96-452: Hà Giang is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam . It is located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam's northernmost point. It shares a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China, and thus is known as Vietnam's final frontier. It covers an area of 7,927.55 km (3,060.84 sq mi), comprising 1 city and 10 rural districts, with
192-468: A chromosome number of x=13, fruit that has a septicidal capsule , an ovary that is superior (or nearly so), stamens that have no appendages, and agglutinate (clumped) pollen . Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae , with over 1,000 species, (though estimates vary from 850 to 1,200) and is morphologically diverse. Consequently, the taxonomy has been historically complex. Although Rhododendrons had been known since
288-431: A cladistic analysis. They confirmed that the genus Rhododendron was monophyletic , with subgenus Therorhodion in the basal position , consistent with the matK studies. Following publication of the studies of Goetsch et al. (2005) with RPB2 , there began an ongoing realignment of species and groups within the genus, based on evolutionary relationships. Their work was more supportive of Sleumer's original system than
384-452: A sister to all other rhododendrons. The small polyphyletic subgenera Pentanthera and Azaleastrum were divided between two clades. The four sections of Pentanthera between clades B and C , with two each, while Azaleastrum had one section in each of A and C . Thus subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera needed to be disassembled, and Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and Tsutsusi correspondingly expanded. In addition to
480-580: A People's Committee, which acts as the executive arm of the provincial governance. This arrangement is a somewhat simplified version of the situation in Vietnam's national government . Provincial governments are subordinates to the central government. The executive branch of a province is the People's Committee ( Uỷ ban Nhân dân or UBND for short). The People's Committee is responsible for implementing policy and executing laws and orders. The People's Committee
576-514: A bronze drum collection and also costumes of the local ethnic clans. The museum building is in the form of a big lotus opening up its petals, in a red and white colour mansion. Hà Giang market is an important market centre in Hà Giang city on the east bank of the Lô River . Tày , Nùng , Red Dao and White H'Mông ethnic groups congregate every Sunday at the market. Lang Si is a village at
672-540: A hierarchy of subgenus, section, subsection, and species. Terminology from the Sleumer (1949) system is frequently found in older literature, with five subgenera and is as follows; In the later traditional classification, attributed to Chamberlain (1996), and as used by horticulturalists and the American Rhododendron Society , Rhododendron has eight subgenera based on morphology , namely
768-853: A lesser degree in the Mountainous areas of North America and Western Eurasia . Subgenus Tsutsusi is found in the maritime regions of East Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, East China ), but not in North America or Eurasia. In the United States, native Rhododendron mostly occur in lowland and montane forests in the Pacific Northwest , California , the Northeast , and the Appalachian Mountains . Rhododendron ponticum has become invasive in Ireland and
864-415: A maximum height of 3 metres (9.8 ft)) are recorded. Patches of forest with trees (30 metres (98 ft) high and 50 centimetres (20 in) in diameter) are found above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) with the canopy covering around 80% of the sky. The forest has dense undergrowth with large vines , tree ferns and rhododendrons . Banana, bamboo and secondary scrub grow on both sides of foot tracks in
960-419: A new subgenus was created by elevating subgenus Azaleastrum section Choniastrum to subgenus rank. Subgenus Pentanthera (deciduous azaleas) with its four sections was dismembered by eliminating two sections and redistributing the other two between the existing subgenera in clades B ( Hymenanthes ) and C ( Azaleastrum ), although the name was retained in section Pentanthera (14 species) which
1056-425: A population of 899.900 in 2023. The provincial capital, also called Hà Giang , is connected by Highway 2 and is 320 km away from Hanoi . The border crossing is at Thanh Thủy, 25 km from the provincial capital. It is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam as it has mountainous topography with the least potential for agricultural development. In addition to Thanh Thủy, there are three smaller gates, namely
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#17327910059651152-413: A single section, and some sections only a single subsection. Shown here is the traditional classification, with species number after Chamberlain (1996), but this scheme is undergoing constant revision. Revisions by Goetsch et al. (2005) and by Craven et al. (2008) shown in ( parenthetical italics ). Older ranks such as Series (groups of species) are no longer used but may be found in the literature, but
1248-418: A subgenus of Rhododendron . In 1987 Spethmann, adding phytochemical features proposed a system with fifteen subgenera grouped into three 'chorus' subgenera. A number of closely related genera had been included together with Rhododendron in a former tribe, Rhodoreae. These have been progressively incorporated into Rhododendron . Chamberlain and Rae moved the monotypic section Tsusiopsis together with
