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45-609: Their status was enshrined in the Law of the Bavarians , which lists them first among the five families having special rights privileges after the ducal Agilolfing dynasty . The area where they held much land became known as the pagus Huosi or "Huosiland". This was the area between the rivers Isar and Lech and north of Freising . The origins of the Huosi are unclear. The dynasty appears to have started as petty Germanic chieftains under

90-621: A long tradition of hosting summer programs for international students. The LMU Munich organised its Summer University for the first time in 1927. Labelled as Sommerkurse für Ausländer ( Summer Courses for Foreigners ) the Summer University ran annually until 1934 and primarily consisted of German Language courses for international students. After a longer intermittence period, LMU's Summer University resumed as Internationaler Münchner Sommer ( International Summer in Munich ). Since then

135-597: A number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university. In 1826, it was moved to Munich , the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria . The university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were somewhat critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian and later Ludwig I invited to Munich. They were dubbed

180-765: A result of cooperation between the university and renowned external partners from academia and industry; the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society , for example, was established through a joint initiative between LMU Munich and the Deutsches Museum , while the Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking resulted from the collaboration between the Parmenides Foundation and LMU Munich's Human Science Center. Some of

225-516: A university vice president on suspicion of embezzlement. The vice president should have claimed "excessive travel expenses". The following year, veterinary students reported that the LMU violated animal welfare standards. According to them, the LMU keeps pigs in tight grid boxes, so that some animals showed scratches, bumps and respiratory diseases from lying down. Students who reported these circumstances said that they were threatened with deregistration from

270-669: Is a public research university in Munich , Bavaria , Germany . Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut , it is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operation. In 1800, the university was moved from Ingolstadt to Landshut by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria when the city was threatened by the French, before being transferred to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria . In 1802,

315-416: Is divided into 23 titles. Titles 1–6 regulate the law of the different social ranks. Titles 7-23 offer legal rulings on criminal and private law. In full, the different titles were ordered as follows: The laws remained in effect until 1180. The oldest manuscript dates from around 800 and is in the possession of the library of the University of Munich . "The research work of Konrad Beyerle indicates that

360-491: The German Research Foundation (DFG) of 2021, which breaks down the grants from 2017 to 2019, LMU Munich ranked 1st among German universities. By area, it ranked 1st in the life sciences , 2nd in the humanities and social sciences , and 6th in the natural sciences . In November 2018 Expertscape recognized it as one of the top ten institutions in the world in pancreatic cancer . The LMU and

405-532: The Lex Baiuvariorum uses some identical titles as Visigothic and Alamani texts, synodal texts and the Tradition Book of Freising indicate that it cannot simply be a copy. K. Reindels claims that the law could have been developed in stages, starting with the reign of Theudebert I (539–548) until we have the version that we know today created during the reign of Odillo. What is certain is that

450-528: The Lex Baiuvariorum was created at the behest of the Frankish overlords. The Lex Baiuvariorum consists mostly of individual acts the penalty in cash to be paid to the victim or the victim's family as well as the public treasury. Many of the extant manuscripts are in a small format, a clear indication that the lawbook was at hand when the lord held court. The text is written in Latin. The Lex Baiuvariorum

495-756: The Ostrogoths , after Theodoric the Great took over the former Roman provinces with access to the Italian peninsula from Odoaker , included the Alamanni refuged in Raetia from Clovis' Franks. Sometime around the Christianization of Germany , the Huosi were converted to Chalcedonian Christianity from Germanic paganism , although it is probable that some were already Arians . Several descendants held

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540-497: The Technical University of Munich have come together to work on "One Munich Strategy Forum", with a €2.5 million fund from the state of Bavaria . The Munich International Summer University (MISU at LMU) is the Summer University by LMU, which takes place annually in Munich and depending on the course also involves stays at different European cities. MISU invites international students to attend short-term programs at

