168-626: Iqos ( /ˈaɪkoʊs/ EYE-kohs , stylized as IQOS ) is a line of heated tobacco products designed to be used with tobacco and zero-tobacco nicotine-containing consumables. They are manufactured by Philip Morris International (PMI). The brand was first introduced in November 2014 in Japan and Italy . At the end of 2023, smoke-free products made up nearly 40% of PMI's total net revenue and gross profit, with Iqos surpassing Marlboro in terms of net revenue. The World Health Organization states that there
336-577: A lower house based on population; and the Senate , an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Federalism provides substantial autonomy to the 50 states, while the country's political culture promotes liberty , equality , individualism , personal autonomy , and limited government . One of the world's most developed countries , the United States has had the largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for over 15% of
504-580: A " Special Relationship " with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries ( France , Italy , Germany , Spain , and Poland ). The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through
672-491: A "smoke-free" business transition allowed the company to begin the process of issuing sustainable bonds to finance itself in August 2021, which raised fears of greenwashing . Most Iqos models consists of a charger and a pen-like holder. A disposable stick (called "HeatStick" or "Heets") containing processed tobacco and glycerin is inserted into the holder, which then heats it to temperatures up to 350 °C for inhalation. Iluma,
840-890: A "statement on heated tobacco products and the U.S. FDA decision regarding Iqos", which read: "WHO reiterates that reducing exposure to harmful chemicals in Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) does not render them harmless, nor does it translate to reduced risk to human health. Indeed, some toxins are present at higher levels in HTP aerosols than in conventional cigarette smoke, and there are some additional toxins present in HTP aerosols that are not present in conventional cigarette smoke. The health implications of exposure to these are unknown. (...) Given that health may be affected by exposure to additional toxins when using HTPs, claims that HTPs reduce exposure to harmful chemicals relative to conventional cigarettes may be misleading." According to
1008-642: A 10% rise in carbon monoxide and formaldehyde air levels when HTPs were used indoors. Another 2017 study discovered HTPs generated emissions of metal particulates, organic compounds, and aldehydes , and suggests that HTPs generate less concentrations of airborne contaminants in indoor places in comparison to a traditional cigarette, though their use still reduces indoor air quality. A 2018 Public Health England report found that "[c]ompared with cigarettes, heated tobacco products are likely to expose users and bystanders to lower levels of particulate matter and harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHC). The extent of
1176-520: A 2018 report stated that "Iqos boutique stores are the focus of aggressive promotion including exchanging a pack of cigarettes or lighter for an Iqos device, launch parties, 'meet and greet' lunches and after-hour events". According to Reuters "The marketing strategy mimics that of tobacco companies in the mid-20th century, when they started associating cigarettes with Hollywood and high society . " Philip Morris has also reportedly carried out several marketing campaigns directly mentioning Iqos, presenting
1344-568: A battery-powered heated product called glo in Japan before selling it in South Korea, Switzerland, Russia, and Ukraine. In France, glo uses tobacco sticks called Neostiks. It uses a heating element with a tobacco stick that heats up to 240 °C. glo produces approximately 50% less nicotine emissions than IQOS. In May 2017 British American Tobacco released i-glo in Canada. Bonnie Herzog,
1512-452: A cigarette. As early as the 1960s, tobacco companies developed alternative tobacco products. HTPs were introduced into the market in 1988, though they were not a commercial success. The global decline in tobacco consumption may be one reason the industry has invented and marketed new products such as HTPs. The latest generation of heated tobacco products may be an industry attempt to appeal with governments and health advocates by presenting
1680-405: A commercial success, and most of them were quickly taken off the market following their debut. In years leading up to 2018, increased tobacco control measures have directed the tobacco industry to develop alternative tobacco products, such as HTPs. There has been a global decline in tobacco consumption that, if continued, will negatively impact the tobacco industry's profits, which has forced
1848-542: A coordinated, continent-wide military effort. Finally, deteriorating relations between the British military establishment and the colonists, relations that were already less than positive, set the stage for further distrust and dislike of British troops. Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance ; one of
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#17327802318002016-534: A decentralized government that operated until 1789. After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida . The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which
2184-565: A device that heats the product without reaching combustion to generate aerosol, while using "real" tobacco instead of nicotine-containing liquids. There are products that have a time limit so that the user is forced to inhale the nicotine within 3.5–10 minutes prior to the device turning off. This function helps support blood nicotine peaks that result in an increased nicotine dependence . There are three general types of heated tobacco products. One that immediately heats processed tobacco to generate aerosol, another that uses processed tobacco that