1344-420: A total land area of 7,929.48 km (3,061.59 sq mi). It is one of the least populated provinces in the northern midlands and mountain areas of Vietnam. The male population during this period was 431,771 while the female population was 422,908. The rural population was 719,108 against an urban population of 135,571 (about 19% of the rural population). There are 43 ethnic groups in Hà Giang recognized by
1440-796: A year. The cultivated area of soybean cultivation (which has a high yield with a yield of 750 kg per ha) has increased to 7,900 hectares (20,000 acres). Hà Giang is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam. Traditionally, the vast majority of its economic activity revolved around agriculture and forestry. However, in recent years, there have been attempts to establish a manufacturing industry. Infrastructure in Hà Giang has seen improvement, but remains poor and roads, schools, and health services are underdeveloped compared to many other parts of Vietnam. Hà Giang province has particularly assisted locals in developing their tea industry with financial (soft loans) and technical support in operations (sowing, tending, gathering and processing). This resulted in an increase in
1536-510: Is Bắc Kạn , a mountainous province in the remote northeast with 338,000 people. In land area, the largest province is Nghệ An , which runs from the city of Vinh up the wide Sông Cả valley. The smallest is Bắc Ninh , located in the populous Red River Delta region. The following is a table of Vietnam's provinces broken down by population and area, according to the 2023 Census and the 2018 area data from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment . The Vietnamese government often groups
1632-581: Is 22.78 °C (73.00 °F); the monthly averages range from a low of 15.48 °C (59.86 °F) in January to a high of 27.88 °C (82.18 °F) in July. The annual rainfall in Hà Giang city is 2,430.1 millimetres (95.67 in); the monthly average varies from a low of 31.5 millimetres (1.24 in) in December to a high of 515.6 millimetres (20.30 in) in July. The average annual humidity level
1728-409: Is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the south of Hà Giang city. It is the location of many sights, especially natural caves and grottos of Doi, Lang Lô and Phương Thiện. The surrounding area is also known for its plums, pears, oranges, apples and Tuyết Sơn tea above 900 metres (3,000 ft). Chui Cave lies 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the south of Hà Giang. It is set about 100 metres (330 ft) into
1824-731: Is 84%. Hà Giang has many mountains, including the two highest peaks, namely the Tây Côn Lĩnh (2,419 metres (7,936 ft)) and the Kiều Liêu Ti (2,402 metres (7,881 ft)), and also has forests that provide lumber. It has about 1,000 species of herbal plants. The fauna includes tigers, peafowl, pheasants, and pangolin. Hà Giang city was heavily damaged during the 1979 war with China but has since been rebuilt. Cultivated fields and livestock are generally found in elevations below 800 metres (2,600 ft). Between 800 metres (2,600 ft) and 950 metres (3,120 ft), grasses and wood shrubs (with
1920-617: Is a montane mixed semideciduous and evergreen cloud forest. This forest has an understory of Ericaceae with shrubs and epiphytic species of rhododendron and vaccinium . Species of Lauraceae , with Ericaceae and Oleaceae (at higher elevations with taxa in the Fagaceae , Primulaceae (formerly Myrsinaceae ) and Araliaceae ) are also recorded. Most of the tree trunks are covered with bryophyte mosses in this zone. 16 reptile species (14 genera, five families) and 36 amphibian species (20 genera, seven families) have been recorded in
2016-472: Is a genus of shrubs and small to (rarely) large trees , the smallest species growing to 10–100 cm (4–40 in) tall, and the largest, R. protistum var. giganteum , reported to 30 m (100 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged; leaf size can range from 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) to over 50 cm (20 in), exceptionally 100 cm (40 in) in R. sinogrande . They may be either evergreen or deciduous . In some species,
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#17327910059652112-515: Is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants and in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous . Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia. It is the national flower of Nepal , the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in
2208-430: Is called the "Heaven's Gate" and has a TV transmitter on a peak. Uniformly shaped hills of the valley are viewed from this summit. Quản Bạ Pass provides views of Thach Nui Doi (literal meaning: double stalagmite , but also known as "Two Stone Breasts" in the valley below). The valley has forested hills and meadows, with temperatures ranging between 10 °C (50 °F) in winter and 24 °C (75 °F) in summer. It
2304-472: Is celebrated by the H'Mông and Dao people , usually shortly after the Lunar New Year and lasts between three and seven days. The people celebrate with singing and feasting and drinking alcohol. Provinces of Vietnam [REDACTED] Vietnam portal Vietnam is divided into 63 first-level subdivisions , comprising fifty-eight provinces ( tỉnh ) and five municipalities under
