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99-425: Hive provides the necessary SQL abstraction to integrate SQL-like queries ( HiveQL ) into the underlying Java without the need to implement queries in the low-level Java API. Hive facilitates the integration of SQL-based querying languages with Hadoop, which is commonly used in data warehousing applications. While initially developed by Facebook , Apache Hive is used and developed by other companies such as Netflix and

198-466: A compiler translates HiveQL statements into a directed acyclic graph of MapReduce , Tez, or Spark jobs, which are submitted to Hadoop for execution. The word count program counts the number of times each word occurs in the input. The word count can be written in HiveQL as: A brief explanation of each of the statements is as follows: Checks if table docs exists and drops it if it does. Creates

297-540: A "permanent acceleration" that would continue after the pandemic. Facebook hired aggressively, growing from 48,268 employees in March 2020 to more than 87,000 by September 2022. Following a period of intense scrutiny and damaging whistleblower leaks , news started to emerge on October 21, 2021, about Facebook's plan to rebrand the company and change its name. In the Q3 2021 Earnings Call on October 25, Mark Zuckerberg discussed

396-404: A broader effort to counter Russian covert influence operations, which had intensified since the invasion. At its 2024 Connect conference, Meta presented Orion, its first pair of augmented reality glasses. Though Orion was originally intended to be sold to consumers, the manufacturing process turned out to be too complex and expensive. Instead, the company pivoted to producing a small number of

495-666: A competitor to Twitter. Meta announced its artificial intelligence model Llama 2 in July 2023, available for commercial use via partnerships with major cloud providers like Microsoft. It was the first project to be unveiled out of Meta's generative AI group after it was set up in February. It would not charge access or usage but instead operate with an open-source model to allow Meta to ascertain what improvements need to be made. Prior to this announcement, Meta said it had no plans to release Llama 2 for commercial use. An earlier version of Llama

594-671: A database does not implement all of Codd's rules (or the current understanding on the relational model, as expressed by Christopher J. Date , Hugh Darwen and others), it is not relational. This view, shared by many theorists and other strict adherents to Codd's principles, would disqualify most DBMSs as not relational. For clarification, they often refer to some RDBMSs as truly-relational database management systems (TRDBMS), naming others pseudo-relational database management systems (PRDBMS). As of 2009, most commercial relational DBMSs employ SQL as their query language . Alternative query languages have been proposed and implemented, notably

693-564: A falsified video of US president Joe Biden , even after it had been proven to be fake, attracted criticism and concern. Numerous lawsuits have been filed against the company, both when it was known as Facebook, Inc., and as Meta Platforms. In March 2020, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) sued Facebook, for significant and persistent infringements of the rule on privacy involving

792-468: A former Facebook employee's testimony in Congress that the company refused to take responsibility. The company noted that tools have been developed for parents to keep track of their children's activity on Instagram and set time limits in addition to Meta's "Take a break" reminders. In addition, the company is providing resources specific to eating disorders as well as developing AI to prevent children under

891-738: A global economic downturn and "ads signal loss". Plans to lay off a further 10,000 employees began in April 2023. The layoffs were part of a general downturn in the technology industry, alongside layoffs by companies including Google , Amazon , Tesla , Snap , Twitter and Lyft . Starting from 2022, Meta scrambled to catch up to other tech companies in adopting specialised artificial intelligence hardware and software. It had been using less expensive CPUs instead of GPUs for AI work, but that approach turned out to be less efficient. In 2023, Ireland's Data Protection Commissioner imposed record EUR 1.2 billion fine on Meta for transferring data from Europe to

990-541: A greater-than-expected decline in profits in the fourth quarter of 2021. It reported no growth in monthly users, and indicated it expected revenue growth to stall. It also expected measures taken by Apple Inc. to protect user privacy to cost it some $ 10 billion in advertisement revenue, an amount equal to roughly 8% of its revenue for 2021. In meeting with Meta staff the day after earnings were reported, Zuckerberg blamed competition for user attention, particularly from video-based apps such as TikTok . The 27% reduction in

1089-687: A major reason for the extent of the issue. Meta has acquired multiple companies (often identified as talent acquisitions ). One of its first major acquisitions was in April 2012, when it acquired Instagram for approximately US$ 1 billion in cash and stock. In October 2013, Facebook, Inc. acquired Onavo , an Israeli mobile web analytics company. In February 2014, Facebook, Inc. announced it would buy mobile messaging company WhatsApp for US$ 19 billion in cash and stock. Later that year, Facebook bought Oculus VR for $ 2.3 billion in cash and stock, which released its first consumer virtual reality headset in 2016. In late November 2019, Facebook, Inc. announced