585-805: The Third Reich , academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943, the White Rose group, consisting of anti-Nazi students, carried out a campaign opposing the National Socialists at this institution. The university subsequently removed Kurt Huber, a Nazi opposition fighter, from his position and revoked his doctorate upon his arrest. Between 1933 and 1936, Karl Escherich served as rector at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, followed by Leopold Kölbl from 1936 to 1938, Philipp Broemser from 1938 to 1941, and finally, Walther Wüst from 1941 to 1945. The university has continued to be one of

630-781: The Visigothic Code of Euric and from the Lex Alamannorum . The Bavarian law, therefore, is later than that of the Alamanni . It dates unquestionably from a period when the Frankish authority was very strong in Bavaria, when the dukes were vassals of the Frankish kings. Immediately after the revolt of Bavaria in 743, the Bavarian Duke Odilo was forced to submit to Pippin the Younger and Carloman ,

675-466: The "Nordlichter" (northern lights), and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them. In the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the world's leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion. From 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918,

720-679: The 45,000 students who attend the university come from abroad. In 2005, Germany's state and federal governments launched the German Universities Excellence Initiative , a contest among its universities. With a total of 1.9 billion euros, 75 percent of which comes from the federal state, its architects aim to strategically promote top-level research and scholarship. The money is given to more than 30 research universities in Germany. The initiative will fund three project-oriented areas: graduate schools to promote

765-713: The Benedictine monastery at Niederaltaich on the Danube played an important part in the drafting of this lex...which was established in 741. It seems highly probably that the Lex Baiuvariorum was compiled between 730 and 744, that is, presumably under the rule of the Bavarian duke Odilo." University of Munich The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich , LMU or LMU Munich ; German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München )

810-477: The Elite Network of Bavaria, an educational policy concept of Bavaria for the promotion of gifted pupils and students in the higher education sector. It attracts an additional 120 million euros per year in outside funding and is intensively involved in national and international funding initiatives. LMU Munich has a wide range of degree programs, with 150 subjects available in numerous combinations. 15% of

855-493: The Huosi. Lex Baiuvariorum The Lex Baiuvariorum was a collection of the tribal laws of the Bavarii of the sixth through eighth centuries. The first compilation was edited by Eberswind , first abbot of Niederaltaich , in 741 or 743. Duke Odilo , founder supplemented the code around 748. It is one of the most well documented bodies of Germanic tribal law. Parts of the Lex Baiuvariorum are identical with

900-622: The Initiative: one graduate school, three "excellence clusters" and general funding for the university's "future concept". In January 2012, scientists at the Ludwig Maximilian University published details of the most sensitive listening device known so far. This has led to the college being inducted into the Guinness Book of World Records. In September 2018, the Munich public prosecutor's office investigated

945-516: The LMU Munich in order to progress academically even in winter or summer breaks at their home university. MISU hereby offers two course formats: On the one hand German Language classes are held at different times over the year. On the other hand, MISU offers 16 subject-specific Summer Schools and Winter Schools covering a wide range of academic fields. Around 1000 students from nearly 90 countries joined MISU short-term programs in 2019. Germany has

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990-681: The Ludwigsvorstadt (Klinikum Innenstadt) and in the Lehel ( Institut am Englischen Garten ), across from the main buildings, through the Englischer Garten . The university's main building is situated in Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and the university's main campus is served by the Munich subway 's Universität station. The große Aula is located in the university main building at Ludwigstraße in Munich. The Aula

1035-559: The Summer University allows the LMU Munich to intensify cooperation with international partner universities. MISU's short-term programs therefore strengthen the LMU's international visibility as one of the highest ranked universities in Europe. The alumni of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics . Max Planck , the founder of quantum theory and Nobel laureate in Physics in 1918,