2400-529: Is equivalent to the executive Government of Vietnam . People's Committee also manages the provincial departments ( Sở ) which are equivalent to the Ministries. Members of the People's Committee are called commissioners ( Ủy viên ). The People's Committee is headed by a Chairman ( Chủ tịch ) and Vice Chairmen ( Phó Chủ tịch ), and consists of between 4 and 7 commissioners. The number of commissioners depends on
2496-829: Is headed by a Chief Judge ( Chánh án ) and consists of a number of judges ( thẩm phán ). The provincial police department is under direct command of the Ministry of Public Security . Provinces of Vietnam Island areas: *- Bạch Long Vĩ Island ( Haiphong Municipality [3]) **- Phú Quý Islands ( Phú Quý district , Bình Thuận province [46]) ***- Côn Đảo Islands ( Côn Đảo district , Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province [51]) ****- Phú Quốc Island ( Phú Quốc City , Kiên Giang province [58]) *****- Thổ Chu Islands ( Phú Quốc City , Kiên Giang province [58]) ✱- Paracel Islands ( Hoàng Sa district , Đà Nẵng Municipality [4]) ✱✱- Spratly Islands ( Trường Sa district , Khánh Hòa province [43]) According to
2592-506: Is inhabited by the Tày and H'Mông people. It is located at an altitude of 1,025 metres (3,363 ft) and experiences temperatures of 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and 24 °C (75 °F) in the summer months. The highland region is famous for fruits such as Hau plums, peaches and persimmons without seeds. It has plants such as ginseng , cinnamon and anise . Mã Pí Lèng is a mountain pass at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) which forms
2688-456: Is known for its secret grottoes and caves, colourful orchids, plum and peach trees, persimmon orchards, medicinal plants and many more. The town of Đồng Văn is famous for its Phó Bảng Street which features multistoried buildings built with clay bricks and tiled roofs. The weekly market is where the Tày and H'Mông ethnic groups of the province visit in large numbers to trade in various types of goods and colourful hand woven cloth. Phương Thiện Cave
2784-458: Is subgenus Rhododendron , containing nearly half of all known species and all of the lepidote species. For a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain systems, see Goetsch et al. (2005) Table 1. This division was based on a number of what were thought to be key morphological characteristics. These included the position of the inflorescence buds (terminal or lateral), whether lepidote or elepidote, deciduousness of leaves, and whether new foliage
2880-518: Is surrounded by a stone wall, with a width of 0.6–0.9 metres (2.0–3.0 ft) and a height of 2.5–3 metres (8.2–9.8 ft). The mansion is 145 kilometres (90 mi) to the northwest of Hà Giang city and 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the southwest of the district of Đồng Văn. Hà Giang has many cultural festivals due to the presence of more than 20 ethnic minority groups. Many of these groups are noted for their artistic abilities, especially their weaving and hand-made textile products. The Spring Festival
2976-473: Is the most prominent organ of provincial governance. Each provincial committee of the Communist Party is headed by a Secretary ( Bí thư ). The Secretary is de facto leader of the province. The legislative branch of a province is the People's Council ( Hội đồng Nhân dân or HDND for short). The People's Council votes on the policy, regulations and orders for development of the province. Members of
Hà Giang province - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-733: The Maritime Southeast Asia from their presumed Southeast Asian origin to Northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea . The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands. Subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes , together with section Pentanthera of subgenus Pentanthera are also represented to
3168-591: The Solomon Islands . The centres of diversity are in the Himalayas and Maritime Southeast Asia , with the greatest species diversity in the Sino-Himalayan region, Southwest China and northern Burma , from India – Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Sikkim and Nagaland to Nepal , northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan and southeastern Tibet . Other significant areas of diversity are in
3264-529: The United Kingdom . It is an introduced species, spreading in woodland areas and replacing the natural understory. R. ponticum is difficult to eradicate, as its roots can make new shoots. A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. Rhododendron species are used as food plants by
3360-452: The larvae ( caterpillars ) of some butterflies and moths ; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on rhododendrons. Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback. Rhododendron bud blast, a fungal condition that causes buds to turn brown and dry before they can open, is caused by the fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae , which may be brought to the plant by the rhododendron leafhopper, Graphocephala fennahi . In
3456-438: The nursery trade. Rhododendrons can be propagated by air layering or stem cuttings. They can self-propagate by sending up shoots from the roots. Sometimes an attached branch that has drooped to the ground will root in damp mulch, and the resulting rooted plant then can be cut off the parent rhododendron. They can also be reprodcued by seed dispersal - or by horticulturalists collecting the spent flower buds and saving ad drying