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1188-448: A meaningful way at all". In May 2019, Facebook founded Libra Networks , reportedly to develop their own stablecoin cryptocurrency . Later, it was reported that Libra was being supported by financial companies such as Visa , Mastercard , PayPal and Uber . The consortium of companies was expected to pool in $ 10 million each to fund the launch of the cryptocurrency coin named Libra. Depending on when it would receive approval from

1287-399: A new row is written to the table, a new unique value for the primary key is generated; this is the key that the system uses primarily for accessing the table. System performance is optimized for PKs. Other, more natural keys may also be identified and defined as alternate keys (AK). Often several columns are needed to form an AK (this is one reason why a single integer column is usually made

1386-502: A new table called docs with a single column of type STRING called line . Loads the specified file or directory (In this case “input_file”) into the table. OVERWRITE specifies that the target table to which the data is being loaded into is to be re-written; Otherwise, the data would be appended. The query CREATE TABLE word_counts AS SELECT word, count(1) AS count creates a table called word_counts with two columns: word and count . This query draws its input from

1485-455: A single relation, even though they may grab information from several relations. Also, derived relations can be used as an abstraction layer . A domain describes the set of possible values for a given attribute, and can be considered a constraint on the value of the attribute. Mathematically, attaching a domain to an attribute means that any value for the attribute must be an element of the specified set. The character string "ABC" , for instance,

1584-558: A system. For increased security, the system design may grant access to only the stored procedures and not directly to the tables. Fundamental stored procedures contain the logic needed to insert new and update existing data. More complex procedures may be written to implement additional rules and logic related to processing or selecting the data. The relational database was first defined in June 1970 by Edgar Codd , of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory . Codd's view of what qualifies as an RDBMS

1683-414: A tuple (restricting combinations of attributes) or to an entire relation. Since every attribute has an associated domain, there are constraints ( domain constraints ). The two principal rules for the relational model are known as entity integrity and referential integrity . Every relation /table has a primary key, this being a consequence of a relation being a set . A primary key uniquely specifies

1782-476: A tuple within a table. While natural attributes (attributes used to describe the data being entered) are sometimes good primary keys, surrogate keys are often used instead. A surrogate key is an artificial attribute assigned to an object which uniquely identifies it (for instance, in a table of information about students at a school they might all be assigned a student ID in order to differentiate them). The surrogate key has no intrinsic (inherent) meaning, but rather

1881-403: Is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. A database management system used to maintain relational databases is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ). Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and updating the database. The concept of relational database

1980-503: Is analogous to using the index of a book to go directly to the page on which the information you are looking for is found, so that you do not have to read the entire book to find what you are looking for. Relational databases typically supply multiple indexing techniques, each of which is optimal for some combination of data distribution, relation size, and typical access pattern. Indices are usually implemented via B+ trees , R-trees , and bitmaps . Indices are usually not considered part of

2079-469: Is applied to a table in traditional databases. In such traditional databases, the table typically enforces the schema when the data is loaded into the table. This enables the database to make sure that the data entered follows the representation of the table as specified by the table definition. This design is called schema on write . In comparison, Hive does not verify the data against the table schema on write. Instead, it subsequently does run time checks when

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2178-497: Is not in the integer domain, but the integer value 123 is. Another example of domain describes the possible values for the field "CoinFace" as ("Heads","Tails"). So, the field "CoinFace" will not accept input values like (0,1) or (H,T). Constraints are often used to make it possible to further restrict the domain of an attribute. For instance, a constraint can restrict a given integer attribute to values between 1 and 10. Constraints provide one method of implementing business rules in

2277-453: Is summarized in Codd's 12 rules . A relational database has become the predominant type of database. Other models besides the relational model include the hierarchical database model and the network model . The table below summarizes some of the most important relational database terms and the corresponding SQL term: In a relational database, a relation is a set of tuples that have

2376-446: Is useful through its ability to uniquely identify a tuple. Another common occurrence, especially in regard to N:M cardinality is the composite key . A composite key is a key made up of two or more attributes within a table that (together) uniquely identify a record. Foreign key refers to a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. It relates the two keys. Foreign keys need not have unique values in

2475-863: The Big Tech companies in 2020. The lobbying team includes top congressional aide John Branscome, who was hired in September 2021, to help the company fend off threats from Democratic lawmakers and the Biden administration. In August 2024, Mark Zuckerberg sent a letter to Jim Jordan indicating that during the COVID-19 pandemic the Biden administration repeatedly asked Meta to limit certain COVID-19 content, including humor and satire, on Facebook and Instagram . In 2024 Meta's decision to continue to disseminate