2352-407: A few prominent industrialists , largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition. Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad , petroleum , and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry . These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality , slum conditions , and social unrest , creating
2520-638: A founding member of the World Bank , Organization of American States , NATO , and the United Nations , as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council . The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan , a Continental Army aide to General George Washington , wrote to Joseph Reed , Washington's aide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from
2688-468: A future without traditional cigarettes, but campaigners and industry analysts question the probability of traditional cigarettes being overshadowed by either e-cigarettes or other products like the IQOS. HTPs use a heating system where the tobacco is heated and aerosolised . In addition to nicotine, they contain additives that are flavoured and derived from substances other than tobacco. Evidence shows that
2856-502: A higher volume of puffs at shorter intervals than with traditional cigarettes. A 2018 clinical trial found that tests of smokers switching to IQOS showed a tendency to take more puffs at shorter intervals. Users experience blood nicotine levels that peak after six to seven minutes for both HTPs and traditional cigarettes. The IQOS produces slightly less blood nicotine overall than a traditional cigarette, but more than nicotine gum . A 2016 study found that smokers were less satisfied and had
3024-653: A less harmful pathophysiological response in human organotypic oral epithelial cultures when exposed to such emissions. A 2016 animal study showed that heated tobacco emissions did not increase surfactant lipids and proteins, inflammatory eicosanoids and their metabolic enzymes, and several ceramide classes in HTP-exposed mice when compared with their counterparts that were exposed to cigarette smoke. It also discovered that even with reduced toxicants in HTP emissions, overuse (40 tobacco sticks per day) can still lead to eosinophilic pneumonia in humans. The impact on
3192-1018: A liquid containing nicotine, HTPs usually use tobacco in leaf or some other solid form, although there are some hybrid products that can use both solid tobacco and e-liquids . There are various types of HTPs . The two most common designs are those that use an electric battery to heat tobacco leaf (e.g., IQOS, glo, Pax) and those that use a carbon ember that is lit and then heats the tobacco (e.g., Eclipse, REVO, TEEPS). There are similar devices that heat cannabis instead of tobacco. A 2016 World Health Organization report did not find any evidence to support claims of lowered risk or health benefits compared to conventional cigarettes. A 2018 Public Health England report includes evidence that indicates HTPs may be safer than traditional cigarettes, but less safe than e-cigarettes. Some HTP aerosols studied were found to contain levels of nicotine and carcinogens comparable to conventional cigarettes. Although heated tobacco products may be less dangerous than cigarette smoking,
3360-520: A lower reduction in cravings with using an IQOS than with traditional cigarettes. In the study, smoking trial volunteers switching to an HTP, after an initial adjustment period, usually smoked more traditional cigarettes than those not switching, while reporting that they were less satisfying and rewarding than with regular cigarettes. Sharper peaks in blood nicotine levels from inhalation cause greater nicotine dependence than oral consumption. Nicotine replacement products , for instance, deliver nicotine in
3528-436: A maximum number of puffs per stick. HTPs may not generate side-stream smoke because they do not fully combust, but the temperatures reached are sufficient for pyrolysis to happen. There are devices that use a reaction that resembles pyrolysis or combustion, but research has not determined which of the two it is. The tobacco stick contains a compressed tobacco film made of a dried tobacco suspension that has been rolled up into
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#17327802318003696-554: A maximum of 350 °C, a temperature sufficient to enable pyrolytic decomposition of some organic materials, while the glo iFuse heats tobacco to around 35 °C. The formation of toxic volatile organic compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols at similar temperatures as the IQOS; flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes have been discovered to undergo thermal degradation and contribute significantly to levels of toxic aldehydes emitted in e-cigarette aerosols, as demonstrated by
3864-452: A more recent iteration, relies on induction to heat the tobacco sticks (called "Terea"). Philip Morris claims that Iqos reduces waste and carbon emissions compared to a cigarette, and presents the product as being part of its sustainability initiatives. The company is also promoting itself as a player in the circular economy by arguing that Iqos devices can be recycled by being returned to manufacturing centers. These claims were disputed by
4032-412: A paper-thin brown tobacco foil and several filter elements. This film consists of about 70% tobacco, as well as humectants (such as water and glycerin , to prevent the tobacco from drying out and promote aerosol formation), binders, and flavorings. The filter elements consist of two independent systems: a polymer film filter that cools the aerosol, and a soft cellulose acetate mouthpiece filter that mimics
4200-598: A period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations . A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson , emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced by
