 meters on hillsides and plateaus. Most of the production is grown under shade trees and wet processed at farm level. Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. A traditional style of processing, known as pulped natural, where parchment coffee is dried in its mucilage without fermentation, produces a floral coffee that has been found to be highly sought after by some buyers. New Guinea

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1584-478: Is grown in the District of Lintong Nihuta, to the south-west of Lake Toba . This large lake is one of the deepest in the world, at 505 meters. The coffee production area is a high plateau, known for its diversity of tree fern species. This area produces 15,000 to 18,000 tons of arabica per year. A neighbouring region, called Sidikalang , also produces arabica coffee. Gayo is a region on the hillsides surrounding

1656-758: Is located in Jember , East Java. Current activities of ICCRI in the coffee sector include: The Agribusiness Market and Support Activity (AMARTA) conducted research on the effectiveness of the Brocap Trap technology in Toraja, Sidikilang and Gayo. This trap is designed to catch the coffee berry borer (CBB) insect, a major pest in coffee. It was developed by CIRAD , a French agricultural research institute. Brocap traps have been extensively adopted by coffee farmers in Central America. Indonesia's coffee industry

1728-400: Is occasionally sold online under the guise of real kopi luwak. Coffee beans can be "seeded" with the same microbes as in civet gut to produce the same coffee flavor without having to deal with civet excrement. The binturong is also sometimes kept captive for production of kopi luwak. There are reports of a kopi luwak type process occurring naturally with muntjac and birds. Bat coffee

1800-449: Is organic and many farmers’ cooperatives and exporters are internationally certified to market organic coffee. There are more than 20 varieties of Coffea arabica being grown commercially in Indonesia. They fall into six main categories: Coffee from this westernmost island in Indonesia is intriguing and complex, due to the large number of small-holder producers and the unique " giling basah " (wet hulling) processing technique they use. At

1872-772: Is produced mainly on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra , Java , Bali , Sulawesi , and in East Timor . It is also widely gathered in the forest or produced in farms in the islands of the Philippines , where the product is called kape motit in the Cordillera region , kapé alamíd in Tagalog areas, kapé melô or kapé musang in Mindanao , and kahawa kubing in the Sulu Archipelago . Kopi luwak

1944-602: Is represented by three associations. The Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters (AICE), also known by its Indonesian acronym "AEKI", is composed of Arabica and Robusta coffee exporters. AICE was founded in 1979 and was responsible for managing export quotas under the International Coffee Agreements up until 1989. A second association, Gabungan Eksportir Kopi Indonesia (GAEKI) was established in 2011. The Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia (SCAI) formed in 2008. SCAI members focus exclusively on

2016-408: Is simply bad coffee, purchased for novelty rather than taste. A food writer reviewed kopi luwak available to American consumers and concluded "It tasted just like... Folgers . Stale. Lifeless. Petrified dinosaur droppings steeped in bathtub water. I couldn't finish it." Several commercial processes attempt to replicate the digestive process of the civets without animal involvement. Researchers with

2088-529: Is the main coffee-growing area in Sumbawa island. Coffee production in the region goes back to at least the early 19th century, before the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 . Flores (or Flower) Island is 360 miles long, and is located 200 miles to the east of Bali . The terrain of Flores is rugged, with numerous active and inactive volcanoes. Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols, ideal for organic coffee production. Arabica coffee

2160-483: Is the second largest island in the world. The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia. The Indonesian half of the island was formerly called "Irian Jaya". Today, it is known as Papua, and it is divided into six provinces – Papua , West Papua , Central Papua , Highland Papua , South Papua , and Southwest Papua . There are two main coffee-growing areas in Papua. The first is the Baliem Valley , in

2232-508: Is then fermented and washed off, using the wet process, with rigorous quality control. This results in coffee with good, heavy body and a sweet overall impression. They are sometimes rustic in their flavour profiles, but display a lasting finish. At their best, they are smooth and supple and sometimes have a subtle herbaceous note in the after-taste. This coffee is prized as one component in the traditional "Mocha Java" blend, which pairs Mocha beans with beans grown in Java. Certain estates age

