102-664: The Aka , also known as Hrusso , are an ethnic group of Indian state Arunachal Pradesh. They are found in various areas of Arunachal Pradesh including the Thrizino Bhalukpong, Buragaon , Jamiri, Palizi, Khuppi area in West Kameng . Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family. For the convenience of administration, the Aka people elects a chief, who often acts the role of the village headman. Polygamy
204-506: A divisional commissioner and twenty-five districts, each administered by a deputy commissioner . Arunachal Pradesh has a total of 28 districts, West Siang being the largest district in terms of area and Tawang being the smallest district. Papum is the largest district in terms of population and Diwang Valley is the smallest district. Below are the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into
306-654: A heuristic tool hence those influence a variety of consumer behaviors. John C. Mowen et al. says, after taking into account for a set of antecedents, trait superstitions are predictive of a wide variety of consumer beliefs, like beliefs in astrology or in common negative superstitions (e.g., fear of black cats). A general proneness to be superstitious leads to enduring temperament to gamble, participation in promotional games, investments in stocks, forwarding of superstitious e‐mails, keeping good‐luck charms, and exhibit sport fanship etc. Additionally it has been estimated that between $ 700 million and $ 800 million are lost every Friday
408-478: A humid subtropical climate . High-altitude areas (3,500–5,500 m) have a subtropical highland climate and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives 2,000 to 5,000 millimetres (79 to 197 in) of rainfall annually, 70%–80% obtained between May and October. Arunachal Pradesh has among the highest diversity of mammals and birds in India. There are around 750 species of birds and more than 200 species of mammals in
510-465: A mirror is said to bring seven years of bad luck . From ancient Rome to Northern India, mirrors have been handled with care, or sometimes avoided all together. Horseshoes have long been considered lucky. Opinion is divided as to which way up the horseshoe ought to be nailed. Some say the ends should point up, so that the horseshoe catches the luck, and that the ends pointing down allow the good luck to be lost; others say they should point down, so that
612-433: A certain item of clothing or jewelry or carry a certain item like a bag because it brings them 'luck' and allow good things to happen. A recent theory by Jane Risen proposes that superstitions are intuitions that people acknowledge to be wrong, but acquiesce to rather than correct when they arise as the intuitive assessment of a situation. Her theory draws on dual-process models of reasoning. In this view, superstitions are
714-604: A few drops of the blood onto the enemy undetected, throwing them into his house, or burning them in his hearth. If the ritual succeeds, the enemy is supposed to lose their life. Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh ( / ər ʊ ˌ n ɑː tʃ əl p r ə ˈ d eɪ ʃ / ; lit. ' Dawn-Lit Mountain Province ' ) is a state in northeast India . It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as
816-517: A leg" is commonly said to actors and musicians before they go on stage to perform or before an audition . In English (though it may originate in German), the expression was likely first used in this context in the United States in the 1930s or possibly 1920s, originally documented without specifically theatrical associations. Among professional dancers , the traditional saying is not "break
918-473: A leg", but the French word " merde ". Some superstitious actions have practical origins. Opening an umbrella inside in eighteenth-century London was a physical hazard, as umbrellas then were metal-spoked, clumsy spring mechanisms and a "veritable hazard to open indoors." Another superstition with practical origins is the action of blowing briefly left and right before crossing rail tracks for safe travels as
1020-877: A noun is found in Plautus , Ennius and later in Pliny the Elder , with the meaning of art of divination . From its use in the Classical Latin of Livy and Ovid , it is used in the pejorative sense that it holds today: of an excessive fear of the gods or unreasonable religious belief; as opposed to religio , the proper, reasonable awe of the gods. Cicero derived the term from superstitiosi , lit. those who are "left over", i.e. "survivors", "descendants", connecting it with excessive anxiety of parents in hoping that their children would survive them to perform their necessary funerary rites. According to Michael David Bailey, it
1122-482: A participant in the category of divination may need to go beyond mere observation and need to be active participant in a given action. Examples of divination superstitions include judicial astrology , necromancy , haruspex , lot-casting , geomancy , aeromancy and prophecy . Chardonnens says superstitions belonging to the magic category are exceedingly hermetical and ritualistic: examples include witchcraft, potions, incantations , amulets etc. Chardonnens says that
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#17327838967791224-451: A pejorative view. Items referred to as such in common parlance are commonly referred to as folk belief in folkloristics . According to László Sándor Chardonnens, Oxford English Dictionary (OED) definitions pass value-judgement and attribution to "fear and ignorance" without doing enough justice to elaborate systems of superstitions. Chardonnens says the religious element in OED denotations