4368-455: A potential (but unproven) "harm reduction" product. Current smoking bans may or may not apply to heated tobacco products. A 2016 Cochrane review found it unclear if the use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) would "substantially alter the risk of harm" over traditional cigarettes. As of December 2017 , it is impossible to quantify the health risk from using these products, as there is very limited information available on health effects. It
4536-488: A prominent leader in the early 1960s. The Great Society plan of President Lyndon Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism . The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality . It also encouraged open defiance of
4704-478: A senior analyst at Wells Fargo Securities , stated that the proposed acquisition of R. J. Reynolds by British American Tobacco in 2016 would let them catch up with the competition. glo is marketed as being easier to operate than IQOS. The glo iFuse debuted in Romania in 2015, and is a hybrid of a heated tobacco product and an e-cigarette. It consists of a heating element, a liquid tank (like e-cigarettes), and
4872-526: A sense of manifest destiny . The Missouri Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It further prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel . As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans,
5040-614: A sense of American identity as well. Men who otherwise never left their own colony now traveled across the continent to fight alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds but who were no less "American". British officers trained American officers for battle, most notably George Washington ; these officers would lend their skills and expertise to the colonists' cause during the American Revolutionary War to come. In addition, colonial legislatures and officials found it necessary to cooperate intensively in pursuit of
5208-489: A slow, stable manner, which is less addictive. Inhaled nicotine enters the blood quicker than oral consumption, and blood nicotine levels halve every one to two hours. Nicotine withdrawal causes deteriorating mood and creates a craving for nicotine consumption. Pregnant women who wish to quit smoking but are unable to are left with few options. As nicotine replacement products are often ineffective for quitting smoking, pregnant women turn to alternatives such as HTPs. There
Iqos - Misplaced Pages Continue
5376-632: A status solidified after its involvement in World War I . After Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II . Its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War , during which both countries struggled for ideological dominance and international influence . Following the Soviet Union's collapse and
5544-534: A tobacco cavity through which the aerosol passes and is infused with tobacco flavour. It uses cartridges called Neopods, and heats tobacco to approximately 35 °C. IQOS ( / ˈ aɪ k oʊ s / EYE -kohs ) is a non-combustible "reduced risk" smoking alternative that was introduced in June 2014 and is marketed by Philip Morris International (PMI) under the Marlboro and Parliament brands. Although it
5712-401: A year). Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined. As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in
5880-497: Is "harmful to health, but probably less harmful than smoking tobacco cigarettes". In 2016, PMI submitted a multi-million page application to the US FDA for IQOS to be authorized as a modified risk tobacco product . In March 2017, PMI submitted a premarket tobacco product application regarding its IQOS product to the US FDA. In December 2017, Reuters published documents and testimonies of former employees detailing irregularities in
6048-591: Is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture , developed agriculture , architecture , and complex societies . In the post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern , eastern , and southern regions, and the Algonquian in
6216-443: Is currently no evidence to show that heated tobacco products such as Iqos are less harmful than other tobacco products. A recent systematic review reached the same conclusion. The European Respiratory Society states that heated tobacco products are addictive and cause cancer in humans. Philip Morris took its first commercial steps in the field of heated tobacco in the 1990s with "Accord" and "Heatbar" before they were withdrawn from
6384-409: Is greater than from e-cigarettes. There is no safe level of exposure to harm carcinogens, making it difficult to assess how much HTPs reduce health risks. HTPs contain the highly addictive chemical nicotine . The nicotine content between HTP and traditional cigarette emissions are in similar ranges, which suggests a similar addictiveness and dependence potential. There is insufficient evidence on
6552-409: Is heated in (but not generate) an aerosol, and one where the processed tobacco gives flavour to the aerosol as the latter moves over the former. HTPs heat tobacco leaves at a lower temperature than traditional cigarettes. Another type of HTP is the loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer that involves putting loose-leaf tobacco into a chamber that is electrically heated with an element. As early as the 1960s,
6720-543: Is inserted into the holder which then heats it to temperatures up to 350 °C, and the amount of nicotine provided may be a little strong for light cigarette smokers. Users have reported less smell and odor on clothing. There is a limited amount of research on the effect of IQOS on the user's health. The physical effects on users are not yet known. The emissions of IQOS are considered to be smoke by independent researchers, and were called smoke by Phillip Morris researchers until 2016. The emissions generated by IQOS contain