2574-772: The Cambridge Analytica fiasco . Every violation of the Privacy Act is subject to a theoretical cumulative liability of $ 1.7 million. The OAIC estimated that a total of 311,127 Australians had been exposed. On December 8, 2020, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and 46 states (excluding Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and South Dakota), the District of Columbia and the territory of Guam , launched Federal Trade Commission v. Facebook as an antitrust lawsuit against Facebook. The lawsuit concerns Facebook's acquisition of two competitors— Instagram and WhatsApp —and

2673-531: The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI), a foundation established by Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan , and became one of their projects. Following the rebranding announcement, CZI announced that it had already decided to deprioritize the earlier Meta project, thus it would be transferring its rights to the name to Meta Platforms, and the previous project would end in 2022. Soon after the rebranding, in early February 2022, Meta reported

2772-922: The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Amazon maintains a software fork of Apache Hive included in Amazon Elastic MapReduce on Amazon Web Services . Apache Hive supports the analysis of large datasets stored in Hadoop's HDFS and compatible file systems such as Amazon S3 filesystem and Alluxio . It provides a SQL-like query language called HiveQL with schema on read and transparently converts queries to MapReduce , Apache Tez and Spark jobs. All three execution engines can run in Hadoop 's resource negotiator, YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator). To accelerate queries, it provided indexes, but this feature

2871-816: The Irish Council for Civil Liberties , Wikimedia Europe, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center , signed a 2024 letter to the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) expressing concern that this subscriber model would undermine privacy protections, specifically GDPR data protection standards. Meta removed the Facebook and Instagram accounts of Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in February 2024, citing repeated violations of its Dangerous Organizations & Individuals policy. As of March, Meta

2970-548: The Nasdaq exchange. The stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day, forcing underwriters to buy back shares to support the price. At the closing bell, shares were valued at $ 38.23, only $ 0.23 above the IPO price and down $ 3.82 from the opening bell value. The opening was widely described by the financial press as a disappointment. The stock nonetheless set a new record for trading volume of an IPO. On May 25, 2012,

3069-656: The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory authority to operate as a payments service, the Libra Association had planned to launch a limited format cryptocurrency in 2021. Libra was renamed Diem, before being shut down and sold in January 2022 after backlash from Swiss government regulators and the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the use of online services including Facebook grew globally. Zuckerberg predicted this would be

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3168-417: The normal forms . Connolly and Begg define database management system (DBMS) as a "software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database". RDBMS is an extension of that initialism that is sometimes used when the underlying database is relational. An alternative definition for a relational database management system is a database management system (DBMS) based on

3267-569: The relational model . Most databases in widespread use today are based on this model. RDBMSs have been a common option for the storage of information in databases used for financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and other applications since the 1980s. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases , because RDBMS were easier to implement and administer. Nonetheless, relational stored data received continued, unsuccessful challenges by object database management systems in

3366-496: The 1980s and 1990s, (which were introduced in an attempt to address the so-called object–relational impedance mismatch between relational databases and object-oriented application programs), as well as by XML database management systems in the 1990s. However, due to the expanse of technologies, such as horizontal scaling of computer clusters , NoSQL databases have recently become popular as an alternative to RDBMS databases. Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA)

3465-706: The Facebook-WhatsApp-Instagram entity did not exist, and prove that harmed competition or consumers. On December 24, 2021, a court in Russia fined Meta for $ 27 million after the company declined to remove unspecified banned content. The fine was reportedly tied to the company's annual revenue in the country. In May 2022, a lawsuit was filed in Kenya against Meta and its local outsourcing company Sama . Allegedly, Meta has poor working conditions in Kenya for workers moderating Facebook posts. According to

3564-535: The Hive architecture are: While based on SQL, HiveQL does not strictly follow the full SQL-92 standard. HiveQL offers extensions not in SQL, including multi-table inserts, and creates tables as select . HiveQL lacked support for transactions and materialized views , and only limited subquery support. Support for insert, update, and delete with full ACID functionality was made available with release 0.14. Internally,

3663-413: The IPO, Zuckerberg would retain 22% of the total shares and 57% of the total voting power in Facebook. Underwriters valued the shares at $ 38 each, valuing the company at $ 104 billion, the largest valuation yet for a newly public company. On May 16, one day before the IPO, Facebook announced it would sell 25% more shares than originally planned due to high demand. The IPO raised $ 16 billion, making it