1326-473: A religious background or with people who grew up in a culture that believes in magic and perform rituals. Like stated before in the article above, superstition and prophecies are sometimes linked together. People with religious or superstitious OCD may have compulsions and perform rituals or behaviors in order to fulfill or get closer to fulfilling a prophecy. Those with "magical thinking" OCD may realize that doing an action will not actually 'save' someone, but
1428-400: A result of the imprisonment of a local Aka king, Tagi Raja. Superstitions and magic play an important role in their belief system. Shizhou proved to be the most popular form of magic ritual among the Aka, and anybody who is angry may resort to conducting Shizhou rituals on their foe. The rituals of Shizhou involve slaughtering a dog, draining the blood from its head, and either sprinkling
1530-580: A room in the northwest corner of a house is "very bad". Similarly, the number 8 is a " lucky number " in China , so that it is more common than any other number in the Chinese housing market. There are many different animals around the world that have been tied to superstitions. People in the West are familiar with the omen of a black cat crossing one's path. Locomotive engineers believe a hare crossing one's path
1632-457: A sense of persistence within the individual. From a simpler perspective, natural selection will tend to reinforce a tendency to generate weak associations or heuristics that are overgeneralized. If there is a strong survival advantage to making correct associations, then this will outweigh the negatives of making many incorrect, "superstitious" associations. It has also been argued that there may be connections between OCD and superstition. It
1734-741: A set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion and material culture: the Tibetic -speaking Monpa area bordering Bhutan in the west, the Tani area in the centre of the state, the Mishmi area to the east of the Tani area, the Tai / Singpho / Tangsa area bordering Myanmar, and the Naga area to the south, which also borders Myanmar. In between there are transition zones, such as
1836-487: A state on 20 February 1987 during Rajiv Gandhi government at the center. NB: K A A Raja, as Chief Commissioner to NEFA, under Assam , whose Capital used to be Shillong , later on went to become the first Lieuitenent Governor to the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh. The 14th Dalai Lama did not originally recognise India's sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh. As late as 2003, he said that "Arunachal Pradesh
1938-537: A state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and largest town. It borders the Indian states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed 1,129 km border with China 's Tibet Autonomous Region in the north at the McMahon Line . Arunachal Pradesh is claimed in its entirety by China as South Tibet as part of
2040-516: A superstition; Tacitus on other hand regarded Christianity as a pernicious superstition; Saul of Tarsus and Martin Luther perceived any thing that was not centered on Christ to be superstitious. According to Dale Martin, difference of opinion on what constitutes "superstition" may become apparent when one moves from one culture to another culture. While the formation of the Latin word is clear, from
2142-604: A unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary". In recent years, China has occasionally asserted its claims on Tawang . India rebutted these claims and told the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to China when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. A report that the Chinese Army had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh in 2016
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#17327838967792244-581: A variant of the Nyezi-No religion, which means Sky and Earth. Occasional contacts with the Assamese and neighbouring Buddhist tribes and Tibetans have seen Hindu and Buddhist influence imbibed beliefs and culture. However, centuries of Buddhist and Hindu influences have greatly shaped the religious rites of their religion. For instance, veneration of the Assamese Hindu God, Hori Deo came as
2346-505: A written form was Baruch Spinoza , who was a key figure in the Age of Enlightenment. Most superstitions arose over the course of centuries and are rooted in regional and historical circumstances, such as religious beliefs or the natural environment. For instance, geckos are believed to be of medicinal value in many Asian countries, including China. In China, Feng shui is a belief system that different places have negative effects, e.g. that
2448-424: Is also used to refer to a religion not practiced by the majority of a given society regardless of whether the prevailing religion contains alleged superstitions or to all religions by the antireligious . Definitions of the term vary, but they commonly describe superstitions as irrational beliefs at odds with scientific knowledge of the world. Stuart Vyse proposes that a superstition's "presumed mechanism of action
2550-481: Is any belief or practice considered by non-practitioners to be irrational or supernatural , attributed to fate or magic , perceived supernatural influence, or fear of that which is unknown. It is commonly applied to beliefs and practices surrounding luck , amulets , astrology , fortune telling , spirits , and certain paranormal entities , particularly the belief that future events can be foretold by specific unrelated prior events. The word superstition