6888-498: Is known as the presidential system , in contrast to the parliamentary system , where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States , especially in the Americas. The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. Since then,
Iqos - Misplaced Pages Continue
7056-776: Is limited information on product use, including whether smokers are likely to switch completely from tobacco smoking or use both types of product, as well as initiation by non-smokers (including young people)." In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity stated "[t]he Committees were concerned over the potential for non-smokers including children and young people, who would not otherwise start to smoke cigarettes, to take up using these products as they are not without risk." The availability of flavours in HTP products may appeal to non-smokers, and evidence suggests that individuals who have never used tobacco products, especially children and adolescents, could be susceptible to new products that could lead to
7224-555: Is marketed as a novel product, it is very similar to the Accord released by the same company in 1998; however, the IQOS sticks have more nicotine, more tar, and less tobacco. They are heated at a lower temperature. Initially launched in 2014 in Nagoya , Japan, and Milan , Italy, IQOS is being introduced to other countries; As of October 2019 , it is available in 49 countries. PMI has projected that when 30 billions units are sold,
7392-434: Is metabolised much faster while a woman is pregnant, easily passes through the placental barrier, and collects in breast milk. There is also growing evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy is linked to early birth , stillbirth , and abnormal brain growth. Nicotine may result in adverse effects to the neurological growth of the fetus. Nicotine can lead to vasoconstriction of uteroplacental vessels, which reduces
7560-420: Is no information available on the potential impact of HTP emissions from mother to fetus as of 2018 . The risk to the fetus from HTPs during pregnancy is hard to quantify ; although the risk to the fetus is probably less than traditional smoking during pregnancy, the Committee on Toxicity recommends that expectant mothers completely stop smoking. Nicotine is harmful to the infant and the growing adolescent brain,
7728-498: Is not a solution" for quitting smoking." It further stated that "if the tobacco giant is positioning itself in this innovative market, it is to compensate for the financial losses resulting from the reduced sales of cigarettes (...). The tobacco industry is therefore exploring solutions in order to continue to make profits and keep dependent consumers." In July 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published
7896-484: Is not detectably different from conventional cigarettes." A 2020 systematic review of the available scientific literature found very limited available data on the effects of Iqos on a smoker's health and recommended further studies. In October 2018, the Belgian Cancer Foundation issued advice on Iqos, based on previous independent studies published on the subject. The Foundation claimed that "Iqos
8064-438: Is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts. Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity. Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through
8232-587: Is plausible that the IQOS aerosol may contain substances not found in tobacco smoke. The emissions of the IQOS HeatSticks and the IQOS menthol mini-cigarettes contain about three times the amount of water and about half the amount of tar found in traditional cigarette emissions. The IQOS HeatSticks do not generate a flame, but are charred after use. Until 2016, Phillip Morris International researchers stated their IQOS product produces smoke. The HTP consists of three components with different functions:
8400-552: Is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act. In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among 180 countries in
8568-692: Is unclear as to what the short- and long-term adverse effects are. As of 2019 , a limited number of independent studies have been conducted on HTPs, and further research will likely increase understanding of health effects. The different types of available HTPs vary in effect, creating a challenge for researchers. It is unknown how users evaluate product safety—one study found that about half of people believed they are safer than traditional cigarettes. A 2016 World Health Organization report stated that claims of lowered risk or health benefits for HTPs compared with traditional cigarettes were based on industry-funded research , and compelling independent research
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#17327802318008736-603: The Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage . During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression , which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with
8904-553: The Atlantic slave trade . The original Thirteen Colonies that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of Great Britain , and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners . The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations; by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for
9072-549: The Environmental Performance Index . The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments. The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate federal capital district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions . The U.S. is
9240-500: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws. State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials, and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions . There is no unified "criminal justice system" in
