The Huang Chao Rebellion was a rebellion that took place in China from 874 to 884.
90-604: Late in the Xiantong era (860–874) of Emperor Yizong , there were severe droughts and floods that caused terrible famine. Despite this, the Tang imperial government largely ignored the victims of these natural disasters—instead of granting tax exemptions for affected areas, taxes were increased to fund Emperor Yizong's luxurious lifestyle and military campaigns. As a result, survivors grouped themselves into bands and rose to resist Tang rule. In 874, Wang Xianzhi (who, like Huang Chao,
180-660: A battle. Gao, in anger, ordered Zhang to engage, but this time, Huang decisively defeated Zhang in spring 880 and killed him in battle, throwing Gao into a panic. Huang, after defeating Zhang, then captured Xuan Prefecture, then, in summer 880, crossed the Yangtze River north at Caishi (采石, in modern Ma'anshan , Anhui ), and put the Huainan defense outposts Tianchang (天長, in modern Chuzhou , Anhui) and Liuhe (六合, in modern Nanjing , Jiangsu) under siege, not far from Gao's headquarters at Yang Prefecture ( 揚州 ). Bi Shiduo, who
270-736: A center of the rice trade. In 1644, the Hongguang Emperor (better known as the Prince of Fu ), one of the last emperors of the Ming dynasty, was captured by forces of the new Qing dynasty in Wuhu County. During the Taiping Rebellion , Wuhu County exchanged hands more than five times between Taiping and Imperial forces. Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of Huiningchitaiguang Circuit [ zh ] during
360-456: A commercial center for trade in rice, silk, cotton, tea, wheat and eggs. However, with recent years' economic rise, Wuhu has become a hub for manufacturing. In July 2016, the area was afflicted by the 2016 China floods . On July 6, 2020, the Anhui provincial government approved the merger of Sanshan District into Yijiang District , the replacement of Wuhu County with Wanzhi District , and
450-495: A declaration that his aim was to capture Emperor Xizong to make Emperor Xizong answer for his crimes. Qi Kerang was put in charge of making a final attempt to stop Huang from reaching Luoyang. Meanwhile, though, the chancellors Doulu Zhuan and Cui Hang , believing that imperial forces would not be able to stop Huang from reaching Luoyang and Chang'an, suggested that Emperor Xizong prepare to flee to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), where Chen Jingxuan ,
540-465: A diplomatic row over the name of the Nanzhao king Qiulong ( 酋龍 )—as it violated naming taboo for Emperor Yizong's ancestor Emperor Xuanzong (Li Longji). Emperor Yizong thus refused to issue an edict formally bestowing Qiulong his kingly title. Qiulong responded by changing his state's name to Dali and declaring himself emperor (thus positioning himself as an equal to Emperor Yizong) and by attacking
630-561: A gross domestic product (GDP) of 450.213 billion renminbi (RMB). Per 2022 data, the city's primary sector of the economy accounts for 17.925 billion RMB of the city's GDP (3.98% of total GDP), the secondary sector accounts for 213.558 billion RMB (47.43%), and the tertiary sector accounts for 218.730 billion RMB (48.58%). As of 2019, Wuhu's GDP per capita was 96,154 RMB. The city's statistics bureau reported an annual per capita disposable income of 43,145 RMB in 2022 (+6.5% from 2021). The city's urban residents have
720-652: A major branch of the Shaying River ) to block off Huang's further advance, and also sent Cao and Qi Kerang , the military governor of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining , Shandong), to intercept Huang. However, Cao was only given 6,000 men, and although he fought hard, he was ultimately unable to stop Huang's 150,000 men. At this point, a mutiny among the imperial armies further ended any imperial resistance at Yin River. This occurred as some 3,000 Ganhua soldiers were heading to Yin River to participate in
810-402: A military governor. Further, Gao, in order to monopolize the achievement, decided to return the supplementary troops from Zhaoyi (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi), Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu), and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding , Hebei) Circuits. As soon as he returned those troops, however, Huang broke off negotiations and challenged Zhang to
900-589: A number of Tang outposts. Meanwhile, the agrarian rebel Qiu Fu ( 裘甫 ) and his followers were overrunning Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing , Zhejiang ). Qiu's rebellion was suppressed by the imperial general Wang Shi in 860, but the Dali attacks would become more intense, and Dali briefly captured the important city Yong Prefecture (邕州, in modern Nanning , Guangxi ) in 861 and then captured Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern Hanoi , Vietnam ) in 862, retaining it. Despite these crises, Emperor Yizong
990-489: A per capita disposable income of 51,481, while this stands at 29,518 among rural residents. In 2022, Wuhu exported 9.468 billion United States dollars (USD) worth of goods and services, and imported 4.142 billion USD worth of goods and services. Major industrial products in Wuhu include automobiles , HVAC units, plate glass , cement, steel, and copper. Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Area in