2652-600: Is bad luck. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) the giant anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ) is targeted by motorists in regions of Brazil who do not want the creature to cross in front of them and give them bad luck. Certain numbers hold significance for particular cultures and communities. It is common for buildings to omit certain floors on their elevator panels and there are specific terms for people with severe aversions to specific numbers. Triskaidekaphobia , for example,
2754-536: Is compelled to refuse the name of Roman pontiff either to the former or to the latter. The current Catechism of the Catholic Church considers superstition sinful in the sense that it denotes "a perverse excess of religion", as a demonstrated lack of trust in divine providence (¶ 2110), and a violation of the first of the Ten Commandments . The Catechism represents a defense against
2856-551: Is expected by the person holding a belief, such as increased odds of winning a prize. This distinction excludes practices where participants merely expect to be entertained. Religious practices that differ from commonly accepted religions in a given culture are sometimes called superstitious; similarly, new practices brought into an established religious community can also be labeled as superstitious in an attempt to exclude them. Also, an excessive display of devoutness has often been labelled as superstitious behavior. In antiquity,
2958-644: Is inconsistent with our understanding of the physical world", with Jane Risen adding that these beliefs are not merely scientifically wrong but impossible. Similarly, Lysann Damisch defines superstition as "irrational beliefs that an object, action, or circumstance that is not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome." Dale Martin says they "presuppose an erroneous understanding about cause and effect, that have been rejected by modern science." The Oxford English Dictionary describes them as "irrational, unfounded", Merriam-Webster as "a false conception about causation or belief or practice", and
3060-488: Is maize and millet. They plant leaves, pulses, potato and rice. Drinks locally made from fermented maize and millet include Lao pani, Mingri and the Aarah. The Aka live in elongated houses made from bamboo, wood and cane leaves. Raised on platforms about 6 feet above the ground, the Aka house are further sub-divided into three sections. The granary is built away from the main house. The Aka share strong cultural affinities with
3162-468: Is not understood as a system of observance and testifies to a belief in higher power on part of the compiler of the dictionary. Richard Webster's The Encyclopedia of Superstitions points out that many superstitions have connections with religion, that people may hold individual subjective perceptions vis à vis superstitions against one another (people of one belief are likely to call people of another belief superstitious); Constantine regarded paganism as
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3264-504: Is stated that superstition is at the end of the day long-held beliefs that are rooted in coincidence and/or cultural tradition rather than logic and facts. OCD that involves superstition is often referred to as "Magical Thinking" People with this kind of manifestation of OCD believe that if they do not follow through with a certain compulsion, then something bad will happen to either themselves or others. Superstitious OCD, while can appear in anyone with OCD, more often appears in people with
3366-467: Is the fear of the number 13. Similarly, a common practice in East Asian nations is avoiding instances of the digit 4. It represents or can be translated as death or die. This is known as tetraphobia (from Ancient Greek τετράς (tetrás) 'four' and Ancient Greek φόβος (phóbos) 'fear'). A widespread superstition is fear of the number 666, given as the number of
3468-472: Is widely practiced in their patrilineal society, and cross-cousin marriages are accepted. Like most tribes, the Aka have an elementary caste system, the aristocrat Kutsun and the commoner Kevatsum. The Aka practice shifting cultivation and rear domestic animals such as the Mithun . Temporary huts, accommodated by young boys, are built near the field to guard the crops from the animals. The staple food of Akas
3570-778: The Aka / Hruso / Miji / Sherdukpen area, between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist Tani hill tribes . In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung. Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within
3672-632: The Brahmaputra River watershed. The foothills and the plains, were under the control of the Chutia kings of Assam . Inner parts of the state remained independent and self-governed even though interactions with external party did exist. Recent excavations of ruins of temples, such as the 14th-century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in West Siang , indicate they were built during
3774-473: The Cambridge Dictionary as "sans grounding in human reason or scientific knowledge". This notion of superstitious practices is not causally related to the outcomes. Both Vyse and Martin argue that what is considered superstitious varies across cultures and time. For Vyse, "if a culture has not yet adopted science as its standard, then what we consider magic or superstition is more accurately
3876-660: The Chinese as Menba were responsible for trade between Assam and Tibet and held the Koriapar Dooar at Sonitpur district of Assam . The Monpa chief were subordinate to the ruler of Tawang who in turn were subordinate to the Government of Tibet or Ganden Phodrang in Lhasa . The Tibetan government at Lhasa appointed Tibetan officials called Gellongs to supervise the local Monpa chief. The Monpa chief who looked after