9408-720: The Great Lakes , Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico . British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620). The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. While European settlers in what
9576-719: The Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard , while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest . Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000 to nearly 10 million. Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California . France established its own settlements along
9744-596: The Midwest . At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England . During the Great Migration , millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists took local control of Southern politics . African Americans endured
9912-688: The National Park Service and other agencies. About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed, primarily in the Western States . Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes. Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy , air and water pollution , biodiversity , logging and deforestation , and climate change . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
10080-596: The New Deal , a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations . All were intended to protect against future economic depressions. Initially neutral during World War II , the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . The U.S. developed
10248-778: The Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States. The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau through the Compact of Free Association . It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India , but its ties with China have steadily deteriorated. Since 2014,
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#173278023180010416-648: The Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law , rechargeable lithium-ion batteries , the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998. In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait . The September 11 attacks on
10584-591: The Spanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.) American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War . The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. The United States entered World War I alongside
10752-501: The UK Committee on Toxicity suggests that it would be better for smokers to completely stop . There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of HTPs on quitting smoking, or possible effects of second-hand exposure. The limited evidence on air emissions from the use of HTPs indicates that toxic exposure from these products is greater than that of e-cigarettes. Smokers have reported HTP use to be less satisfying than smoking
10920-685: The United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands . The country has
11088-688: The University of Bath 's TobaccoTactics website, "There is very little evidence that Iqos is effective as a [cigarette] quit tool at the individual level or population level." According to the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Iqos is "harmful to health, but probably less harmful than smoking tobacco cigarettes". In June 2022, the European Commission proposed to prohibit
11256-577: The clinical trials conducted by PMI for the approval of the IQOS product by the US FDA. The advisory panel appointed by the US FDA reviewed Philip Morris International's application in January 2018. The FDA granted permission to PMI to sell IQOS in the US on 30 April 2019, which also requires the company to follow strict marketing restrictions. IQOS formally launched in the US in October 2019. On 7 July 2020,
11424-667: The clinical trials conducted by PMI for the approval of the Iqos product by the U.S. FDA. This investigative work reported that Philip Morris was lobbying to block or weaken the provisions made under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), going against the idea that the company would support a smoke-free future. A number of third-party toxicity studies had findings which often contradicted those of Philip Morris International. UCSF -based Professor Stanton Glantz concluded that in terms of harmfulness, "Iqos
11592-700: The cotton gin made the institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites . This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865). Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America , while the other states remained in the Union . War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter . After
11760-523: The end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower , wielding significant geopolitical influence globally . The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches : legislative , executive , and judicial . It has a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of Representatives ,
11928-537: The fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union , which marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower . The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates , and advances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web , the evolution of
12096-400: The global economy in 2023. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness , productivity , innovation , human rights , and higher education . Its hard power and cultural influence have a global reach. The U.S. is
12264-419: The tobacco industry ; for example, the HTP known as IQOS acts more as a gateway to traditional cigarette use (20% of users) than as a means of quitting (11% of users), and is not anticipated to have a lowered risk among dual users who make up the remaining 69%. In 2016 Philip Morris International (PMI) acknowledged that IQOS is probably as addictive as tobacco smoking. IQOS is sold with a warning that states