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#17327654258551080-725: A piece of property to build the city's first Methodist Church and Western-style hospital. Hart was able to secure the Yichisan Hill before the British, who wanted the property to build a consulate and naval base . The Yichisan Hospital is Anhui's oldest/continuous western hospital. Dr. Edgerton H. Hart (V.C. Hart's eldest son) became the hospital's Director in 1895 and continued at that capacity until his death in April 1913. Caroline Maddock arrived in Wuhu in October 1904, to serve as
1170-479: A result, Huang decided to turn further south, toward the Lingnan region. By this point, Wang Duo had volunteered to oversee the operations against Huang, and Wang was thus made the overall commander of the operations as well as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei). In reaction to Huang's movement, he commissioned Li Xi ( 李係 ) to be his deputy commander, as well as
1260-765: A settlement known as Jiuzi ( Chinese : 鸠兹 ; pinyin : Jiūzī ), located on the southern bank of the Shuiyang River , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Wuhu's contemporary urban core . Jiuzi was a site of conflict prior to 670 BCE between the Chu and the Wu during the Spring and Autumn period . In 473 BCE, the Yue took Jiuzi from the Wu. In 306 BCE, the Chu took Jiuzi from
1350-551: A side effect of those pills, he had a large ulcerous boil on his back, such that he was bedridden and could not meet with the chancellors or other officials. He entrusted Li Zi to three high-level eunuchs that he favored—the directors of palace communications ( Shumishi ) Wang Guizhang ( 王歸長 ) and Ma Gongru ( 馬公儒 ) and the director of the southern court affairs (宣徽南院使, Xuanhui Nanyuanshi ) Wang Jufang ( 王居方 ). After Emperor Xuanzong died, Wang Guizhang, Ma, and Wang Jufang did not initially announce his death, and were set to send one of
1440-703: A variety of Jiang-Huai Mandarin , itself a branch of Mandarin Chinese , is commonly spoken in urban areas. Putonghua , or Standard Mandarin , was commonly used in this area. In some areas, Wu Chinese is spoken instead. The city is the second largest economy in Anhui , after Hefei , the provincial capital. Like elsewhere in China, Wuhu was seen rapid economic growth in the 21st Century, with its GDP nearly doubling from 2014 to 2022 alone, and its GDP per capita nearly doubling from 2012 to 2019 alone. As of 2022, Wuhu has
1530-735: Is 14 years old or younger, 65.60% is 15 to 59 years old, and 20.65% is 60 years old or older. 16.89% of Wuhu's population is 65 years or older. The city is home to 47 recognized ethnic minorities , the largest of which are the Hui, Miao, and Zhuang. Other ethnic minorities with over 500 inhabitants in the city include the Yi , the Tujia , the Miao , the Zhuang , and the Manchu . Wuhu dialect [ zh ] ,
1620-597: Is said to get its colour from the flames of Gan Jiang's furnace. Shen Shan (Sacred Hill) is the legendary location of his sword grinding rock and tempering pool. Wuhu and Anqing are noted centers of the Yanjiang cuisine . It specializes in freshwater fish and poultry, and features special techniques of chopping, shaping, and colouring. The flavour of Yanjiang dishes is often enhanced by sweetening and smoking. The New York Methodist Mission Society's Superintendent Virgil C. Hart arrived in Wuhu in 1881, intent on purchasing
1710-590: Is served by Wuhu Bus ( Chinese : 芜湖公交 ; pinyin : Wúhú Gōngjiāo ), a municipal bus services and taxi services provider. Wuhu Bus runs 157 different routes, serviced by more than 1,300 vehicles. About 200,000 passengers use the service daily. The city is served by the Wuhu Xuanzhou Airport which opened on April 30, 2021. Wuhu has one Yangtze River crossing —the Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge , opened in 2000, carries
1800-553: The G5011 Wuhu–Hefei Expressway and Huainan Railway. Wuhu is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi , Nanjing–Tongling and Huainan Railways . It only takes 2.5 hours from Shanghai to Wuhu by high-speed train . Wuhu Rail Transit consists of two lines (Lines 1 and 2) which opened on November 3 and December 28, 2021. The acclaimed poet Li Bai spent his late life in Wuhu, it is said, due to its striking landscape. Li Bai
1890-579: The Guangji Temple ( 广济寺 ), a Buddhist temple originally dating back to the Tang dynasty that contains the Zhe pagoda, an edifice from the Northern Song dynasty . Other listed monuments date back to the 19th century, when Wuhu was a British treaty port. These include St. Joseph Cathedral , the site of the former British Consulate, the former Customs Building on the Yangtze River and the site of
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#17327654258551980-519: The Shatuo chieftain Zhuye Chixin (who was bestowed the imperial surname of Li, as well as a new name of Guochang because of his contributions), was able to defeat Pang in 869 was the rebellion suppressed. (Subsequently, though, Kang, due to the false accusations of the chancellor Lu Yan and the imperial scholar Wei Baoheng (the husband of Emperor Yizong's favorite daughter Princess Tongchang),