3552-587: The American Rhododendron Society still uses a similar device, called Alliances The system used by the World Flora Online as of December 2023 uses six subgenera, four of which are divided further: Species of the genus Rhododendron are widely distributed between latitudes 80°N and 20°S and are native to areas from North America to Europe , Russia , and Asia , and from Greenland to Queensland , Australia and
3648-525: The Chinese border) where H'Mông Lords ruled. The unique feature is of the large double-storied houses which are built in Chinese style made out of yellow bricks with Chinese style roofs. The twin white towered palace building is distinct among the 20 odd buildings. The Vương family mansion is an architectural heritage landmark in Sà Phìn commune, Đồng Văn district that was listed by the government in 1993. At
3744-487: The Edinburgh group, placing more emphasis on the lepidote characteristics of the leaves, united all of the lepidote species into subgenus Rhododendron , including four of Sleumer's subgenera ( Rhododendron , Pseudoazalea , Pseudorhodorastrum , Rhodorastrum ). In 1986 Philipson & Philipson raised two sections of subgenus Aleastrum ( Mumeazalea , Candidastrum ) to subgenera, while reducing genus Therorhodion to
3840-606: The Huang clan established their rule at Đồng Văn and Mèo Vạc, which was endorsed by the Nguyễn kings . During French colonial rule , the French further supported the lords in their hold on the border territory. Vương Chính Đức was recognized as the king of the Hmong in 1900. A palace was built between 1902 and 1903 at Sà Phìn (16 km west of Đồng Văn town). The lord's loyalty to the French
3936-573: The Lang Si pass where the White H'Mông tribes assemble at the market held once every six days. The village is 116 kilometres (72 mi) from Hà Giang and parts of the border wall built by the French army are seen here delimiting the border of the White H'Mông Kingdom . It is a honey-producing area and has many apiaries. Sà Phìn is a small town in the remote Sà Phìn valley (2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from
Hà Giang province - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-426: The People's Council are called delegates or councillors ( đại biểu ) and are elected by people living within that province. It is equivalent to the legislative National Assembly of Vietnam . The People's Council is headed by a Chairman ( Chủ tịch ) and a Vice Chairman ( Phó Chủ tịch ). The number of councillors varies from province to province, depending on the population of that province. The People's Council appoints
4128-591: The Phó Bảng, Xín Mần and Săm Pun. Hà Giang is bordered by Cao Bằng , Tuyên Quang , Lào Cai , and Yên Bái provinces and has a common international border with China in the north. Hà Giang has many high rocky mountains, limestone formations and springs; the important mountains are the Cam and Mỏ Neo. The major rivers of the region are the Lô River (Hà Giang city is located on its left bank) and Miện River. The topography of
4224-741: The UK the forerunner of the Rhododendron, Camellia and Magnolia Group (RCMG), The Rhododendron Society was founded in 1916. while in Scotland species are being conserved by the Rhododendron Species Conservation Group. Both species and hybrid rhododendrons (including azaleas) are used extensively as ornamental plants in landscaping in many parts of the world, including both temperate and subtemperate regions. Many species and cultivars are grown commercially for
4320-826: The United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly colored flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer. Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron . They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower. The common and generic name comes from Ancient Greek ῥόδον rhódon 'rose' and δένδρον déndron 'tree'. Rhododendron
4416-471: The Vietnamese government. Each ethnicity has their own language, traditions, and subculture. The largest ethnic groups are: Mông (34.25%), Tày (22.55%), Dao (14.88%), Vietnamese (12.32%), Nùng (9.53%), Giáy (2.03%), La Chí (1.62%). Others accounted for the remaining 2.82%. Languages spoken in Hà Giang province include the following. Hà Giang is a highly mountainous region, and travel around
4512-675: The anniversary celebrations. Đồi Thông (Pine Hill) settlement is an ancient settlement dating back 30,000 years, belonging to the Sơn Vi period as established by archaeological excavations. The excavations had unearthed antiquity axe heads and primitive tools which are displayed in the local museum at Hà Giang and the History Museum in Hanoi. Hà Giang museum, located in the centre of Hà Giang city, not only has an array of findings from archaeological excavations but also houses historical artefacts,
4608-566: The basin boundary of the Nho Quế River on the border with China and is restricted zone. The market, held at Khâu Vai, which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Mèo Vạc, is where once a year on the 27th day of the third month of the Lunar calendar an event known famously as the Khâu Vai "Love Market" takes place. The ethnic clans of White H'Mông , Tày, and Lô Lô congregate here, particularly