12432-813: The 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting the American Revolutionary War . At the Second Continental Congress , the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army , and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence . Two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration
12600-520: The 2010s, political polarization in the country increased between liberal and conservative factions. This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack , when a mob of insurrectionists entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power in an attempted self-coup d'état . The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada. The 48 contiguous states and
12768-464: The Accord in the US. It was a specialised cigarette was designed to be used with the electric heating system. Advertisements stating reduced risk were drafted for the Accord in the US, but were never released. In 1998, the company launched the Accord in Osaka, Japan, and renamed it Oasis. The battery-powered, pager -size product was marketed as "low-smoke". An attempt was made in 2007 by Kenneth Podraza,
12936-596: The American West have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon , Washington , and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii , the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical . States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of
13104-475: The Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The term "United States" and the initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common. "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules. In English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to
13272-573: The District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km ). The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region. The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi River System ,
13440-573: The Elder concluded that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a " world war ". The British colonies' position as an integral part of the British Empire became more apparent during the war, with British military and civilian officials becoming a more significant presence in American life. The war increased
13608-471: The Firefly 2, which heats loose-leaf plant material and concentrates and is often used to aerosolise cannabis , and is more compact than the original Firefly vaporizer. It uses a patented heating technology that heats the device up to the desired temperature (between 200 and 500 °F) with each puff rather than a preset temperature setting from the beginning. In 2016, British American Tobacco launched
13776-530: The IQOS and 51 per cent who were interested in the product had never smoked before. Therefore, such a product may represent, at least in Italy, a gateway for nicotine addiction among never-smokers rather than a harm reduction substitution for current smokers. In Germany, HTP use is not common and is generally more frequent among richer and educated smokers. Since its sale in Japan in 2014, HTP use has been high; A 2017 survey in Japan found that of those who used
13944-408: The IQOS within the last month , 20 per cent had never smoked before. The products did not satisfy 86 per cent of users, and they did not quit using traditional cigarettes; they used both. HTP use among youth is unknown, but monitoring is underway as of March 2019 . The limited data on HTP users show that they take short puffs and that the time between puffs is very short. Experimental tests show
14112-543: The IQOS would increase profits by $ 700 million. In October 2018, PMI introduced a less expensive version of IQOS called IQOS 3 in Tokyo, Japan. The IQOS 3 Multi was also launched, and is capable of multiple consecutive uses. The IQOS consists of a charger around the size of a mobile phone and a pen-like holder. The disposable tobacco stick, also known as a HeatStick, is described as a mini-cigarette. The sticks contain processed tobacco soaked in propylene glycol . The stick
14280-628: The January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , many freed slaves joined the Union army . The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg , and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House . The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect
14448-577: The Public Health Law Center at Saint Paul , Minnesota , as used HeatSticks constitute waste similar to conventional cigarette butts . Furthermore, it was noted that "new products such as e-cigarettes, or heated cigarette products like Iqos, will increase the overall supply of e-waste . It is most likely impossible to create any e-cigarette without a battery, poisonous liquid, metals and plastics joined in small devices, each of which cannot be recycled or disposed of responsibly." Many of
14616-611: The Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature. In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland. With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The western Great Plains are semi-arid . Many mountainous areas of
14784-647: The U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine ; it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion . The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Department of Defense , which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of
14952-661: The U.S. territories." Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons , state prisons , local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities . Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees. State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under
15120-547: The UK, it is unclear if HTPs offer any favorable benefit as a plausible harm reduction product. A 2018 Public Health England report states that HTPs may be much safer than traditional cigarettes but less safe than e-cigarettes. In a 2017 non-technical summary written by the Committee on Toxicity , it recommends that smokers completely stop , even though it found HTPs to be less harmful than smoking. Heated tobacco products expose