2070-507: The Song dynasty period (ca. 1000 AD) is considered to be a masterpiece of the renowned calligrapher Mi Fu . An itinerant blacksmith named Tang Tianchi is reputed to have invented the wrought-iron picture in Wuhu, when a painter whom he admired chided him, "You will never make pictures by beating iron." Another blacksmith of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) named Gan Jiang was famous for sword making. Zhe Shan (Reddish Brown Hill)
2160-496: The Xiang River , reaching Hunan's capital Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha , Hunan) in winter 879. He attacked Tan Prefecture and captured it in a day, and Li Xi fled to Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde , Hunan). Shang Rang then attacked Jingnan's capital Jiangling Municipality, where Wang Duo was. Wang panicked and fled as well, leaving the city to be defended by his officer Liu Hanhong , but as soon as Wang left
2250-632: The Chang'an region) Wen Zhang ( 溫璋 ) tried to intercede, both were exiled; in response, Wen committed suicide. Princess Tongchang was buried in a grand ceremony that demonstrated Emperor Yizong's wastefulness. As described in the Zizhi Tongjian : The members of the Wei household fought over the ashes of the items burned as offerings to the Princess, in order to sieve out the gold and the silver among
2340-403: The Dali border at Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu , Sichuan ) led to a major misstep on the part of Emperor Yizong, as he was misled by the official Li Shiwang ( 李師望 ) into carving out seven border prefectures out of Xichuan into a new Dingbian Circuit (定邊, headquartered at Xi Prefecture ( 巂州 ), in modern Chengdu) and commissioning Li Shiwang as its military governor despite
2430-849: The Fifth Administrative Division. On October 25, 1938, they transferred Wuhu County to the Ninth Administrative Division. Japan had again changed the region's divisions in August 1941, and placed Wuhu County under the Sixth Administrative Division. Japanese forces had been expelled from the area by August 1945, and Kuomintang forces placed Wuhu County under the Southern Anhui Administrative Office [ zh ] , and remained part of
2520-679: The Ganhua soldiers rioted over what they perceived to be the lack of supplies given to them. Xue met them and calmed them down, but this in turn caused the Zhongwu soldiers and the populace of Xu Prefecture to be angry at his lenient treatment of them. The Zhongwu officer Zhou Ji , himself then taking Zhongwu soldiers toward Yin River, thus turned his army around and attacked and slaughtered the Ganhua soldiers. His soldiers also killed Xue and Xue's family. Zhou then declared himself military governor. Qi, concerned that Zhou would attack him, withdrew from
2610-589: The General Hospital's Head Nurse. Caroline Maddock married Dr. Edgerton Hart in October 1907. In 1909, Caroline and four other nurses founded the Nurses Association of China and she served as its first president; this association still represents China's Nurse profession. Several sites in Wuhu have been included on the China's List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites . They include
2700-545: The Heavens") and changed the era name to Wangba, to show independence from the Tang regime. He then captured Yi and Pu Prefectures again, but then suffered several defeats by Tang forces. He thus wrote the new military governor of Tianping, Zhang Xi ( 張裼 ), asking Zhang to ask for a Tang commission on his behalf. At Zhang's request, Emperor Xizong commissioned Huang as a general of the imperial guards, but ordered him to report to Yun Prefecture to disarm before he would report to
2790-439: The Sixth Administrative Division. The People's Liberation Army captured Wuhu on April 24, 1949. Three days later, it was placed under the jurisdiction of a local military committee. The civilian Wuhu Municipal People's Government was established on May 10, 1949. Two days later, a civilian government was formed for Wuhu County, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Wuhu. From December 1, 1967, to April 1, 1968, during
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2880-614: The Taiping Rebellion. The city became a treaty port in 1876 and has remained a commercial center since that time. The city's Roman Catholic cathedral, St. Joseph's Cathedral ( 圣若瑟主教座堂 ), dates from this time. Most of the downtown area alongside the Yangtze River was ceded in the British concession. Upon the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, Fu, Prefectures, and Ting were established, and counties were placed under direct provincial jurisdiction. Wuhu County
2970-586: The Tang forces concentrating on defending Luoyang, Huang marched south instead. Huang Chao crossed the Yangzi River southwards and captured several prefectures south of the Yangzi—Qian (虔州, in modern Ganzhou , Jiangxi ), Ji (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi ), Rao (饒州, in modern Shangrao , Jiangxi), and Xin (信州, in modern Shangrao). In fall 878, he then headed northeast and attacked Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng , Anhui), defeating Wang Ning ( 王凝 ),