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2304-465: Is thought to select the most ripe and flawless coffee cherries. This selection influences the flavour of the coffee, as does the digestive process. The beans begin to germinate by malting , which reduces their bitterness. When performed in nature, or in the wild, these two mechanisms achieve the same goal as selective picking and the wet or washed process of coffee milling : 1) harvesting optimally ripe cherries and 2) mechanically and chemically removing

2376-409: The Philippines , Thailand , Vietnam and Ethiopia . The taste of kopi luwak varies with the type and origin of excreted beans, processing, roasting, aging, and brewing. The ability of the civet to select its berries, and other aspects of the civet's diet and health, like stress levels, may also influence the processing and hence taste. Within the coffee industry, kopi luwak is widely regarded as

2448-711: The Sukabumi area before spreading to Central Java and parts of East Java . The Dutch responded by replacing the Arabica firstly with Liberica (a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee) and later with Robusta . As of 2015 Java's old colonial-era plantations provide just a fraction of the coffee grown on the island; they produce primarily the higher-valued Arabica variety. The Paniis coffee planters cooperation in Sumedang can produce 15 tonnes, 2.5 tonnes of them are produced as kopi luwak . Java's arabica coffee production

2520-457: The University of Florida have been issued with a patent for one such process. Brooklyn-based food startup Afineur has also developed a patented fermentation technology that reproduces some of the taste aspects of Kopi Luwak while improving coffee bean taste and nutritional profile. Vietnamese companies sell an imitation kopi luwak, made using an enzyme soak which they claim replicates

2592-422: The 18th century were between 200 and 400 Guilders, this was equivalent to several hundred dollars per kilogram today. By the end of the 18th century, the price had dropped to 0.6 Guilders per kilogram and coffee drinking spread from the elite to the general population. The East Indies were the most important coffee supplier in the world during this period and it was only in the 1840s that their stranglehold on supply

2664-446: The 1950s, soon after independence. and are now managed as state-owned plantations under PTPN, Perusahaan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara, and revitalized with new varieties of Coffea arabica in the 1950s. These varieties were also adopted by smallholders through the government and various development programs. Today, more than 90% of Indonesia's coffee is grown by smallholders on farms averaging around one hectare. Some of this production

2736-691: The Australian Channel Seven show Border Security: Australia's Front Line ran a story on kopi luwak being imported into Australia. Customs officials decided after much deliberation that the rare coffee would pose no threat to the Australian agricultural industry, and approved the importation. For many viewers, this was the first they had ever heard of kopi luwak. The next day on 2 July, the Channel Seven breakfast chat show Sunrise based their morning weather presentations from

2808-736: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. This book helped to change Dutch public opinion about the "Cultivation System" and colonialism in general. More recently, the name Max Havelaar was adopted by one of the first fair trade organizations. By the mid-1870s the Dutch East Indies expanded arabica coffee-growing areas in Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi and Timor. In Sulawesi the coffee was thought to have been planted around 1850. In North Sumatra highlands coffee

2880-696: The Dutch governor of Batavia (now Jakarta ) in 1696. The first seedlings failed due to flooding in Batavia. The second shipment of seedlings was sent in 1699 with Hendrik Zwaardecroon. The plants grew, and in 1711 the first exports were sent from Java to Europe by the Dutch East India Company —formally Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie and abbreviated VOC—reaching 2,000 pounds shipped in 1717. Coffee arriving in Amsterdam sold for high prices, 1 kg (2 lb) costing nearly one per cent of

2952-547: The Heritage Tea Rooms. Weather presenter Monique Wright confirmed during this episode of Sunrise that the Heritage Tea Room was in fact linked to the Border Security story on the importation of the kopi luwak. 19°21′08.09″S 146°27′15.43″E  /  19.3522472°S 146.4542861°E  / -19.3522472; 146.4542861 Kopi luwak Kopi luwak , also known as civet coffee ,