3978-554: The Chutia reign. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar, has led to suggestions that the Chutia people had an advanced culture and administration. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang Monastery in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people. The main archaeological sites of the state include: In 1912–13, the British Indian government established
4080-546: The Journal of Experimental Psychology , in which he described his pigeons exhibiting what appeared to be superstitious behaviour. One pigeon was making turns in its cage, another would swing its head in a pendulum motion, while others also displayed a variety of other behaviours. Because these behaviors were all done ritualistically in an attempt to receive food from a dispenser, even though the dispenser had already been programmed to release food at set time intervals regardless of
4182-709: The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap . These groups seek to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and merge part of Arunachal Pradesh into Nagaland . The Indian army is present along the Tibetan border to thwart any Chinese incursion. Under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India) , Inner Line Permits (ILPs) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on
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4284-558: The North-East Frontier Tracts . It was divided into three sections, which eventually came to be called the Ballipara Frontier Tract, Lakhimpur Frontier Tract and Sadiya Frontier Tract. In 1913–1914, representatives of the de facto independent state of Tibet and Britain met in India to define the borders of 'Outer Tibet' (with respect to China). British administrator Sir Henry McMahon drew
4386-772: The Old Testament , biblical typological allegory, the fifteen signs before Judgement Day , and the many prophecies expressed by saints ; Chardonnens further points out that since many aspects of religious experience are tied up with prophecy, the medieval church condones the same. Chardonnens says, one could differentiate between those kinds of prophecy which are (1) inspired by God or Satan and their minions; (2) "gecyndelic"; and (3) "wiglung" examples —lacking divine or infernal inspiration and not "gecyndelic" either. But practically, however, most, if not all, words relating to prophecy ought to be interpreted as inspired. Identifying something as superstition generally expresses
4488-579: The Singpho and Tangsa Naga tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. They are one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma. The Nocte Naga and Wancho Naga are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally, the Deori tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. They are
4590-723: The Tani area, major tribes include the Nyishi . Apatani also live among the Nyishi , but are distinct. In the north one find the Tagin People. In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people , with the major sub-groups of Karka, Lodu, Bogum, Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi with many subtribes including Padam , Pasi, Minyong and Bokar , among others. Milang , while also falling within
4692-411: The Tani language group, in easternmost Tibet . There are thought to be 800 to 1200 remaining speakers of Koro, and 4,000 to 6,000 speakers of Aka. The Aka costume deeply reflects its indigenous culture. While both male and female keep long hair, there are distinctions in the dress within the Aka. These restrictions involve the use of the Assamese silk and the Tibetan knobbed hat, which are worn among
4794-515: The 13th because of people's refusal to travel, purchase major items or conduct business. Ancient Greek historian Polybius in his Histories uses the word superstition explaining that in ancient Rome that belief maintained the cohesion of the empire , operating as an instrumentum regni . In the classical era , the existence of gods was actively debated both among philosophers and theologians, and opposition to superstition arose consequently. The poem De rerum natura , written by
4896-643: The 550 miles (890 km) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Tibet, placing Tawang and other areas within British India. The Tibetan and British representatives devised the Simla Accord including the McMahon Line, but the Chinese representatives did not concur. The Simla Accord denies other benefits to China while it declines to assent to the Accord. The Chinese position
4998-659: The Babylonian Captivity of the Church , Martin Luther , who called the papacy "that fountain and source of all superstitions", accuses the popes of superstition: For there was scarce another of the celebrated bishoprics that had so few learned pontiffs; only in violence, intrigue, and superstition has it hitherto surpassed the rest. For the men who occupied the Roman ;See a thousand years ago differ so vastly from those who have since come into power, that one
5100-480: The Duar were called Tsorgon, a position created in the 16th century. According to historical Tibetan text the state of Arunachal Pradesh known as Lhoyu came under the control of Tubo Kingdom or Tibetan Empire in the 7th century CE. In the 17th century, the 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682), who achieved political supremacy over Tibet in 1642, imposed a tax called Khrey over Monyul and instructed
5202-646: The Jana flowers every time the sun sets. Indigenous festivals under the guidance of a village Chieftains such as those of the four-day Nechido festival, held in November involves the affiliation with the natural world and community. Among the Aka live a second group of people, with their own language, the Koro . They are culturally integrated with the Aka, but have somehow maintained their separate, only distantly related Tibeto-Burman language. Koro has more similarities with