3060-655: The Tang general Zhang Zhifang welcomed Huang into the capital. Shang Rang issued a declaration proclaiming Huang's love for the people and urged the people to carry on their daily affairs, but despite Shang's assurance that the people's properties would be respected, Huang's soldiers were pillaging the capital repeatedly. Huang himself, briefly, lived at Tian's mansion, moving into the Tang palace several days later. He also ordered that Tang's imperial clan members be slaughtered. Emperor Yizong of Tang Emperor Yizong of Tang (December 28, 833 – August 15, 873), né Li Wen , later changed to Li Cui ( Chinese : 李 漼 ),
3150-458: The Xusi soldiers to mutiny under the leadership of Pang Xun . They headed northeast home, and when they reached Xusi's capital Xu Prefecture ( 徐州 ), they attacked and captured it. After Pang's initial attempts to obtain an imperial commission was rebuffed, the mutineer army attacked the nearby regions, with the imperial forces unable to stop them. Not until Kang Chengxun, with major assistance from
3240-601: The Yue. During the time of the Qin dynasty, Jiuzi was placed under the jurisdiction of the Zhang Commandery ( Chinese : 鄣郡 ; pinyin : Zhāng Jùn ). In 109 BCE, Zhang Commandery was renamed to Danyang Commandery [ zh ] . During this time, the area of Juizi was reorganized as Wuhu County ( simplified Chinese : 芜湖县 ; traditional Chinese : 蕪湖縣 ; pinyin : Wúhú Xiàn ). In 223 CE, under
3330-501: The area and returned to Taining Circuit. In response, the troops that other circuits had stationed at Yin River scattered, leaving the path wide open for Huang. Huang thus crossed the Huai River north, and it was said that starting from this point, Huang's army stopped pillaging for wealth, but forced more young men into the army to increase its strength. As winter 880 began, Huang Chao headed toward Luoyang and Chang'an, and issued
3420-465: The ashes. The clothing, jewelry, and toys burned filled 120 wagons each. The paper ceremonial guards and paper guard corps were decorated with colorful silk, jewelry, and jade, as were the items that she would be using in the underworld, such that the light reflected from them from as far as 20 li away. The Emperor awarded the funereal household over 100 hu [(斛, a unit of fluid volume) of wine, and cakes that required 40 camels to bear them, to supply
3510-766: The beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War , part of the Second World War , Wuhu was occupied by Japan on December 10, 1937. This was a prelude to the Battle of Nanjing , ending in the Nanjing massacre . Under Japanese occupation, Chinese resistance fighters hid in the lakes around Wuhu by submerging themselves and breathing through reeds. In early 1938, Japan moved Wuhu County from the Second Administrative Division to
3600-509: The brother of the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi , was military governor. Emperor Xizong, however, wanted to also make one last attempt to defend Tong Pass , between Luoyang and Chang'an, and therefore sent the imperial Shence Army ( 神策軍 ) officers Zhang Chengfan ( 張承範 ), Wang Shihui ( 王師會 ), and Zhao Ke ( 趙珂 )—whose soldiers were ill-trained and ill-equipped, as the Shence Army soldiers' families were largely wealthy and were able to pay
3690-478: The capital Chang'an . Faced with those conditions, Huang refused the offer. Instead, he attacked Song and Bian (汴州, in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) Prefectures, and then attacked Weinan (衞南, in modern Puyang , Henan), and then Ye (葉縣, in modern Pingdingshan , Henan) and Yangzhai (陽翟, in modern Xuchang , Henan). Emperor Xizong thus commissioned troops from three circuits to defend the eastern capital Luoyang , and further ordered Zeng to head to Luoyang as well. With
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3780-400: The city, Liu mutinied, pillaged the city, and took his soldiers to become bandits. Huang himself followed Xiang's advance and went through Jiangling to attack Xiangyang , the capital of Shannan East Circuit ( 山南東道 ). He was, however, defeated by the joint forces of Shannan East's military governor Liu Jurong ( 劉巨容 ) and the imperial general Cao Quanzhen ( 曹全晸 ), who further pursued him all
3870-499: The dancers, and some 800 pi [(匹, a unit of textile length)] of silk serving as the carpet they danced on. After their dance was over, the jewelry that fell off them covered the ground completely. Despite Princess Tongchang's death, Emperor Yizong continued to remain close to Wei Baoheng, who became extremely powerful and corrupt late in Emperor Yizong's reign. Emperor Yizong also reacted in anger whenever Consort Guo's family
3960-403: The defense operations there, and they went through Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang), the capital of Zhongwu Circuit ( 忠武 ). Despite the Ganhua soldiers' reputation for lack of discipline, Xue Neng ( 薛能 ) the military governor of Zhongwu, because he had been Ganhua's military governor before, believed that they would be obedient to him, so he allowed them to stay in the city. But that night,
4050-543: The eunuch commanders of the Shence Armies ( 神策軍 ), Wang Zongshi ( 王宗實 ), who was not on good terms with them, out of Chang'an to Huai'nan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) to serve as the eunuch monitor for Huai'nan. Wang Zongshi, however, reacted by intruding into the palace; finding that Emperor Xuanzong had already died, he arrested Wang Guizhang, Ma, and Wang Jufang for falsely issuing edicts, and then put them to death. He welcomed Li Wen to