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3024-531: The Philippines is closer to US$ 20 per kilogram. The specialty Vietnamese weasel coffee , which is made by collecting coffee beans eaten by wild civets, is sold at US$ 500 per kilogram. Most customers are Asian, especially those originating from Japan, China, and South Korea. Some specialty coffee shops sell cups of brewed kopi luwak for US$ 35–80. Investigations by PETA and the BBC found fraud to be rife in

3096-506: The Philippines. They were deprived of exercise, proper diet, and space. Video footage from the investigation shows abnormal behaviours such as repeated pacing, circling, or biting the bars of their cages. The animals often lose their fur. A BBC investigation revealed similar conditions. Farmers using caged palm civets in north Sumatra confirmed that they supplied kopi luwak beans to exporters whose produce ends up in Europe and Asia. Tony Wild,

3168-531: The Subak Abian, have created Indonesia's first Geographic Indication (G.I.). Issued in 2008, the G.I. establishes legal protection for coffee produced in the Kintamani region under the name Kopi Arabica Kintamani Bali . It also serves as a marketing tool to differentiate Kintamani coffee from coffees produced in other regions. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in

3240-465: The animals' digestive tracts alter the composition of the coffee cherries. The traditional method of collecting feces from wild Asian palm civets has given way to an intensive farming method, in which the palm civets are kept in battery cages and are force-fed the cherries. This method of production has raised ethical concerns about the treatment of civets and the conditions they are made to live in, which include isolation, poor diet, small cages, and

3312-450: The average annual income. Indonesia was the first place, outside of Arabia and Ethiopia, where coffee was widely cultivated. The coffee was shipped to Europe from the port of Batavia (now Jakarta ). There has been a port at the mouth of Ciliwung River since 397 AD, when King Purnawarman established the city he called Sunda Kelapa . Today, in the Kota area of Jakarta, one can find echoes of

3384-611: The central Jayawijaya Highlands region, surrounding the town of Wamena . The second is the Kamu Valley in the Nabire Region , at the eastern edge of the central highlands, surrounding the town of Moanemani . Both areas lie at altitudes between 1,400 and 2000 meters, creating ideal conditions for Arabica production. Together, these areas produce about 230 tons of coffee per year. This is set to rise, as new companies are setting up buying and processing operations. One of them

3456-554: The civet population. Growing numbers of intensive civet "farms" have been established and are operated in Southeast Asia, confining tens of thousands of animals to live in battery cages and be force-fed. "The conditions are awful, much like battery chickens", said Chris Shepherd, deputy regional director of TRAFFIC in Southeast Asia. "The civets are taken from the wild and have to endure horrific conditions. They fight to stay together but they are separated and have to bear

3528-409: The civet's digestive process. Imitation has several motivations. The high price of kopi luwak drives the search for a way to produce kopi luwak in large quantities. Kopi luwak production involves a great deal of labour, whether farmed or wild-gathered. The small production quantity and the labor involved in production contribute to the coffee's high cost. Imitation may be a response to the decrease in

3600-401: The classic Indonesian cup profile. Larger processing mills, estates and some farmers' cooperatives on Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Bali produce "fully washed" coffee. The most unusual form of coffee processing in Indonesia is " kopi luwak ". This coffee is processed by the Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ). The animals eat ripe coffee cherries and their digestive process removes

3672-507: The coffee executive responsible for bringing kopi luwak to the Western world, has stated he no longer supports using kopi luwak due to animal cruelty and launched a campaign called "Cut the Crap" to halt the use of kopi luwak. Kopi luwak is one of the most expensive coffees in the world, selling for between $ 220 and $ 1,100 per kilogram ($ 100 and $ 500/lb) in 2010. The price paid to collectors in