1080-450: The advantage for international students to receive a very intensive and concise insight into the research areas and campus at the LMU Munich. MISU hereby has the objective to combine excellent academic education with extra-curricular activities. Participants are thus not only supervised intensively by established researchers on selected topics but are also introduced to the history, culture and politics of Munich, Bavaria and Germany. Moreover,

1125-608: The faculties and the missing numbers 06 and 14 are the result of breakups and mergers of faculties in the past. The Faculty of Forestry Operations with number 06 has been integrated into the Technical University of Munich in 1999 and faculty number 14 has been merged with faculty number 13. In addition to its 18 faculties, the University of Munich also maintains numerous research centres involved in numerous cross-faculty and transdisciplinary projects to complement its various academic programmes. Some of these research centres were

1170-539: The female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became the first woman in Germany to earn the Habilitation (higher doctorate), at LMU. During the Weimar Republic , the university continued to be one of the world's leading universities, with professors such as Wilhelm Röntgen , Wilhelm Wien , Richard Willstätter , Arnold Sommerfeld and Ferdinand Sauerbruch . During

1215-579: The leading universities of West Germany during the Cold War and in the post-reunification era. In the late 1960s, the university was the scene of protests by radical students. Today, the University of Munich is part of 24 Collaborative Research Centers funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is host university of 13 of them. It also hosts 12 DFG Research Training Groups and three international doctorate programs as part of

1260-407: The next generation of scholars, clusters of excellence to promote cutting-edge research, and "future concepts" for the project-based expansion of academic excellence at universities as a whole. In order to qualify for this third area, a university had to have at least one internationally recognized academic center of excellence and a new graduate school. After the first round of selections, LMU Munich

1305-459: The number of courses has increased and the range of subject-specific Summer Schools was extended to further academic disciplines. From 2008 onwards LMU's Summer University operates under the name Munich International Summer University (MISU). A central aim of MISU is to boost the internationality of the LMU Munich in terms of research and teaching. Compared to semester-based student exchange programs , short-term programs such as Summer Schools have

1350-445: The office of a Bishop of Freising in the 9th century. They may have affiliated with the later Luitpolding dynasty . One of them was Arbeo of Freising (723 or earlier near Meran – 4 May 784), an early medieval author and Bishop of Freising from 764. Many abbeys in southern Bavaria such as Benediktbeuern , Ilmmünster , Scharnitz , Schlehdorf and Tegernsee were founded in the 8th century by people who were reportedly members of

1395-528: The period of German humanism , the university's academics included names such as Conrad Celtes and Petrus Apianus . The theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits and became one of the centres of the Counter-Reformation . The Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university. At the end of the 18th century,

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1440-424: The research centres which have been established include: Universities in Bavaria do not charge tuition fees. Instead, a mandatory semester fee has to be paid that is fully transferred to the student union for providing, amongst other services, housing and lunch options for students. The 2025 QS World University Rankings rank LMU Munich 59th overall in the world and 2nd in Germany. In the 2024 QS Subject Rankings,

1485-506: The sons of Charles Martel , and to recognize the Frankish suzerainty. About the same period, too, the church of Bavaria was organized by St Boniface , and the country divided into several bishoprics; and we find frequent references to these bishops (in the plural) in the law of the Bavarians. On the other hand, we know that the law is anterior to the reign of Duke Tassilo III (749-788). The date of compilation must, therefore, be placed between 743 and 749. Wilhelm Störmer claims that though

1530-664: The state of Bavaria , where the current Bavarian constitution was enacted. Today, the Aula hosts mainly concerts, talks and lectures. Despite the Bologna Process which saw the demise of most traditional academic-degree courses such as the Diplom and Magister Artium in favour of the more internationally known Bachelors and Masters system, the University of Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors. In line with