4140-702: The foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian victims numbered tens of thousands. However, Chinese sources do not mention the event at all. Mulberry groves in south China were ruined by his army, leading to a decline in silk exports along the Maritime Silk Road . However, as Huang Chao's army was in the Lingnan region, his soldiers were stricken by illnesses, and some 3–40% died. His key subordinates suggested that he march back north, and he agreed. He thus made rafts at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ) and took them down
4230-558: The front, but by the time they reached there, Tong Pass had already fallen, and the troops from Boye Army ( 博野軍 ) and Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), also sent to the front to try to aid Zhang, became angry at the good equipment (including warm clothes) that Tian's new soldiers had, and mutinied, instead serving as guides for Huang's forces. Emperor Xizong and Tian abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Xichuan Circuit on January 8, 881. Later that day, Huang's forward commander Chai Cun ( 柴存 ) entered Chang'an, and
4320-437: The governor of Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern Changsha , Hunan), in order to block a potential northerly return route for Huang. Meanwhile, Huang wrote Cui Qiu ( 崔璆 ), the governor of Zhedong Circuit, and Li Tiao ( 李迢 ), the military governor of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Guangzhou , Guangdong ), to ask them to intercede for him, offering to submit to Tang imperial authority if he were made
4410-415: The governor of Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered at Xuan Prefecture), at Nanling (南陵, in modern Wuhu , Anhui), but could not capture Xuan Prefecture, and therefore further headed southeast to attack Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing , Zhejiang ), and then, via a mountainous route, Fujian Circuit (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou , Fujian) in winter 878. However, during this march, he
4500-450: The head, and the rebel soldiers also clamored against the arrangement. Wang Xianzhi, fearing the wrath of his own army, turned against Pei and pillaged Qi Prefecture. However, afterwards, the rebel army broke up into two groups, with one group following Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang, and one group following Huang. Huang Chao subsequently roamed throughout central China, and his campaign took him into many engagements with Tang forces: In
4590-494: The imperial Left Shence Army ( 左神策軍 ) and delivered the commission to Qi Prefecture. However, Huang, who did not receive a commission as part of this arrangement, angrily stated: "When we started the rebellion, we made a grand oath and we have marched through great distances with you. Now, you are going to accept this office and go to the Left Shence Army. What should these 5,000 men do?" He battered Wang Xianzhi on
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#17327654258554680-750: The imperial government put Zhang's superior Gao Pian, who had by that point been transferred to Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu), in charge of the overall operations against Huang, replacing Wang. Many circuits thus sent troops to Huainan With his forces repeatedly defeated by Zhang and also suffering from plagues, Huang, then stationed at Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern Shangrao), decided to try to bribe his way out of his predicament. He thus submitted much gold to Zhang and wrote letters to plead with Gao, offering to submit to Tang imperial authority. Gao, who also wanted to use trickery himself to capture Huang, offered to recommend Huang as
4770-498: The jurisdiction of Huainan Commandery [ zh ] . Both Xuancheng Commandery and Huainan Commandery were abolished early on during the Sui dynasty , in 589 CE. In 627 CE, under the Tang dynasty , the area was re-organized as Xuan Prefecture ( Chinese : 宣州 ; pinyin : Xuān Zhōu ), and placed under the jurisdiction of Jiangnan Circuit . In 733 CE, it became part of
4860-540: The jurisdiction of Danyang Commandery. During the Eastern Jin period, the area saw an influx of people migrate to the area from the Central Plains . The area was placed under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng Commandery in 363 CE, and the commandery's headquarters were moved to the area. During the late 4th Century, the area underwent a number of other administrative changes. Part of the area would fall under
4950-569: The middle of Emperor Xuanzong's Dazhong era (847–860), and was posthumously created the higher rank of Zhaorong ( 昭容 ), the sixth highest rank for imperial consorts. Li Wen was not favored by his father, whose favorite son was his younger brother Li Zi the Prince of Kui; as a result, Li Wen was sent out of the palace to live at the imperial princes' residence, known as the Sixteen Mansions, while Li Zi and four other princes lived in
5040-411: The military governor of Tianping. Cui and Li Tiao relayed his request, but Emperor Xizong refused. Huang then directly made an offer to Emperor Xizong, requesting to be the military governor of Lingnan East. Under the opposition of the senior official Yu Cong , however, Emperor Xizong also refused. Instead, at the chancellors' advice, he offered to make Huang an imperial guard general. Huang, receiving