4704-415: The boy's district wanted this, causing political tension. When the couple was meeting, the two groups descended into warfare. To avoid bloodshed for their societies, the couple decided to break up and only secretly meet once a year on the anniversary, at Khâu Vai. Since then the area has become a dating spot for couples. In the last 10 years, economic pressures have led to a market being set up to capitalise on
4800-480: The census results of April 1, 2023, the population of Vietnam was 103,403,000. The most populous top-level administrative unit is Hồ Chí Minh City , one of the five centrally governed cities , having 9,125,000 people living within its official boundary. The second most populous administrative unit is the recently expanded Hà Nội with 8,146,000 people. Prior to the expansion of the capital city, this rank belonged to Thanh Hóa with 3,689,000 people. The least populous
4896-495: The command of the central government ( Vietnamese : thành phố trực thuộc trung ương ). Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam. Municipalities are centrally-controlled cities and have special status equal to that of the provinces. The provinces are divided into provincial cities ( thành phố thuộc tỉnh ), municipal cities ( thành phố trực thuộc thành phố trung ương ), towns/borough ( thị xã ), urban district ( quận ), and rural districts ( huyện ) as
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#17327910059654992-572: The description of Rhododendron hirsutum by Charles de l'Écluse (Clusius) in the sixteenth century, and were known to classical writers (Magor 1990), and referred to as Chamaerhododendron (low-growing rose tree), the genus was first formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum in 1753. He listed five species under Rhododendron : R. ferrugineum (the type species ), R. dauricum , R. hirsutum , R. chamaecistus (now Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Rchb.) and R. maximum . At that time he considered
5088-544: The districts of Đồng Văn , Vị Xuyên , Xín Mần , Yên Minh , Hoàng Su Phì , Bắc Quang , Thanh Thủy , and Quản Bạ . The province's name derives from the Sino-Vietnamese 河 楊 . The history of the Hmong lords of the northern region of the province, bordering China ( Đồng Văn and Mèo Vạc ), is integral to the province, as the Hmong people have dominated the region from the late 18th century. The Vương family of
5184-403: The face of the hill. Tiên Cave is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Hà Giang city. According to folklore, heavenly female beings came there to bathe in the lunar new year, thus its name. The local populace uses it as a water source and to pray for good luck in the new year. Đồng Văn is a market town 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Sà Phìn and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the Chinese border and
5280-410: The forests. The forest also has an abundance of cascading streams, seepage streams from limestone formations, waterfalls, glides, and pools. The stiff limestone vertical rock face is seen above 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) on the northeast face of Mount Muong Cha, while its southwest slope exhibits a much gentler gradient, and is converted into agricultural fields. Above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), there
5376-571: The four major military establishments in French Indochina in North Vietnam in 1905. The Vietnamese Dao tribes rebelled against French colonial rule, first in 1901 led by Triệu Tiến Kiến and Triệu Tài Lộc, which was quelled, with the former being killed in the war. However, in 1913, Triệu Tài Lộc organized another rebellion with the help of Triệu Tiến Tiến, another member of his clan, which lasted for two years until 1915. Their slogan
5472-561: The genus divided into eight sections. Of these Tsutsutsi ( Tsutsusi ), Pentanthera , Pogonanthum , Ponticum and Rhodora are still used, the other sections being Lepipherum , Booram , and Chamaecistus . This structure largely survived till recently (2004), following which the development of molecular phylogeny led to major re-examinations of traditional morphological classifications, although other authors such as Candolle, who described six sections, used slightly different numeration. Soon, as more species became available in
5568-425: The heath complex in oak-heath forests in eastern North America. They have frequently been divided based on the presence or absence of scales on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface ( lepidote or elepidote). These scales, unique to subgenus Rhododendron , are modified hairs consisting of a polygonal scale attached by a stalk. Rhododendron are characterised by having inflorescences with scarious (dry) perulae ,
5664-520: The later modifications introduced by Chamberlain et al. . The major finding of Goetsch and colleagues was that all species examined (except R. camtschaticum , subgenus Therorhodion ) formed three major clades which they labelled A , B , and C , with the subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes as monophyletic groups nested within clades A and B , respectively. By contrast subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera were polyphyletic , while R. camtschaticum appeared as
5760-449: The latter's death in 1944, however, pledged support to Ho Chi Minh . The historical palace of the Vương lord was built in the traditional style of northeast Asian royal palaces. It has four double-storied wings, which are linked by three open courtyards. A moat surrounds the palace. Tombs of the royal family members, which are intricately carved in wood, are located outside the palace walls. Only