3762-913: The Middle East, revealing a gap in Meta’s enforcement in developing regions. An Iraqi nonprofit Tech4Peace’s founder, Aws al-Saadi helped Ahmed-Adnan and others, but the restoration process was slow, leading to significant financial losses for many victims, including prominent figures like Ammar al-Hakim . This situation highlighted Meta’s challenges in balancing global growth with effective content moderation and protection. On 16 September 2024, Meta announced it had banned Russian state media outlets from its platforms worldwide due to concerns about "foreign interference activity." This decision followed allegations that RT and its employees funneled $ 10 million through shell companies to secretly fund influence campaigns on various social media channels. Meta's actions were part of

3861-448: The PK). Both PKs and AKs have the ability to uniquely identify a row within a table. Additional technology may be applied to ensure a unique ID across the world, a globally unique identifier , when there are broader system requirements. The primary keys within a database are used to define the relationships among the tables. When a PK migrates to another table, it becomes a foreign key (FK) in

3960-407: The U.S. In July 2024, Meta agreed to pay the state of Texas $ 1.4 billion to settle a lawsuit brought by Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton accusing the company of collecting users' biometric data without consent, setting a record for the largest privacy-related settlement ever obtained by a state attorney general. Relational database management system A relational database ( RDB )

4059-498: The UK. Meta agreed to the sale, though it stated that it disagrees with the decision itself. In May 2023, Giphy was divested to Shutterstock for $ 53   million. In November 2020, Facebook, Inc. announced that it planned to purchase the customer-service platform and chatbot specialist startup Kustomer to promote companies to use their platform for business. It has been reported that Kustomer valued at slightly over $ 1 billion. The deal

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4158-471: The United States without adequate protections for EU citizens. In March 2023, Meta announced a new round of layoffs that would cut 10,000 employees and close 5,000 open positions in order to make the company more efficient. Meta revenue surpassed analyst expectations for the first quarter of 2023 after announcing that it was increasing its focus on AI. On July 6, Meta launched a new app, Threads ,

4257-660: The acquisition of the game developer Beat Games, responsible for developing one of that year's most popular VR games, Beat Saber . In Late 2022 after Facebook Inc rebranded to Meta Platforms Inc, Oculus was rebranded to Meta Quest. In May 2020, Facebook, Inc. announced it had acquired Giphy for a reported cash price of $ 400 million. It will be integrated with the Instagram team. However, in August 2021, UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) stated that Facebook, Inc. might have to sell Giphy, after an investigation found that

4356-495: The age of 13 signing up for Facebook or Instagram. In June 2022, Meta settled a lawsuit with the US Department of Justice . The lawsuit, which was filed in 2019, alleged that the company enabled housing discrimination through targeted advertising, as it allowed home owners and landlords to run housing ads excluding people based on sex, race, religion, and other characteristics. The U.S. Department of Justice stated that this

4455-703: The allegations, a Meta representative said, "We review every data request for legal sufficiency and use advanced systems and processes to validate law enforcement requests and detect abuse." In June 2022, Sheryl Sandberg , the chief operating officer of 14 years, announced she would step down that year. Zuckerberg said that Javier Olivan would replace Sandberg, though in a "more traditional" role. In March 2022, Meta (except Meta-owned WhatsApp ) and Instagram were banned in Russia and added to Russian list of terrorist and extremist organizations for alleged Russophobia and hate speech (up to genocidal calls) amid ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine . Meta appealed against

4554-580: The ban but it was upheld by a Moscow court in June of the same year. Also in March 2022, Meta and Italian eyewear giant Luxottica released Ray-Ban Stories , a series of smartglasses which could play music and take pictures. Meta and Luxottica parent company EssilorLuxottica declined to disclose sales on the line of products as of September 2022, though Meta has expressed satisfaction with its customer feedback. In July 2022, Meta saw its first year-on-year revenue decline when its total revenue slipped by 1% to $ 28.8bn. Analysts and journalists accredited

4653-438: The basis of interaction among these tables. These relationships can be modelled as an entity-relationship model . In order for a database management system (DBMS) to operate efficiently and accurately, it must use ACID transactions . Part of the programming within a RDBMS is accomplished using stored procedures (SPs). Often procedures can be used to greatly reduce the amount of information transferred within and outside of

4752-573: The best-performing technology stocks of the year, with its share price up 150 percent. Its stock reached an all-time high in January 2024, bringing Meta within 2% of achieving $ 1 trillion market capitalization. Meta Platforms launched an ad-free service in Europe in November 2023, allowing subscribers to opt-out of personal data being collected for targeted advertising. A group of 28 European organizations, including Max Schrems' advocacy group NOYB ,

4851-408: The client's request for a ticket is passed along with the request. The previous versions of Hadoop had several issues such as users being able to spoof their username by setting the hadoop.job.ugi property and also MapReduce operations being run under the same user: Hadoop or mapred. With Hive v0.7.0's integration with Hadoop security, these issues have largely been fixed. TaskTracker jobs are run by