5130-707: The newly created Jiangnanxi Circuit . In 758 CE, it was transferred to be part of Sheng Prefecture [ zh ] , in Jiangnandong Circuit [ zh ] . Three years later, it would return to Xuan Prefecture in Jiangnanxi Circuit. In 787 CE, Xuan Prefecture was transferred to Jiangnandong Circuit. In 937 CE, upon the creation of the Southern Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , Wuhu County
5220-493: The next day, and Li Yan took the throne (as Emperor Xizong). Consorts and Issue: Wuhu Wuhu ( simplified Chinese : 芜湖 ; traditional Chinese : 蕪湖 ; pinyin : Wúhú ; lit. 'Weedy Lake') is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Anhui province , China. Sitting on the southeast bank of the Yangtze River , Wuhu borders Xuancheng to the southeast, Chizhou and Tongling to
5310-426: The north of the city launched in 1993 is one of the first state-level economic and technological development area in Anhui province. It has the only export processing zone in the province. Chery Automobile and Anhui Conch Cement Company are headquartered in this development area. Wuhu is the fifth largest port alongside Yangtze River . Yuxikou Pier is the largest inland river coal harbor in China. The city
5400-406: The obvious impractical nature of Dingbian's territory—as Xi Prefecture was extremely close to Xichuan's capital Chengdu Municipality and unsuitable to serve as the capital for a circuit intended to concentrate on border defense. The Dingbian debacle demoralized the officers at Xichuan, who went as far as secretly encouraging Dali to attack Dingbian to expose Li Shiwang. Yet more disastrous, though,
5490-568: The offer, was incensed by what he perceived to be an insult. In fall 879, he attacked Lingnan East's capital Guang Prefecture, capturing it after a one-day siege and taking Li Tiao captive. He ordered Li Tiao to submit a petition to Emperor Xizong on his behalf again, but this time, Li Tiao refused, so he executed Li Tiao. Arab and Persian pirates had previously sacked Guangzhou; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years. As subsequent relations were rather strained, their presence came to an end during Huang Chao's revenge. Arab sources claim that
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#17327654258555580-542: The palace, and then issued an edict in Emperor Xuanzong's name creating Li Wen crown prince and changing his name to Li Cui. The next day, Emperor Xuanzong's death was announced, and Li Cui became emperor (as Emperor Yizong). Emperor Yizong honored his grandmother (Emperor Xuanzong's mother) Empress Dowager Zheng as grand empress dowager , while posthumously honoring his mother Consort Chao as empress dowager . Meanwhile, long-time lead chancellor Linghu Tao
5670-428: The palace. Emperor Xuanzong also considered creating Li Zi crown prince , but hesitated because Li Wen, not Li Zi, was his oldest son, and therefore went throughout his entire reign without designating an heir. Late in Emperor Xuanzong's reign, he came to favor certain alchemists who promised immortality, and he took pills that they made. It was said that as a result, he became paranoid and easily angered. By 859, as
5760-633: The poor and the sick to fill in for them—to try to defend it. Meanwhile, Luoyang fell quickly, and Qi withdrew to Tong Pass as well, and submitted an emergency petition stating that his troops were fatigued, hungry, and without supplies, with no apparent imperial response. Huang then attacked Tong Pass. Qi and Zhang initially resisted his forces for more than a day, but thereafter, Qi's troops, hungry and tired, scattered and fled. Zhang's final attempts to defend Tong Pass were futile, and it fell. Meanwhile, Tian had recruited some new soldiers, who were also ill-trained but relatively well-equipped, and sent them to
5850-531: The reign of Sun Quan of the Eastern Wu , the county seat was moved from the site of Jiuzi to the highlands along the north banks of the Qingyi River , to the southeast of contemporary Wuhu's urban core. Xuancheng Commandery [ zh ] was carved-out of Danyang Commandery in 281 CE, with the headquarters of Danyang Commandery moved to Nanjing . The area of contemporary Wuhu remained under
5940-465: The reign of his son Emperor Xizong . Li Wen was born around the new year 834, during the reign of his cousin Emperor Wenzong . His father Li Yi was then the Prince of Guang, and Li Wen was born at Li Yi's mansion. He was Li Yi's first son. His mother was Li Yi's concubine Lady Chao. In 846, after the death of Emperor Wenzong's brother and successor Emperor Wuzong , Li Yi, whose name
6030-506: The replacement of Fanchang County with Fanchang District . In June 2023, the area was afflicted by flooding. The prefecture-level city of Wuhu administers 8 county-level divisions , including 5 districts , 1 county , and 1 county-level city . As of the 2020 Chinese census , Wuhu had a total population of 3,644,420 inhabitants whom 1,622,799 lived its built-up (or metro) area made of Jiujiang District , Jinghu District and Yijiang District . As of 2022, 13.75% of Wuhu's population