5856-404: The mining and processing industries. The Asian Development Bank provided loans of US$ 3,000,000 to promote the tea industry in the province. As Hà Giang is a mountainous region, the population is not large, and the majority of inhabitants are ethnic Vietnamese. The remainder are H'Mông , Tày , Dao , Mán , Nùng , Giấy , Lô Lô and Thổ ; the majority engage in ancestor and spirit worship. Of
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#17327910059655952-492: The monotypic genus Tsusiophyllum into section Tsutsusi , while Kron & Judd reduced genus Ledum to a subsection of section Rhododendron . Then Judd & Kron moved two species ( R. schlippenbachii and R. quinquefolium ) from section Brachybachii , subgenus Tsutsusi and two from section Rhodora , subgenus Pentanthera ( R. albrechtii , R. pentaphyllum ) into section Sciadorhodion , subgenus Pentanthera . Finally Chamberlain brought
6048-574: The mountains of Korea , Japan and Taiwan . More than 90% of Rhododendron sensu Chamberlain belong to the Asian subgenera Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and section Tsutsusi . Of the first two of these, the species are predominantly found in the area of the Himalayas and Southwest China (Sino-Himalayan Region). The 300 tropical species within the Vireya section of subgenus Rhododendron occupy
6144-484: The national figure of 7,592 agriculture, forestry and fishery cooperatives, there are only 32 cooperatives in the province, of which 22 are agricultural and eight are fisheries. There are only 169 known farms in the province against the national number of 120,699. The output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 838.4 billion dongs against the national value of 156,681.9 billion dongs. The province produced 280,300 tonnes of cereals against
6240-497: The national production of 43.58 million tonnes. The per capita production of cereals in the district was 397.5 kg against the national figure of 501.8 kg in 2007. In 2007, the industrial output of the province was 526.1 billion dongs against the national output of 1,469,272.3 billion dongs. There is a recently established cement plant with a 300,000 tonne annual capacity. Quản Bạ Valley, located 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Hà Giang city, at 1,945.8 metres (6,384 ft),
6336-415: The new section Tsutsusi , subgenus Azaleastrum . Genus Menziesa (9 species) was also added to section Sciadorhodion . The remaining small subgenus Therorhodion with its two species was left intact. Thus two subgenera, Hymenanthes and Azaleastrum were expanded at the expense of four subgenera that were eliminated, although Azaleastrum lost one section ( Choniastrum ) as a new subgenus, since it
6432-428: The nineteenth century so did a better understanding of the characteristics necessary for the major divisions. Chief amongst these were Maximovicz 's Rhododendreae Asiae Orientali and Planchon . Maximovicz used flower bud position and its relationship with leaf buds to create eight "Sections". Bentham and Hooker used a similar scheme, but called the divisions "Series". It was not until 1893 that Koehne appreciated
6528-541: The northern part of the province. The lower areas in the province comprise low hills, the Lô River Valley and Hà Giang city. In Cao Bồ district, the dry season lasts from mid-September until the end of May, and the monsoon season lasts from the beginning of June until mid-September. However, in Du Già district the wet season sets in one month earlier. The average annual temperature in the provincial capital of Hà Giang
6624-410: The population of the province. The chairman and Vice Chairmen of the People's Committee are also councillors of the People's Council. The judiciary branch of a province is the People's Court ( Tòa án Nhân dân or TAND for short). The People's Court is responsible for judiciary processes and trials. The People's Court is equivalent to the judiciary Supreme People's Court of Vietnam . The People's Court
6720-475: The presence of scales (lepidote), deciduousness of leaves, and the floral and vegetative branching patterns, after Sleumer (1980). These consist of four large and four small subgenera. The first two subgenera ( Rhododendron and Hymenanthes ) represent the species commonly considered as 'Rhododendrons'. The next two smaller subgenera ( Pentanthera and Tsutsusi ) represent the 'Azaleas'. The remaining four subgenera contain very few species. The largest of these
6816-423: The province are: antimony , iron ore , manganese , ferrite , zinc , tin , copper , bauxite , gold , gemstones , kaolin and mineral water . These are contributing to industrial development in the province. Plans have been put in place, with appropriate policies, to attract direct foreign investments in the province; China, South Korea, Thailand and other countries have already chipped in with investments in
6912-434: The province can be difficult. Much of the province is too mountainous for agriculture, leaving much of the land covered by forests. Hà Giang's central plateau is good for growing plums, peaches, and persimmons, which the province exports. Tea is also grown there. The farming economy is also getting a boost with growing orange and mandarin trees as it sustains many households with an income in the range of VND 150 to 200 million