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#17327838967795304-409: The Latin term superstitio , like its equivalent Greek deisidaimonia , became associated with exaggerated ritual and a credulous attitude towards prophecies. Greek and Roman polytheists , who modeled their relations with the gods on political and social terms, scorned the man who constantly trembled with fear at the thought of the gods, as a slave feared a cruel and capricious master. Such fear of
5406-509: The Miji, and intermarriage with the Miji is prevalent. Centuries of Vaishnava and intermittent Tibetan influence from the Sherdukpen has shaped the Aka culture into its modern form. Handicrafts, basket weaving and wood carving are the principal arts among the Aka tribe. Intermittent Tibetan contacts is evidenced by the fact that the Aka and Mishmis are known as "Khakhra" (meaning barbarians) to
5508-476: The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius further developed the opposition to superstition. Cicero 's work De natura deorum also had a great influence on the development of the modern concept of superstition as well as the word itself. Where Cicero distinguished superstitio and religio , Lucretius used only the word religio . Cicero , for whom superstitio meant "excessive fear of
5610-571: The Simla Accord as a bilateral accord and the Survey of India published a detailed map showing the McMahon Line as a border of India. In 1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east. Following the conclusion of British rule, India gained independence in 1947, while the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949. Despite this,
5712-518: The Tibet Autonomous Region; China occupied some regions of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but later withdrew its forces. As of the 2011 Census of India , Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,383,727 and an area of 83,743 square kilometres (32,333 sq mi). With only 17 inhabitants per square kilometre, it is the least densely populated state of India. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly Monpa people in
5814-459: The Tibetans. One of the most notable features of Aka arts is the Chinese design of the Jana flower, which can be often found on many of the indigenous haversacks. It is a known legend that the Jana flower represents the commemorate an ancient Tibetan king, who was believed to have led his entire life through daily reincarnations. It was also believed that he lived in an open giant palace that grew
5916-410: The West include not walking under a ladder, touching wood, throwing salt over one's shoulder, or not opening an umbrella inside. In China wearing certain colours is believed to bring luck. "Break a leg" is a typical English idiom used in the context of theatre or other performing arts to wish a performer " good luck ". An ironic or non-literal saying of uncertain origin (a dead metaphor ), "break
6018-425: The accusation that Catholic doctrine is superstitious: Superstition is a deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes. It can even affect the worship we offer the true God, e.g., when one attributes an importance in some way magical to certain practices otherwise lawful or necessary. To attribute the efficacy of prayers or of sacramental signs to their mere external performance, apart from
6120-428: The aristocrats. Generally, most men wear a silky Assamese toga, while the women wear a long, dark-red garment that covers the entire body. Indigenous lingchong cream manufactured from the pine-resin serves as the cosmetics for the Aka women. However, the interesting cane cap reaching three inches high inserted with two bird-feathers serves the highlight of the Aka costume. Silver ornaments play another important role in
6222-603: The beast in the biblical Book of Revelation . This fear is called hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia. There are many objects tied to superstitions. During the Great Depression, it was common for people to carry a rabbit's foot around with them. During the Coronavirus epidemic , people in parts of Indonesia made tetek melek, a traditional homemade mask made of coconut palm fronds, which was hung in doorways to keep occupants safe. According to superstitions, breaking
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#17327838967796324-561: The border disagreement was a factor leading to the Sino-Indian War in 1962, during which China captured most of Arunachal Pradesh. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War , Tawang tract of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese People's Liberation Army . However, China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963. The war resulted in
6426-528: The border with Assam . Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude and has an area of 83,743 km (32,333 sq mi). The highest peak in the state is Kangto , at 7,060 metres (23,160 ft). Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak, and the Eastern Gorichen peak are other tall Himalaya peaks. The state's mountain ranges, in
6528-620: The construction of fortresses in Monpa area called Dzong which served as centers for administration and tax collection. The fortressess built were Dirang Dzong, Taklung Dzong and Gyangkhar Dzong to collect tax from the Dirang Monpa , Kalaktang Monpa and Tawang Monpa respectively. The officials who collected the taxes were called Dzongpon . The tax was carried to Tawang Monastery and then to Lhasa via Tsona city (present-day China). The 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683–1706)