6120-432: The southwest, Hefei City to the northwest, Ma'anshan city to the northeast, Jiangsu to the east, and is approximately 90 km (56 mi) southwest of Nanjing . With the urbanization trend in the southern part of Nanjing, a conurbation between Nanjing, Maanshan and Wuhu is in building with more than 10,660,000 inhabitants. Wuhu is known to have been inhabited since at least 570 BCE. Present-day Wuhu evolved out of
6210-406: The spring of 878, Huang was besieging Bo Prefecture (亳州, in modern Bozhou , Anhui ), when Wang Xianzhi was crushed by Zeng at Huangmei (黃梅, in modern Huanggang , Hubei) and killed. Shang Rang took the remnants of Wang's army and joined Huang at Bo Prefecture, and he offered the title of king to Huang. Huang, instead, claimed the title of Chongtian Dajiangjun (衝天大將軍, "Generalissimo Who Charges to
6300-615: The tumult of the Cultural Revolution , Wuhu was placed under military rule . Major industries began to be developed in Wuhu after the Second World War, with the development of the textile industry, shipbuilding, and paper mills. Despite this, Wuhu had been lagging behind Ma'anshan and Tongling in industrial production for decades after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and remained primarily
6390-402: The way to Jiangling. However, Liu, concerned that if he captured Huang, the imperial government would no longer value him, called off the pursuit, and Cao also broke off his pursuit. Huang then headed east and attacked E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Wuhan), and pillaged the 15 surrounding prefectures. As he did so, however, he was repeatedly repelled by Zhang Lin. As a result of Zhang's successes,
6480-433: The workers laboring at the funeral. The Emperor and Consort Guo [(Princess Tongchang's mother and Emperor Yizong's favorite concubine )] missed their daughter greatly, and they commissioned the musician Li Keji [(李可及)] to author a music piece entitled, "Lamentation for a Hundred Years," with sad and delicate tones and several hundred dancers set to dance to it. The palace storage provided large numbers of jewels to decorate
6570-489: The year as well as ordering frequent musical performances in the palace. If the entertainment was to his liking, Yizong would not only reward the entertainers greatly but also bestow governmental ranks. Emperor Yizong eventually exhausted the empire's treasury that had accumulated during his father's administration. Extreme hardships, including famines that forced people to resort to cannibalism , led to widespread agrarian rebellions late in his reign. Those rebellions would plague
6660-428: Was a mutiny by soldiers for Xusi Circuit (徐泗, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), who had been posted to Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ) to defend against a potential Dali attack, with a promise that they would be allowed to return home after three years. When the term was up in 868, however, the governor of Xusi Circuit, Cui Yanzeng ( 崔彥曾 ), ordered that the term be extended one year, causing
6750-480: Was a salt privateer) and Shang Junzhang ( 尚君長 ) raised an army at Changyuan (長垣, in modern Xinxiang , Henan ). By 875, he had repeatedly defeated Xue Chong ( 薛崇 ), the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong ), in battle. Huang had by this point also raised several thousand men, and joined forces with Wang's now veteran troops. By this time Emperor Yizong had died and his young son Emperor Xizong ruled. Late in 876, Wang
6840-443: Was accused of misconduct. In 873, in a grand ceremony, Emperor Yizong welcomed what was claimed to be a relic (a finger bone) of Gautama Buddha to the palace, despite warnings by some that his grandfather Emperor Xianzong died shortly after also welcoming the same relic to the palace. (Emperor Yizong responded to the warnings by stating, "As long as I can see it once while living, I do not have regrets about dying.") The ceremony
6930-711: Was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He reigned from 859 to 873. Emperor Yizong was the eldest son of Emperor Xuanzong . After Emperor Xuanzong's death in 859, Emperor Yizong was placed on the throne by the eunuch Wang Zongshi ( 王宗實 ), who killed other eunuchs supporting another son of Emperor Xuanzong, Li Zi the Prince of Kui. According to traditional historians, Emperor Yizong did not pay much attention to governmental affairs but instead chose to live in opulence, became an alcoholic and surrounded himself with women while his government levied heavy taxes on its citizens. A deeply devout Buddhist , even more so than his father, he would hold grand Buddhist ceremonies throughout
7020-513: Was attacked by the Tang officers Zhang Lin ( 張璘 ) and Liang Zuan ( 梁纘 ), who were subordinates of Gao Pian , the military governor of Zhenhai Circuit ( 鎭海 , headquartered in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu), and was defeated several times. As a result of these battles, a number of Huang's followers, including Qin Yan , Bi Shiduo , Li Hanzhi , and Xu Qing ( 許勍 ), surrendered to the Zhenhai troops. As