7008-413: The province of Hà Giang is fairly complex: "temperate, but highly localized montane weather patterns create variable conditions among different regions". It has impressive limestone and granite peaks and outcrops. It has three regions. Climatically, it has two seasons, dry and monsoon, dependent on the altitude of the region. The two northern Indochinese climatic zones on the border influence the climate in
7104-647: The province. Small mammals found on Tây Côn Lĩnh II include Cynopterus sphinx , Rousettus leschenaulti , Sphaerias blanfordi , Scaptonyx fusicaudus , Chodsigoa parca , Chodsigoa caovansunga , Blarinella griselda , Crocidura attenuata , Crocidura fuliginosa , Crocidura wuchihensis , Belomys pearsonii , Callosciurus inornatus , Leopoldamys edwardsi , Niviventer fulvescens , Niviventer langbianis , Niviventer tenaster , Chiropodomys gliroides , Ratufa bicolor , and Tamiops sp. Archaeological excavations carried out near Hà Giang city at Đồi Thông (Pine Hill) have established
7200-521: The region's antiquity to about 30,000 years ago. During the Bronze Age Tày Yu tribes with culturally rich traditions ruled over the region; archaeological findings in the form of bronze drums of that age used for ceremonial purposes are used even to the present day by the Lô Lô and Pu Péo tribes of the region ( Mèo Vạc, Hà Giang province ). What was later called Hà Giang province by the French
7296-519: The relationship of the flower buds to the leaf buds, habitat, flower structure, and whether the leaves were lepidote or non-lepidote. While Sleumer's work was widely accepted, many in the United States and the United Kingdom continued to use the simpler Balfourian system of the Edinburgh group. Sleumer's system underwent many revisions by others, predominantly the Edinburgh group in their continuing Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh notes. Cullen of
7392-482: The second-tier units. At the third tier, a provincial city or town is divided into wards ( phường ), communes ( xã ), and townships ( thị trấn ). Provincial Committee of the Communist Party ( Đảng bộ Đảng Cộng sản cấp tỉnh or Tỉnh ủy Đảng Cộng sản ) is a provincial subordinate of the Communist Party of Vietnam . Since Vietnam is a one party state, the provincial committee of the Communist Party
7488-606: The significance of scaling and hence the separation of lepidote and elepidote species. The large number of species that were available by the early twentieth century prompted a new approach when Balfour introduced the concept of grouping species into series . The Species of Rhododendron referred to this series concept as the Balfourian system. That system continued up to modern times in Davidian's four volume The Rhododendron Species . The next major attempt at classification
7584-657: The start of the 20th century, Vương Chính Đức, a member of the H'Mông people, was appointed the Bang Tá and he had the family residence expanded into a mansion from where he worked. It is of a style that is rare in this mountainous region of northern Vietnam. The building was designed in the style of the later period of the Qing dynasty of China, and is grouped into three sections, the front, middle and rear. It comprises six lengthwise and four sideways buildings, two levels, 64 rooms and 1,120 metres (3,670 ft) of land space. The building
7680-570: The then known six species of Azalea that he had described earlier in 1735 in his Systema Naturae as a separate genus. Linnaeus' six species of Azalea were Azalea indica , A. pontica , A. lutea , A. viscosa , A. lapponica and A. procumbens (now Kalmia procumbens ), which he distinguished from Rhododendron by having five stamens , as opposed to ten. As new species of what are now considered Rhododendron were discovered, they were assigned to separate genera if they seemed to differ significantly from
7776-577: The two separate genera included under Rhododendron by Chamberlain ( Ledum , Tsusiophyllum ), Goetsch et al. . added Menziesia (clade C ). Despite a degree of paraphyly , the subgenus Rhododendron was otherwise untouched with regard to its three sections but four other subgenera were eliminated and one new subgenus created, leaving a total of five subgenera in all, from eight in Chamberlain's scheme. The discontinued subgenera are Pentanthera , Tsutsusi , Candidastrum and Mumeazalea , while
7872-414: The type species. For instance Rhodora (Linnaeus 1763) for Rhododendron canadense , Vireya ( Blume 1826) and Hymenanthes (Blume 1826) for Rhododendron metternichii , now R. degronianum . Meanwhile, other botanists such as Salisbury (1796) and Tate (1831) began to question the distinction between Azalea and Rhododendron , and finally in 1836, Azalea was incorporated into Rhododendron and
7968-552: The undersides of the leaves are covered with scales (lepidote) or hairs (indumentum). Some of the best known species are noted for their many clusters of large flowers. A recently discovered species in New Guinea has flowers up to six inches (fifteen centimeters) in width, the largest in the whole genus. The accompanying photograph shows it as having seven petals . There are alpine species with small flowers and small leaves, and tropical species such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes . Species in this genus may be part of
8064-427: The various provinces into eight regions, which are often grouped into three macro-regions: Northern, Central and Southern. These regions are not always used, and alternative classifications are possible. The regions include: ^† Municipality (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương) Rhododendron Former subgenera : Rhododendron ( / ˌ r oʊ d ə ˈ d ɛ n d r ən / ; pl. : rhododendra )