4950-402: The columns represent values attributed to that instance (such as address or price). For example, each row of a class table corresponds to a class, and a class corresponds to multiple students, so the relationship between the class table and the student table is "one to many" Each row in a table has its own unique key. Rows in a table can be linked to rows in other tables by adding a column for

5049-423: The company into a "must-own stock". Jimmy Lee of JPMorgan Chase described it as "the next great blue-chip". Writers at TechCrunch , on the other hand, expressed skepticism, stating, "That's a big multiple to live up to, and Facebook will likely need to add bold new revenue streams to justify the mammoth valuation." Trading in the stock, which began on May 18, was delayed that day due to technical problems with

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5148-503: The company would be changing its internal motto from "Move fast and break things" to "Move fast with stable infrastructure". The earlier motto had been described as Zuckerberg's "prime directive to his developers and team" in a 2009 interview in Business Insider , in which he also said, "Unless you are breaking stuff, you are not moving fast enough." Lasso was a short-video sharing app from Facebook similar to TikTok that

5247-758: The company's share price which occurred in reaction to the news eliminated some $ 230 billion of value from Meta's market capitalization . Bloomberg described the decline as "an epic rout that, in its sheer scale, is unlike anything Wall Street or Silicon Valley has ever seen". Zuckerberg's net worth fell by as much as $ 31 billion. Zuckerberg owns 13% of Meta, and the holding makes up the bulk of his wealth. According to published reports by Bloomberg on March 30, 2022, Meta turned over data such as phone numbers, physical addresses, and IP addresses to hackers posing as law enforcement officials using forged documents. The law enforcement requests sometimes included forged signatures of real or fictional officials. When asked about

5346-438: The data is read. This model is called schema on read . The two approaches have their own advantages and drawbacks. Checking data against table schema during the load time adds extra overhead, which is why traditional databases take a longer time to load data. Quality checks are performed against the data at the load time to ensure that the data is not corrupt. Early detection of corrupt data ensures early exception handling. Since

5445-401: The database and support subsequent data use within the application layer. SQL implements constraint functionality in the form of check constraints . Constraints restrict the data that can be stored in relations . These are usually defined using expressions that result in a Boolean value, indicating whether or not the data satisfies the constraint. Constraints can apply to single attributes, to

5544-469: The database, as they are considered an implementation detail, though indices are usually maintained by the same group that maintains the other parts of the database. The use of efficient indexes on both primary and foreign keys can dramatically improve query performance. This is because B-tree indexes result in query times proportional to log(n) where n is the number of rows in a table and hash indexes result in constant time queries (no size dependency as long as

5643-453: The deal between the two companies would harm competition in display advertising market. Facebook, Inc. was fined $ 70 million by CMA for deliberately failing to report all information regarding the acquisition and the ongoing antitrust investigation. In October 2022, the CMA ruled for a second time that Meta be required to divest Giphy, stating that Meta already controls half of the advertising in

5742-464: The discontinued Meta Portal smart displays line and partners with Luxottica through the Ray-Ban Stories series of smartglasses . Facebook filed for an initial public offering (IPO) on January 1, 2012. The preliminary prospectus stated that the company sought to raise $ 5 billion, had 845 million monthly active users, and a website accruing 2.7 billion likes and comments daily. After

5841-503: The ensuing monopolistic situation. FTC alleges that Facebook holds monopolistic power in the U.S. social networking market and seeks to force the company to divest from Instagram and WhatsApp to break up the conglomerate. William Kovacic , a former chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, argued the case will be difficult to win as it would require the government to create a counterfactual argument of an internet where

5940-564: The first RDBMS for Macintosh began being developed, code-named Silver Surfer, and was released in 1987 as 4th Dimension and known today as 4D. The first systems that were relatively faithful implementations of the relational model were from: The most common definition of an RDBMS is a product that presents a view of data as a collection of rows and columns, even if it is not based strictly upon relational theory . By this definition, RDBMS products typically implement some but not all of Codd's 12 rules. A second school of thought argues that if

6039-720: The glasses to be used internally. On 4 October 2024, Meta announced about its new AI model called Movie Gen, capable of generating realistic video and audio clips based on user prompts. Meta stated it would not release Movie Gen for open development, preferring to collaborate directly with content creators and integrate it into its products by the following year. The model was built using a combination of licensed and publicly available datasets. On October 31, 2024, ProPublica published an investigation into deceptive political advertisement scams that sometimes use hundreds of hijacked profiles and facebook pages run by organized networks of scammers. The authors cited spotty enforcement by Meta as