7110-679: Was born in Suyab , an ancient Silk Road city in Central Asian, and raised in southwestern China. Xie Tiao , one of the most distinctive Six Dynasty poets whom he greatly admired, left many poems when holding positions here. During the Tang dynasty (619–907), the poet Du Mu wrote a famous poem Thoughts on Staying Again at Wuhu . A factory in Wuhu carries on the local craft of making wrought iron pictures. Other local handicrafts are embossed lacquerware and rice straw pith patchwork . A famous stone tablet in Wuhu recording local events of
7200-413: Was changed to Li Chen, became emperor (as Emperor Xuanzong). He created five of his sons, including Li Wen, imperial princes, with Li Wen carrying the title of Prince of Yun. Li Wen's mother Lady Chao was created the imperial consort rank of Meiren ( 美人 ), which was only the 15th highest rank for imperial consorts (and there could be as many as nine Meiren at any single point). She died sometime in
7290-576: Was directly governed by Anhui province from 1912 until 1914, when Wuhu Circuit [ zh ] was established to govern 23 counties in the area, including Wuhu County, until 1928. Trade in rice, wood, and tea flourished at Wuhu until the Warlord Era of the 1920s and 1930s, when bandits were active in the area. In 1932, Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of the Second Administrative Division of Anhui province ( Chinese : 安徽省第二专区 ; pinyin : Ānhuī Shěng Dì Èr Zhuānqū ). At
7380-487: Was established, and placed under Jiangning Fu [ zh ] . Since then, Wuhu went uninterrupted as an administrative unit throughout the remainder of dynastic China. During the Song dynasty , Wuhu County belonged to Jiangnan Circuit, and later Jiangnandong Circuit. In 1277, during the Yuan dynasty , Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of Taiping Circuit [ zh ] . In 1355, Taiping Circuit
7470-465: Was exiled.) Meanwhile, late in 869, Li Shiwang provoked Dali by killing its emissary Yang Qiuqing ( 楊酋慶 ). Dali's emperor Qiulong thus launched a major attack on Dingbian, and neither Li nor his successor Dou Pang ( 竇滂 ) was able to repel it. The Dali forces quickly arrived at Chengdu's vicinity and put Chengdu under siege. Emperor Yizong commissioned Gao Pian as Xichuan's military governor, and Dali forces thereafter withdrew, but both Dingbian (which
7560-444: Was relieved of his chancellor position and replaced with the former chancellor Bai Minzhong , although Bai, when recalled to the capital Chang'an , fell and suffered an injury while he was climbing up the stairs at the imperial meeting hall, and therefore never actually assumed chancellor position before resigning in early 861. Meanwhile, Emperor Yizong was immediately met with two military crises. Tang and Nanzhao had gotten into
7650-482: Was replaced by Taiping Fu , and Wuhu County was placed under its jurisdiction. Taiping Fu was under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Sheng [ zh ] until its abolition in 1380, during the Ming dynasty . Throughout the Ming dynasty, Wuhu County remained under the jurisdiction of Taiping Fu. Under the Ming dynasty, Wuhu developed into a major commercial center and river port and since that time has been known as
7740-415: Was said to be spending much of his time in feast and games, ignoring the affairs of state, despite his officials' urging to attend to them, although he was sending generals to the Dali front (including Kang Chengxun and Gao Pian ), without initial success. Over the course of 865–866, however, Gao Pian was able to defeat Dali forces and recapture Jiao Prefecture. Meanwhile, though, the tense situation on
7830-487: Was said to bring out great offerings by the households of Chang'an. Emperor Yizong himself walked toward the relic and bowed on the ground in tears. Later in the year, Emperor Yizong became critically ill. With his not having designated an heir, the eunuchs Liu Xingshen ( 劉行深 ) and Han Wenyue ( 韓文約 ) supported his 11-year-old son Li Yan the Prince of Pu as his heir. Liu and Han had an edict issued in Emperor Yizong's name creating Li Yan crown prince. Emperor Yizong died
7920-413: Was sought to parlay his victories into a peaceful submission to Tang authority, in which he would be generously treated by the throne. This was being mediated by Tang official Wang Liao ( 王鐐 ), a close relation to chancellor Wang Duo , and Pei Wo ( 裴偓 ) the prefect of Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang , Hubei ). Under Wang Duo's insistence, Emperor Xizong commissioned Wang Xianzhi as an officer of
8010-444: Was then merged back into Xichuan) and Xichuan had been deeply wounded. Princess Tongchang died in 870, and this caused a major display of Emperor Yizong's caprice at the capital Chang'an , as Emperor Yizong, in anger that the imperial physicians were not able to cure her, executed some 20 imperial physicians and had some 300 of their relatives imprisoned. When the chancellor Liu Zhan and the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e.,
8100-505: Was then serving as an officer under Gao, suggested that Gao engage Huang, but Gao was terrified of engaging Huang after Zhang's death, and instead sent urgent requests for aid to the imperial government. The imperial government, which had hoped that Gao would be successful in stopping Huang, was very disappointed and thrown into a panic itself. Emperor Xizong ordered the circuits south of the Yellow River to send troops to Yin River (溵水,
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