8160-493: The various systems together in 1996, with 1,025 species divided into eight subgenera. Goetsch (2005) provides a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain schemata (Table 1). Rhododendron Choniastrum Hymenanthes Azaleastrum Therorhodion The era of molecular analysis rather than descriptive features can be dated to the work of Kurashige (1988) and Kron (1997) who used matK sequencing . Later Gao et al. (2002) used ITS sequences to determine
8256-553: The walls of the buildings are made of bricks, while the rest is made of wood. Hà Giang is subdivided into 11 district-level sub-divisions: They are further subdivided into 9 commune-level towns (or townlets), 181 communes, and 5 wards. According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Hà Giang province as of 2019 was 854,679 with a density of 110 people per km over
8352-581: The yield from 9,625 tonnes (1995) to 20,394 tonnes (2002). Particular tea plantations of quality tea are the Shan Tuyết strain in Cao Bồ (Vị Xuyên District), Lũng Phìn (Đồng Văn District) and in Ngam La (Yên Minh District). Hà Giang tea is also popular in foreign markets. The province is rich in minerals; 149 mines with 28 categories of minerals are spread in all districts of the province. Mineral deposits mined in
8448-612: The young, in search of life partners or to exchange partners. The Lô Lô people who dominate the local village by the same name in particular come here in their colourful regale. The Chợ tình Khâu Vai market only meets once a year, on the 27th day of the third lunar month at Khâu Vai commune in Mèo Vạc district, based on an old folk tale. A long time ago, there was a young beautiful couple who were in love but they were in different districts, which would have meant that she would have moved to her husband's area. Her home district opposed this, while
8544-672: Was "No Corvees, no taxes for the French; drive out the French to recover our country; liberty for the Dao." This revolt was known as the White Hat Revolt since the Vietnamese carried a white flag engraved with "four ideograms to Quốc Bách Kỹ" (meaning "White Flag of the Fatherland"). The rebellion spread to Tuấn Quang, Lào Cai and Yên Bái . In 1915 the French ruthlessly suppressed the rebellion, deporting many Vietnamese and hanging at least 67 "rebels". Before 1975, Hà Giang comprised
8640-534: Was a distinct subclade in A . In all, Hymenanthes increased from one to two sections, while Azaleastrum , by losing one section and gaining two increased from two to three sections. (See schemata under Subgenera .) Subsequent research has supported the revision by Goetsch, although has largely concentrated on further defining the phylogeny within the subdivisions. In 2011 the two species of Diplarche were also added to Rhododendron , incertae sedis . This genus has been progressively subdivided into
8736-583: Was by Sleumer who from 1934 began incorporating the Balfourian series into the older hierarchical structure of subgenera and sections, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , culminating in 1949 with his "Ein System der Gattung Rhododendron L.", and subsequent refinements. Most of the Balfourian series are represented by Sleumer as subsections, though some appear as sections or even subgenera. Sleumer based his system on
8832-402: Was derived from axils from previous year's shoots or the lowest scaly leaves. Following the cladistic analysis of Goetsch et al. (2005) this scheme was simplified, based on the discovery of three major clades (A, B, C) as follows. Clade A Clade B Clade C Sister taxon The larger subgenera are further subdivided into sections and subsections Some subgenera contain only
8928-489: Was evident in the support that they got from him during their campaign to put down a rebellion launched by the local tribes. In recognition, the lord was given the rank of a general in the French Army (a fully uniformed picture of the lord is seen in the interior rooms of the palace). Increasing opposition by the Vietnamese to French rule saw the lord adopting a neutral stance. Vương Chú Sển, who succeeded his father after
9024-467: Was moved to subgenus Hymenanthes . Of the remaining three sections, monotypic Viscidula was discontinued by moving R. nipponicum to Tsutsusi ( C ), while Rhodora (2 species) was itself polyphyletic and was broken up by moving R. canadense to section Pentanthera ( B ) and R. vaseyi to section Sciadorhodion , which then became a new section of subgenus Azaleastrum ( C ). Subgenus Tsutsusi ( C )
9120-454: Was part of bộ Tân Hưng in ancient times, one of 15 bộ in the nation of Văn Lang . During the Ming dynasty occupation of Vietnam, at the start of the 15th century, it was known as the district of Bình Nguyên , before being later renamed to châu Vị Xuyên . The French occupied this region in 1886, establishing their military garrison on the east bank of the Lô River and which later became one of
9216-411: Was reduced to section status retaining the name, and included in subgenus Azaleastrum . Of the three minor subgenera, all in C , two were discontinued. The single species of monotypic subgenus Candidastrum ( R. albiflorum ) was moved to subgenus Azaleastrum , section Sciadorhodion . Similarly the single species in monotypic subgenus Mumeazalea ( R. semibarbatum ) was placed in
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