6630-521: The control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul under Tibet which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The Monpa and Sherdukpen keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. According to Tibetan chronicles, Monyul was ruled by Gongkar Gyal, descendent of an exiled Tibetan ruler named Lhase Tsangma , the brother of Tibetan king Ralpacan who arrived in Monyul in 837 A.D or earlier. A descendant of Gongkar Gyal became
6732-445: The descendants of the priestly class of Chutia people who were allowed to continue their livelihood after the defeat of the Chutias. Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribes in the historical records – which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of many other tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900. Superstition A superstition
6834-535: The extreme East of India, are described as "the place where the sun rises" in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains, which inspired the name of the state. The villages of Dong (more accessible by car, and with a lookout favoured by tourists) and Vijaynagar (on the edge of Myanmar) receive the first sunlight in all of India. Major rivers of Arunachal Pradesh include the Kameng , Subansiri , Siang ( Brahmaputra ), Dibang , Lohit and Noa Dihing rivers. Subsurface flows and summer snow melt contribute to
6936-441: The fear that if they do not perform a certain behavior someone could get hurt is so overwhelming that they do it just to be sure. People with superstitious OCD will go out of their way to avoid something deemed 'unlucky'. Such as the 13th floor of a building, the 13th room, certain numbers or colors, because if they do not they believe something horrible may happen. Though superstitious OCD may work in reverse where one will always wear
7038-473: The female Aka costume. Vase-shaped earrings and for the richer ones, a fillet of silver chain is worn around the head. The rich Aka women wear a pretty filet of silver chain-work round the head. Jade beads are also made into necklaces. Face tattooing is another notable feature among some Aka. Especially in the case of the women, they tattoo their faces in a straight line from the forehead to the chin. The Aka are mainly Animists –who are described to follow
7140-403: The future on systematic application of given ritual and order, and moves to classify it, writing: "Prognostication seems to occupy a place somewhere between observation and divination, of which the observation of times is represented most frequently due to the primacy of temporal prognostics.. Chardonnens classifies prophecy under the topic of divination; examples including the prophets of
7242-402: The general Adi sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu , Miju and Digaru make up the Mishmi cultural-linguistic area. Moving southeast, the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the Theravada sect of Buddhism. They also exhibit considerable convergence with
7344-523: The gods was what the Romans meant by "superstition" (Veyne 1987, p. 211). Cicero (106–43 BCE) contrasted superstitio with the mainstream religion of his day, stating: Nec vero superstitione tollenda religio tollitur – "One does not destroy religion by destroying superstition". Diderot's 18th-century Encyclopédie defines superstition as "any excess of religion in general", and links it specifically with paganism . In his 1520 Prelude on
7446-515: The gods" wrote that " superstitio, non religio, tollenda est ", which means that only superstition, and not religion, should be abolished. The Roman Empire also made laws condemning those who excited excessive religious fear in others. During the Middle Ages, the idea of God's influence on the world's events went mostly undisputed. Trials by ordeal were quite frequent, even though Frederick II (1194 – 1250 AD )
7548-478: The interior dispositions that they demand is to fall into superstition. Cf. Matthew 23:16–22 (¶ 2111) Dieter Harmening's 1979 book Superstitio categorizes superstitions in three categories: magic , divination and observances. The observances category subdivides into "signs" and "time". The time sub-category constitutes temporal prognostics like observances of various days related like dog days , Egyptian days , year prognosis and lunaries , whereas
7650-403: The local science or religion." Dale points out that superstitions are often considered out of place in modern times and are influenced by modern science and its notions of what is rational or irrational, surviving as remnants of older popular beliefs and practices. Vyse proposes that in addition to being irrational and culturally dependent, superstitions have to be instrumental; an actual effect
7752-402: The luck is poured upon those entering the home. Superstitious sailors believe that nailing a horseshoe to the mast will help their vessel avoid storms. In China, yarrow and tortoiseshell are considered lucky and brooms have a number of superstitions attached to them. It is considered bad luck to use a broom within three days of the new year as this will sweep away good luck. Common actions in
7854-589: The new Chinese administration maintained its position that the McMahon Line was not valid. In November 1950, the PRC was poised to take over Tibet by force, and India supported Tibet. Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claimed Tawang on behalf of Tibetans, though Tibetans did not claim Tawang is in Tibet. What is now Arunachal Pradesh was established as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) in 1954 and Sino-Indian relations were cordial until 1960. Resurgence of