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3744-576: The cup. Occasionally, Sumatran coffees can show greater acidity, which balances the body. This acidity takes on tropical fruit notes and sometimes an impression of grapefruit or lime. Mandheling is a trade name, used for arabica coffee from northern Sumatra . It was derived from the name of the Mandailing people, who produce coffee in the Tapanuli region of Sumatra . Mandheling coffee comes from Northern Sumatra, as well as Aceh . Lintong coffee

3816-435: The early Dutch colonial period, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is geographically and climatologically well-suited for coffee plantations, near the equator and with numerous interior mountainous regions on its main islands, creating well-suited microclimates for the growth and production of coffee. Indonesia produced an estimated 660,000 metric tons of coffee in 2017. Of this total, it

3888-539: The environment. This philosophy, specifically 'happiness with the environment' favors the production of organic coffee, or at least the use of organic fertilizers and the lack of use of agrochemicals. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade coffee production because the Subak organizes smallholders, which is often a requirement of fair trade certification. Stakeholders in Bali , including

3960-474: The gastric juices of the defecated beans give kopi luwak its unique aroma. The Japanese manga series Beastars features an anthropomorphic civet character named Deshico that produces kopi luwak. Coffee production in Indonesia Indonesia was the fourth-largest producer of coffee in the world in 2014. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia began in the late 1600s and early 1700s, in

4032-574: The giling basah processing, Gayo Mountain coffee is described as higher toned and lighter bodied than Lintong and Mandheling coffees from further east in Sumatra . The Indonesian island of Sulawesi , formerly called the Celebes, lies to the east of Borneo island. The primary region for high altitude Arabica production covers the Toraja highlands, and the district of Enrekang to its south, where coffee

4104-416: The green bean stage, coffee from this area has a distinctive bluish colour, which is attributed to processing method and lack of iron in the soil. Coffees from Sumatra are known for smooth, sweet body that is balanced and intense. Depending on the region, or blend of regions, the flavours of the land and processing can be very pronounced. Notes of cocoa, tobacco, smoke, earth and cedar wood can show well in

4176-415: The history of coffee production in Indonesia ; Dutch colonialists established coffee plantations in Indonesia and imported beans from Yemen . In the 19th century, farmers in central Java started to brew and drink coffee from excreted beans collected at their plantations. Kopi luwak is brewed from coffee beans that traversed the gastrointestinal tract of an Asian palm civet, and were thus subjected to

4248-413: The kopi luwak industry, with producers willing to label coffee from caged civets with a "wild sourced" or similar label. Genuine kopi luwak from wild civets is difficult to purchase in Indonesia and proving it is not fake is very difficult – there is little enforcement regarding use of the name "kopi luwak", and there's even a local cheap coffee brand named "Luwak", which costs under US$ 3 per kilogram but

4320-430: The luwak scored two points below the lowest of the other three coffees. It would appear that the luwak processing diminishes good acidity and flavor and adds smoothness to the body, which is what many people seem to note as a positive to the coffee.” Professional coffee tasters were able to distinguish kopi luwak from other coffee samples, but remarked that it tasted "thin". Some critics claim more generally that kopi luwak

4392-416: The most traditional method of all, dry processing. The coffee cherries are dried in the sun, and then de-hulled in a dry state. Most farmers on Sulawesi, Sumatra, Flores, and Papua use the "giling basah" (or wet hulling) process. In this technique, farmers remove the outer skin from the cherries mechanically, using rustic pulping machines. The coffee beans, still coated with mucilage, are then stored for up to

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4464-470: The outer layers of the fruit. The remaining coffee beans are collected and washed. Coffee experts believe that the unique flavour of kopi luwak comes, at least in part, from the extraction of naturally occurring potassium salts from the beans during the digestive process. This results in a smooth, mild cup, with a sweet after-taste. Kopi luwak is very rare, and can retail for more than $ 600 per kilogram. The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI)