1575-846: The student population. As for the operating budget, the university records in 2022 a total of 797.4 million euros in funding without the university hospital; with the university hospital, the university has a total funding amounting to approximately 2.18 billion euros. As of 2023, the University of Munich is associated with 44 Nobel laureates . Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen , Max Planck , Werner Heisenberg , Otto Hahn and Thomas Mann . Notable alumni, faculty and researchers include Pope Benedict XVI , Rudolf Peierls , Josef Mengele , Richard Strauss , Walter Benjamin , Joseph Campbell , Muhammad Iqbal , Marie Stopes , Wolfgang Pauli , Bertolt Brecht , Max Horkheimer , Karl Loewenstein , Carl Schmitt , Gustav Radbruch , Ernst Cassirer , Ernst Bloch and Konrad Adenauer . LMU has recently been conferred

1620-545: The title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative , and is a member of U15 as well as the LERU . The university was founded with papal approval in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt (foundation right of Louis IX the Rich ), with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels , who later became bishop of Chiemsee . In

1665-423: The university is highly ranked in the arts and humanities, natural sciences, and life sciences and medicine. The Times Higher Education Ranking 2024 ranks LMU Munich 2nd in Germany, and 38th in the world. In the 2023 THE subject rankings, LMU is ranked first in Germany in the arts and humanities, law, and psychology. The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks LMU Munich joint 2nd nationally and 59th in

1710-774: The university was influenced by the Enlightenment , which led to a stronger emphasis on natural science . In 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (the later Maximilian I, King of Bavaria ) moved the university to Landshut , due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars . In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig Maximilian University in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria . The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas , initiated

1755-419: The university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX. LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population; in the 2023/24 winter semester, the university had a total of 52,972 matriculated students. Of these, 10,138 were freshmen, while international students totaled 2,859 or approximately 28% of

1800-676: The university's internationalisation as a popular destination for tertiary studies, an increasing number of courses mainly at the graduate and post-graduate levels are also available in English to cater to international students who may have little or no background in the German language. Some notable subject areas which currently offer programmes in English include various fields of psychology , physics as well as business and management. The university consists of 18 faculties which oversee various departments and institutes. The official numbering of

1845-846: The university. In the beginning of 2020, the LMU locked around 80 students in a room who wanted to discuss the topic "Climate Burns, University Burns," about why universities are doing research for companies that are harmful to the climate . LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich, with several buildings located in the suburbs of Oberschleissheim and Garching as well as Maisach and Bad Tölz . The university's main buildings are grouped around Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz on Ludwigstrasse , extending into side streets such as Akademiestraße, Schellingstraße, and Veterinärstraße. Other large campuses and institutes are located in Großhadern ( Klinikum Großhadern ), Martinsried (chemistry and biotechnology campus),

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1890-549: The world as of 2023. In the subjects of physics, education, communication, public administration, and hospitality, it is ranked first in Germany. In 2018 and 2019, the LMU took 1st place based on the number of DAX board of management members. The top 3 universities in 2019 were the LMU Munich, the RWTH Aachen and the Technische Universität Darmstadt . According to the funding report of

1935-630: Was an alumnus of the university. Founders of quantum mechanics such as Werner Heisenberg , Wolfgang Pauli , and others were associated with the university. Most recently, to honor the Nobel laureate in Chemistry Gerhard Ertl , who worked as a professor at the University of Munich from 1973 to 1986, the building of the Physical Chemistry was named after him. Pakistani philosopher and poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal , regarded as

1980-410: Was constructed as part of the main building by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed in 1840. The hall is situated in the first floor and extends to the second floor. The Aula was not destroyed during World War II and, thus, is one of few usable pre war venues in Munich . The Aula was used for the first performances of concerts after the war. Furthermore, it was venue for the constituent assembly of

2025-663: Was invited to submit applications for all three funding lines. It entered the competition with proposals for two graduate schools and four clusters of excellence. On Friday 13 October 2006, a blue-ribbon panel announced the results of the Germany-wide Excellence Initiative for promoting top university research and education. The panel, composed of the German Research Foundation and the German Science Council, has decided that LMU Munich will receive funding for all three areas covered by

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