15288-486: The US FDA announced its ruling 456, which granted an "exposure modification" order that allows PMI to market IQOS in the United States. The iSmoke OneHitter by iSmoke can be used as a loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer or for use with waxy oils. It is described as a "heat, not burn" tobacco vaporizer, and was launched in 2015. It has a chamber that can be filled with up to 800 milligrams of tobacco. United States The United States of America ( USA ), commonly known as
15456-464: The United States and the peaceful transfer of power , respectively. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States. Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to the War of 1812 , which was fought to a draw. Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819. In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward , many with
15624-469: The United States because of a patent case filed by R.J. Reynolds . The U.S. International Trade Commission found that the cigarette alternative infringed on two of Reynolds' patents. Philip Morris International announced its plans to appeal the trade agency's decision. The disagreement with British American Tobacco (BAT) got resolved in February 2024. PMI and BAT came to a non-monetary agreement that settled
15792-714: The United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs . The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, and prevailed in the Space Race , which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969. Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth , urbanization , and population growth following World War II . The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming
15960-666: The United States has operated as a de facto two-party system , though the parties in that system have been different at different times. The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican . The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative . In the American federal system , sovereign powers are shared between two levels of elected government: national and state. People in
16128-593: The United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror , and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq . The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting. The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression. Coming to a head in
16296-597: The United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort. The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia Gazette , on April 6, 1776. By June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence . The Second Continental Congress adopted
16464-593: The United States, despite the usage of "the Americas " as the totality of North and South America. "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad; "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago; the Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BC,
16632-624: The United States, except Iran , North Korea , and Bhutan . Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations. The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression. Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan. The United States has
16800-509: The United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons , civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in
16968-591: The Vice President of Research and Development at Philip Morris in the US at the time, to get the Surgeon General of the United States to endorse it. The Surgeon General did not reply to Podraza's letter. Few people used the Accord, and most of them also continued to use traditional cigarettes. The Accord ceased production in 2006. In 2007 Philip Morris International launched the Heatbar, which
17136-408: The best option is to avoid tobacco use altogether. IQOS can record the user's smoking habits. While Philip Morris International stated it only retrieves the data when the product is not working properly, Gregory Connolly, a professor at Northeastern University who has studied IQOS, said that tobacco companies like PMI would have a "mega database" of Americans' smoking habits, and possibly "reprogram
17304-543: The brain, which regulate brain development. Nicotine exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy (2 mg/kg/d) leads to structural changes in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex in rats. Nicotine is released from tobacco heated above 150 °C. The burning process, substances emitted and their levels vary at different temperatures: distillation—the process during which nicotine and aromas are transferred from tobacco to smoke—occurs below 300 °C; pyrolysis occurs around 300 °C–700 °C and involves
17472-585: The chances of getting unwanted symptoms from being asked to use heated tobacco are different compared with cigarettes (6 studies, 1713 participants) or no tobacco (2 studies, 237 participants). Serious unwanted symptoms in the short time period studied (average 13 weeks) were rare in all groups, which means we are uncertain about any differences. Toxin levels were probably lower in people using heated tobacco than those smoking cigarettes (10 studies, 1959 participants), but may be higher than in people not using any tobacco products (5 studies, 382 participants). The Iqos 2.2
17640-655: The company "is changing its behavior only when caught red-handed." Also in 2020, a report on Philip Morris' Iqos implementation strategy in Australia pointed out that "Philip Morris has strongly lobbied the Australian government to legalize heated tobacco products, while simultaneously making plans to sell Iqos at young adult-friendly premises such as bars, clubs and pubs if its proposed legislative changes are made . " In December 2017, Reuters published documents and testimonies from former employees alleging irregularities in