4536-811: The production, export and marketing of Indonesia's arabica coffees. This includes farmers' cooperatives with 8,050 members, exporters, roasters, importers and coffee retailers in the Arabic coffee industry. The Indonesian coffee sector is large, internally diverse and scattered. Production is dominated by an estimated 2 million smallholders living in often remote villages located right across the archipelago—with different coffee regions showing variations in terms of production systems, environmental conditions, product quality, post-harvest processing, and value chain structures. This distinctive geography poses challenges for logistics, for supporting improved technologies, and for developing cohesive industry organizations. Common to most of

4608-475: The provincial or national level and is therefore in need of support and professionalization. Kopi tubruk is a traditional way to prepare coffee in Bali. It consists of finely ground coffee powder steeped in water and left to settle. Once the powder has settled the coffee is drunk while trying to avoid drinking the 'mud' from the bottom of the glass. The western slopes of Mount Tambora in Sanggar peninsula

4680-422: The pulp and skin from the cherry, leaving mainly the seed. Traditionally, excreted coffee beans were collected directly in plantations and forests. As the international demand for kopi luwak increased, some producers turned to caged production methods to increase yields. In 2014, the annual kopi luwak production was grossly estimated at less than 127 kg (280 lb). It is produced in Indonesia, East Timor ,

4752-597: The seagoing legacy that built the city. Sail driven ships still load cargo in the old port. The Bahari Museum occupies a former warehouse of the VOC, which was used to store spices and coffee. Menara Syahbandar (or Lookout Tower) was built in 1839 to replace the flag pole that stood at the head of wharves, where the VOC ships docked to load their cargos. In the 18th century, coffee shipped from Batavia sold for 3 Guilders per kilogram in Amsterdam. Since annual incomes in Holland in

4824-547: The town of Takengon and Lake Laut Tawar , at the northern tip of Sumatra, in the region of Aceh. The altitude in the production area averages between 1,110 and 1,600 meters. The coffee is grown by smallholders under shade trees . Gayo coffee is registered as a Geographical Indication as Kopi Arabika Gayo in Indonesia, the EU and the UK. Coffee from this region is generally processed at farm-level, using traditional wet methods. Due to

4896-558: Was eclipsed by Brazil. The coffee trade was very profitable for the VOC, and for the Dutch East Indies government that replaced it in 1800, but was less so for the Indonesian farmers who were forced to grow it by the colonial government from 1830 to around 1870 under the Cultuurstelsel (Cultivation system). Production of export crops were delivered to government warehouses instead of taxes. Coffee, along with sugar and indigo,

4968-615: Was first grown near Lake Toba in 1888, followed in Gayo highland (Aceh) near Lake Laut Tawar in 1924. Coffee at the time was also grown in East Indonesia: East Timor and Flores . Both of these islands were originally under Portuguese control and the coffee was also C. arabica , but from different root stocks. The coffee in Eastern Indonesia was not affected to the same degree by rust, and even today, it

5040-436: Was introduced to East Java in 1900 as a substitute, especially at lower altitudes, where the rust was particularly devastating. Robusta coffee was introduced to smallholders around Kerinci around 1915, and then spread quickly across southern Sumatra during the 1920s, where production soon eclipsed Java. The region remains the most important producing region by volume today. Dutch-owned plantations on Java were nationalized in

5112-471: Was named after the Java coffee. The highland region of Kintamani , between the volcanoes of Batukaru and Agung, is the main coffee-growing area on Bali. Many coffee farmers on Bali are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of " Tri Hita Karana ". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and

5184-649: Was one of the main crops produced under this highly exploitative colonial system. Cultuurstelsel was applied to coffee in the Preanger region of West Java , as well as in West Sumatra, South Sulawesi and the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi. This corrupt system, which diverted labor from rice production and caused great hardship for farmers, was immortalized through an influential novel by Eduard Douwes Dekker (pen name: Multatuli ) in 1860 titled Max Havelaar : Or

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