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6138-501: The hundreds of millions of dollars spent on content for early adopters. He also urged the company to execute fast and invest heavily in the vision, to shut out HTC , Apple , Google and other competitors in the VR space . Regarding other players' participation in the metaverse vision, he called for the company to build the " metaverse " to prevent their competitors from "being in the VR business in

6237-430: The inner query ( SELECT explode ( split ( line , '\s' )) AS word FROM docs ) temp " . This query serves to split the input words into different rows of a temporary table aliased as temp . The GROUP BY WORD groups the results based on their keys. This results in the count column holding the number of occurrences for each word of the word column. The ORDER BY WORDS sorts

6336-486: The lawsuit, 260 screeners were declared redundant with confusing reasoning. The lawsuit seeks financial compensation and an order that outsourced moderators be given the same health benefits and pay scale as Meta employees. In June 2022, 8 lawsuits were filed across the U.S. over the allege that excessive exposure to platforms including Facebook and Instagram has led to attempted or actual suicides, eating disorders and sleeplessness, among other issues. The litigation follows

6435-425: The loss to its advertising business, which has been limited by Apple's app tracking transparency feature and the number of people who have opted not to be tracked by Meta apps. Zuckerberg also accredited the decline to increasing competition from TikTok. On October 27, 2022, Meta's market value dropped to $ 268 billion, a loss of around $ 700 billion compared to 2021, and its shares fell by 24%. It lost its spot among

6534-411: The metaverse, a digital extension of the physical world by social media , virtual reality and augmented reality features. "Meta" had been registered as a trademark in the United States in 2018 (after an initial filing in 2015) for marketing, advertising, and computer services, by a Canadian company that provided big data analysis of scientific literature . This company was acquired in 2017 by

6633-446: The ongoing criticism of the company's social services and the way it operates, and pointed to the pivoting efforts to building the metaverse – without mentioning the rebranding and the name change. The metaverse vision and the name change from Facebook, Inc. to Meta Platforms was introduced at Facebook Connect on October 28, 2021. Based on Facebook's PR campaign, the name change reflects the company's shifting long term focus of building

6732-519: The original eight including relational comparison operators and extensions that offer support for nesting and hierarchical data, among others. Normalization was first proposed by Codd as an integral part of the relational model. It encompasses a set of procedures designed to eliminate non-simple domains (non-atomic values) and the redundancy (duplication) of data, which in turn prevents data manipulation anomalies and loss of data integrity. The most common forms of normalization applied to databases are called

6831-506: The other table. When each cell can contain only one value and the PK migrates into a regular entity table, this design pattern can represent either a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship. Most relational database designs resolve many-to-many relationships by creating an additional table that contains the PKs from both of the other entity tables – the relationship becomes an entity;

6930-421: The parent company of the Facebook service, as Facebook, Inc., it was rebranded to its current name in 2021 to "reflect its focus on building the metaverse ", an integrated environment linking the company's products and services. Meta ranks among the largest American information technology companies, alongside other Big Five corporations Alphabet ( Google ), Amazon , Apple , and Microsoft . The company

7029-658: The partition level. The recent version of Hive 0.14 had these functions fully added to support complete ACID properties. Hive 0.14 and later provides different row level transactions such as INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE . Enabling INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE transactions require setting appropriate values for configuration properties such as hive.support.concurrency , hive.enforce.bucketing , and hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode . Hive v0.7.0 added integration with Hadoop security. Hadoop began using Kerberos authorization support to provide security. Kerberos allows for mutual authentication between client and server. In this system,

7128-446: The pre-1996 implementation of Ingres QUEL . A relational model organizes data into one or more tables (or "relations") of columns and rows , with a unique key identifying each row. Rows are also called records or tuples . Columns are also called attributes. Generally, each table/relation represents one "entity type" (such as customer or product). The rows represent instances of that type of entity (such as "Lee" or "chair") and

7227-458: The referencing relation. A foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables, and it effectively uses the values of attributes in the referenced relation to restrict the domain of one or more attributes in the referencing relation. The concept is described formally as: "For all tuples in the referencing relation projected over the referencing attributes, there must exist a tuple in the referenced relation projected over those same attributes such that

7326-594: The relevant part of the index fits into memory). Queries made against the relational database, and the derived relvars in the database are expressed in a relational calculus or a relational algebra . In his original relational algebra, Codd introduced eight relational operators in two groups of four operators each. The first four operators were based on the traditional mathematical set operations : The remaining operators proposed by Codd involve special operations specific to relational databases: Other operators have been introduced or proposed since Codd's introduction of