7956-404: The observation category needs an observer, divination category needs a participant to tell what is to be observed, whereas magic requires a participant who must follow a protocol to influence the future, and that these three types of superstition need increasing stages of participation and knowledge. Chardonnens defines "prognostication" as that component of superstition which expects knowledge of
8058-415: The other reinforcement schedules (e.g., fixed ratio, fixed interval), these behaviours were also the most resistant to extinction . This is called the partial reinforcement effect , and this has been used to explain superstitious behaviour in humans. To be more precise, this effect means that, whenever an individual performs an action expecting a reinforcement, and none seems forthcoming, it actually creates
8160-718: The output of "System 1" reasoning that are not corrected even when caught by "System 2". People seem to believe that superstitions influence events by changing the likelihood of currently possible outcomes rather than by creating new possible outcomes. In sporting events, for example, a lucky ritual or object is thought to increase the chance that an athlete will perform at the peak of their ability, rather than increasing their overall ability at that sport. Psychologist Stuart Vyse has pointed out that until about 2010, "[m]ost researchers assumed superstitions were irrational and focused their attentions on discovering why people were superstitious." Vyse went on to describe studies that looked at
8262-434: The pigeons' actions, Skinner believed that the pigeons were trying to influence their feeding schedule by performing these actions. He then extended this as a proposition regarding the nature of superstitious behavior in humans. Skinner's theory regarding superstition being the nature of the pigeons' behaviour has been challenged by other psychologists such as Staddon and Simmelhag, who theorised an alternative explanation for
8364-493: The pigeons' behaviour. Despite challenges to Skinner's interpretation of the root of his pigeons' superstitious behaviour, his conception of the reinforcement schedule has been used to explain superstitious behaviour in humans. Originally, in Skinner's animal research, "some pigeons responded up to 10,000 times without reinforcement when they had originally been conditioned on an intermittent reinforcement basis." Compared to
8466-482: The place as Lhoyü and western Arunachal Pradesh which includes the present Tawang district and Kameng district in Tibetan text were called Monyul ( low land ). Arunachal Pradesh means Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains , which is the sobriquet for
8568-666: The relationship between performance and superstitious rituals. Preliminary work has indicated that such rituals can reduce stress and thereby improve performance, but, Vyse has said, "...not because they are superstitious but because they are rituals.... So there is no real magic, but there is a bit of calming magic in performing a ritualistic sequence before attempting a high-pressure activity.... Any old ritual will do." People tend to attribute events to supernatural causes (in psychological terms, "external causes") most often under two circumstances. According to consumer behavior analytics of John C. Mowen et al., superstitions are employed as
8670-702: The ruler of Trashiyangtse region of Bhutan and Gapde Tsan another descendant was the ruler of Khorwong valley in Thembang town (now West Kameng district , Arunachal Pradesh). Later, the second son of Gongkar Gyal, Wongme Palde who returned to Tibet owing to the poverty in Khorwong valley came back to Monyul to become its ruler. The Rgyal rigs text written in 1668 or 1728 contains a record of taxes collected. Taxes were paid via coins, foodstuffs, or livestock from area around present-day Kameng district and Tawang district . The Monpas ( Tibetan : མོན་པ ) ་known to
8772-411: The signs category constitutes signs such as particular animal behaviors (like the call of birds or the neighing of horses) or the sighting of comets, or dreams. According to László Sándor Chardonnens, the signs subcategory usually needs an observer who might help in interpreting the signs and such observer does not need necessarily to be an active participant in the observation. According to Chardonnens,
8874-589: The state in Sanskrit . The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) claim the land as South Tibet ( Chinese : 藏南 pinyin : Zàngnán ). Very little ancient history is known about the region apart from the Northwestern corner, and the areas bordering current Assam . The Northern regions came under Monpa and Tibetan control. Northwestern parts of this area came under
8976-470: The state which has been named as the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon ( H. h. mishmiensis ). Three new giant flying squirrels were also described from the state during the last one and half-decade. These were, Mechuka giant flying squirrel , Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel , and Mebo giant flying squirrel . Arunachal Pradesh comprises three divisions, namely, Central, East and West, each headed by
9078-1179: The state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests . Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron , oak , pine , maple and fir . The state has Mouling and Namdapha national parks. The major animal species are tiger , leopard , snow leopard , Asian elephant , sambar deer , chital deer , barking deer , sloth bear , mithun ( Bos frontalis ), gaur , dhole , giant squirrel , marbled cat , leopard cat . A new subspecies of hoolock gibbon has been described from
9180-469: The state. Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot. In 2013, 31,273 km (12,075 sq mi) of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests (65,730 km or 25,380 sq mi, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as Intact forest landscapes . There are three tiger reserves in
9282-568: The state: a reserve in Namdapha National Park , Mouling National Park and Pakke Tiger Reserve . In the year 2000, Arunachal Pradesh was covered with 63,093 km (24,360 sq mi) of tree cover (77% of its land area). It harbours over 5,000 plants, about 85 terrestrial mammals, over 500 birds and many butterflies, insects and reptiles. At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam , are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests . Much of
9384-417: The termination of barter trade with Tibet, although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade. The Indian government under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, The North-East Frontier Agency was renamed Arunachal Pradesh by Bibhabasu Das Shastri, Daya Krishna Goswami and O. P. Upadhya on 20 January 1972, and it became a union territory . Later on Arunachal Pradesh became
9486-592: The time that China did not exercise power in Tibet, the line had no serious challenges. In 1935, a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department, Olaf Caroe , "discovered" that the McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps. The Survey of India published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937. In 1938, two decades after the Simla Conference, the British finally published
9588-428: The verb super-stare , "to stand over, stand upon; survive", its original intended sense is less clear. It can be interpreted as "'standing over a thing in amazement or awe", but other possibilities have been suggested, e.g. the sense of excess , i.e. over-scrupulousness or over-ceremoniousness in the performing of religious rites, or else the survival of old, irrational religious habits. The earliest known use as
9690-709: The volume of water. Mountains until the Siang river are classified as the Eastern Himalayas. Those between the Siang and Noa Dihing are classified as the Mishmi Hills that may be part of the Hengduan Mountains . Mountains south of the Noa Dihing in Tirap and Longding districts are part of the Patkai Range. The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have
9792-533: The west, Tani people in the centre, Mishmi and Tai people in the east, and Naga people in the southeast of the state. About 23 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state, including Nocte , Adi , Nyishi , Singpho , Galo , Tagin , Apatani . The Nyishi are the largest ethnic group in the region. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi. The residents of eastern Arunachal Pradesh and some parts of Tibet in ancient Tibetan text were called Lhobha people and
9894-603: Was actually part of Tibet". In January 2007, the Dalai Lama said that both Britain and Tibet had recognised the McMahon Line in 1914. In 2008, he said that Arunachal Pradesh was a part of India under the agreement signed by Tibetan and British representatives. According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced
9996-784: Was born in Tawang and died in Amdo (present-day China) on his way to Beijing after being kidnapped by the Mongol forces under Lha-bzang Khan , the last ruler of Khoshut Khanate on the approval of Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty . Before his death the 6th Dalai Lama instructed the construction of notable buildings like Tromzikhang in Barkhor , Lhasa . Arunachal Pradesh falls under Kham ( Tibetan : ཁམས་ ) and Ü-Tsang ( Tibetan : དབུས་གཙང་ ) cultural region of Tibet which also includes
10098-730: Was denied by India's Minister of State for Home Affairs , Kiren Rijiju . In April 2017, China strongly objected to a visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama, as it had to an earlier visit by the US ambassador to India. China had objected to the Dalai Lama's previous visits to the area. In 2024, The New York Times reported that, according to satellite imagery , China had constructed villages along and inside of disputed territory within Arunachal Pradesh. Chinese individuals, called "border guardians", received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols. Arunachal Pradesh has faced threats from insurgent groups, notably
10200-605: Was that Tibet was not independent from China and could not sign treaties, so the Accord was invalid, like the Anglo-Chinese (1906) and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions. British records show that the condition for the Tibetan government to accept the new border was that China must accept the Simla Convention. As Britain was not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the McMahon line invalid. In
10302-506: Was the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered "irrational". The rediscovery of lost classical works ( The Renaissance ) and scientific advancement led to a steadily increasing disbelief in superstition. A new, more rationalistic lens was beginning to see use in exegesis. Opposition to superstition was central to the Age of Enlightenment . The first philosopher who dared to criticize superstition publicly and in
10404-468: Was with Pliny's usage that magic came close to superstition; and charges of being superstitious were first leveled by Roman authorities on their Christian subjects. In turn, early Christian writers saw all Roman and Pagan cults as superstitious, worshipping false Gods, fallen angels and demons. With Christian usage almost all forms of magic started being described as forms of superstition. In 1948, behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner published an article in
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