7425-399: The resolution table is then named appropriately and the two FKs are combined to form a PK. The migration of PKs to other tables is the second major reason why system-assigned integers are used normally as PKs; there is usually neither efficiency nor clarity in migrating a bunch of other types of columns. Relationships are a logical connection between different tables (entities), established on

7524-435: The same attributes . A tuple usually represents an object and information about that object. Objects are typically physical objects or concepts. A relation is usually described as a table , which is organized into rows and columns . All the data referenced by an attribute are in the same domain and conform to the same constraints. The relational model specifies that the tuples of a relation have no specific order and that

7623-471: The same issue. The allegations sparked "fury" among some investors and led to the immediate filing of several lawsuits, one of them a class action suit claiming more than $ 2.5 billion in losses due to the IPO. Bloomberg estimated that retail investors may have lost approximately $ 630 million on Facebook stock since its debut. S&P Global Ratings added Facebook to its S&P 500 index on December 21, 2013. On May 2, 2014, Zuckerberg announced that

7722-460: The standard declarative SQL syntax. Stored procedures are not part of the relational database model, but all commercial implementations include them. An index is one way of providing quicker access to data. Indices can be created on any combination of attributes on a relation . Queries that filter using those attributes can find matching tuples directly using the index (similar to Hash table lookup), without having to check each tuple in turn. This

7821-428: The stock ended its first full week of trading at $ 31.91, a 16.5% decline. On May 22, 2012, regulators from Wall Street 's Financial Industry Regulatory Authority announced that they had begun to investigate whether banks underwriting Facebook had improperly shared information only with select clients rather than the general public. Massachusetts Secretary of State William F. Galvin subpoenaed Morgan Stanley over

7920-688: The tables are forced to match the schema after/during the data load, it has better query time performance. Hive, on the other hand, can load data dynamically without any schema check, ensuring a fast initial load, but with the drawback of comparatively slower performance at query time. Hive does have an advantage when the schema is not available at the load time, but is instead generated later dynamically. Transactions are key operations in traditional databases. As any typical RDBMS , Hive supports all four properties of transactions ( ACID ): Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , and Durability . Transactions in Hive were introduced in Hive 0.13 but were only limited to

8019-479: The term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum: In 1974, IBM began developing System R , a research project to develop a prototype RDBMS. The first system sold as an RDBMS was Multics Relational Data Store (June 1976). Oracle was released in 1979 by Relational Software, now Oracle Corporation . Ingres and IBM BS12 followed. Other examples of an RDBMS include IBM Db2 , SAP Sybase ASE , and Informix . In 1984,

8118-541: The third-largest in US history (slightly ahead of AT&T Mobility and behind only General Motors and Visa ). The stock price left the company with a higher market capitalization than all but a few U.S. corporations—surpassing heavyweights such as Amazon , McDonald's , Disney , and Kraft Foods —and made Zuckerberg's stock worth $ 19 billion. The New York Times stated that the offering overcame questions about Facebook's difficulties in attracting advertisers to transform

8217-410: The top 20 US companies by market cap, despite reaching the top 5 in the previous year. In November 2022, Meta laid off 11,000 employees, 13% of its workforce. Zuckerberg said the decision to aggressively increase Meta's investments had been a mistake, as he had wrongly predicted that the surge in e-commerce would last beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. He also attributed the decline to increased competition,

8316-767: The tuple contains a candidate or primary key then obviously it is unique; however, a primary key need not be defined for a row or record to be a tuple. The definition of a tuple requires that it be unique, but does not require a primary key to be defined. Because a tuple is unique, its attributes by definition constitute a superkey . All data are stored and accessed via relations . Relations that store data are called "base relations", and in implementations are called "tables". Other relations do not store data, but are computed by applying relational operations to other relations. These relations are sometimes called "derived relations". In implementations these are called " views " or "queries". Derived relations are convenient in that they act as

8415-473: The tuples, in turn, impose no order on the attributes. Applications access data by specifying queries, which use operations such as select to identify tuples, project to identify attributes, and join to combine relations. Relations can be modified using the insert , delete , and update operators. New tuples can supply explicit values or be derived from a query. Similarly, queries identify tuples for updating or deleting. Tuples by definition are unique. If

8514-401: The unique key of the linked row (such columns are known as foreign keys ). Codd showed that data relationships of arbitrary complexity can be represented by a simple set of concepts. Part of this processing involves consistently being able to select or modify one and only one row in a table. Therefore, most physical implementations have a unique primary key (PK) for each row in a table. When

8613-572: The unmask value for the Hive configuration variable hive.files.umask.value . Facebook, Inc. Meta Platforms, Inc. , doing business as Meta , and formerly named Facebook, Inc. , and TheFacebook, Inc. , is an American multinational technology conglomerate based in Menlo Park, California . The company owns and operates Facebook , Instagram , Threads , and WhatsApp , among other products and services. Advertising accounts for 97.8 percent of its revenue. Originally known as

8712-451: The user who launched it and the username can no longer be spoofed by setting the hadoop.job.ugi property. Permissions for newly created files in Hive are dictated by the HDFS . The Hadoop distributed file system authorization model uses three entities: user, group and others with three permissions: read, write and execute. The default permissions for newly created files can be set by changing

8811-689: The values in each of the referencing attributes match the corresponding values in the referenced attributes." A stored procedure is executable code that is associated with, and generally stored in, the database. Stored procedures usually collect and customize common operations, like inserting a tuple into a relation , gathering statistical information about usage patterns, or encapsulating complex business logic and calculations. Frequently they are used as an application programming interface (API) for security or simplicity. Implementations of stored procedures on SQL RDBMS's often allow developers to take advantage of procedural extensions (often vendor-specific) to

8910-413: The words alphabetically. The storage and querying operations of Hive closely resemble those of traditional databases. While Hive is a SQL dialect, there are a lot of differences in structure and working of Hive in comparison to relational databases. The differences are mainly because Hive is built on top of the Hadoop ecosystem, and has to comply with the restrictions of Hadoop and MapReduce . A schema

9009-411: Was closed in February 2022 after regulatory approval. In September 2022, Meta acquired Lofelt, a Berlin-based haptic tech startup. In 2020, Facebook, Inc. spent $ 19.7 million on lobbying , hiring 79 lobbyists. In 2019, it had spent $ 16.7 million on lobbying and had a team of 71 lobbyists, up from $ 12.6 million and 51 lobbyists in 2018. Facebook was the largest spender of lobbying money among

9108-444: Was defined by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970. Codd introduced the term relational in his research paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". In this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation . One well-known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of Codd's 12 rules . However, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of Codd's rules, so

9207-587: Was designed by a workgroup within IBM in the period 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests. The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the Distributed Data Management Architecture . According to DB-Engines , in January 2023 the most popular systems on the db-engines.com web site were: According to research company Gartner , in 2011,

9306-643: Was in violation of the Fair Housing Act . Meta was handed a penalty of $ 115,054 and given until December 31, 2022, to shadow the algorithm tool. In January 2023, Meta was fined €390 million for violations of the European Union General Data Protection Regulation . In May 2023, the European Data Protection Board fined Meta a record €1.2 billion for breaching European Union data privacy laws by transferring personal data of Facebook users to servers in

9405-451: Was launched on iOS and Android in 2018 and was aimed at teenagers. On July 2, 2020, Facebook announced that Lasso would be shutting down on July 10. In 2018, the Oculus lead Jason Rubin sent his 50-page vision document titled "The Metaverse" to Facebook's leadership. In the document, Rubin acknowledged that Facebook's virtual reality business had not caught on as expected, despite

9504-554: Was ranked #31 on the Forbes Global 2000 ranking in 2023. In 2022, Meta was the company with the third-highest expenditure on research and development worldwide, with R&D expenditure amounting to US$ 35.3 billion. Meta has also acquired Oculus (which it has integrated into Reality Labs ), Mapillary , CTRL-Labs, and a 9.99% stake in Jio Platforms ; the company additionally endeavored into non-VR hardware, such as

9603-601: Was released to academics. In August 2023, Meta announced its permanent removal of news content from Facebook and Instagram in Canada due to the Online News Act , which requires Canadian news outlets to be compensated for content shared on its platform. The Online News Act was in effect by year-end, but Meta will not participate in the regulatory process. In October 2023, Zuckerberg said that AI would be Meta's biggest investment area in 2024. Meta finished 2023 as one of

9702-455: Was removed in version 3.0 Other features of Hive include: By default, Hive stores metadata in an embedded Apache Derby database, and other client/server databases like MySQL can optionally be used. The first four file formats supported in Hive were plain text, sequence file, optimized row columnar (ORC) format and RCFile . Apache Parquet can be read via plugin in versions later than 0.10 and natively starting at 0.13. Major components of

9801-810: Was under the investigation of the FDA for alleged use of their social media platforms to sell illegal drugs. On 16 May 2024, the European Commission began an investigation into Meta over concerns related to child safety. In May 2023, Iraqi social media influencer Esaa Ahmed-Adnan encountered a troubling issue when Instagram removed his posts, citing false copyright violations despite his content being original and free from copyrighted material. He discovered that extortionists were behind these takedowns, offering to restore his content for $ 3,000 or provide ongoing protection for $ 1,000 per month. This scam, exploiting Meta’s rights management tools, became widespread in

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