17808-407: The concentrations of nicotine in mainstream HTP aerosols are lower than in cigarette smoke. Smokers regularly reported HTP use to be less satisfying than smoking a cigarette. Tested HTPs provided more nicotine in the aerosol than a cigalike e-cigarette but not as much nicotine compared with a tank-style e-cigarette. HTPs are designed to be similar to their combustible counterparts by replicating
17976-457: The contiguous United States are in the State of California, about 84 miles (135 km) apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in
18144-556: The country's GDP. The U.S. has 42% of the world's nuclear weapons —the second-largest share after Russia. The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces . The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under
18312-469: The country's territory would expand with the admission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states. The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances . George Washington
18480-459: The current puffing delivery pattern of the IQOS to one that may be more reinforcing and with a higher addiction potential". As of July 2017, not many US adults had tried using an HTP; approximately one in twenty US adults (including one in ten traditional cigarette users) have heard of HTPs. In Italy, HTP use was 1.4% among the people and 3.1% among regular tobacco users. A 2018 survey in Italy found that 45 per cent of people who experimented with
18648-410: The decomposition of biopolymers, proteins, and other organic materials and generates the majority of substances emitted in smoke; and combustion occurs above 750 °C and results in the generation of carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , and water. The temperature the tobacco reaches greatly varies among HTPs; it depends on the process used to heat the tobacco. For example, HeatSticks are heated to
18816-508: The delivery of both nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. As a result, nutrition is re-distributed to prioritize vital organs, such as the heart and the brain, at the cost of less vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas, which can lead to underdevelopment and functional disorders later in life. Animal research in regards to maternal nicotine exposure on rats showed a direct adverse impact on pancreas development by reducing endocrine pancreatic islet size and number, which
18984-713: The development of self-governance, and the First Great Awakening , a series of Christian revivals , fueled colonial interest in religious liberty . For a century, the American colonists had been providing their own troops and materiel in conflicts with indigenous peoples allied with Britain's colonial rivals , especially France, and the Americans had begun to develop a sense of self-defense and self-reliance separate from Britain. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) took on new significance for all North American colonists after Parliament under William Pitt
19152-414: The dispossession of native inhabitants . As more states were admitted , a North–South division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America , which fought states remaining in the Union in the 1861–1865 American Civil War . With the victory and preservation of the United States, slavery was abolished nationally . By 1900, the country had established itself as a great power ,
19320-650: The early studies of Iqos were funded by the tobacco industry. A 2021 independent systematic review noted some reduction in risk markers among users compared to cigarette users. However, it's also noted Iqos use was reported to alter mitochondrial function, which could further exaggerate airway inflammation and lung cancer. The review concluded that "research seems to be necessary to assess the frequency of HTP use and its potential negative health effects." A 2022 Cochrane review of 13 studies concluded: We do not know whether using heated tobacco helps people to stop smoking cigarettes (no studies measured this). We are uncertain whether
19488-565: The efficacy of heated tobacco products on quitting smoking . A 2018 World Health Organization report states that "[c]onclusions cannot yet be drawn about their ability to assist with quitting smoking (cessation), their potential to attract new youth tobacco users ( gateway effect ), or the interaction in dual use with other conventional tobacco products and e-cigarettes." In 2017, the Ministry of Health in New Zealand stated that "[t]here
19656-580: The environment for labor unions to begin to flourish . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant reforms. Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in
19824-537: The exposure order the FDA however stated that adult consumers correctly understood the messages that were authorized. In 2019, Reuters reported that Philip Morris was using social media influencers in several countries to make them "ambassadors" for the brand and promote Iqos to a young audience. PMI responded that it would cease use of influencers. According to Matthew Myers, president of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids ,
19992-541: The federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation . The Trail of Tears (1830–1850) was a U.S. government policy that forcibly removed and displaced most Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to lands far to the west. These and earlier organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi. The Republic of Texas
20160-553: The first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war. The United States was one of the " Four Policemen " who met to plan the post-war world , alongside the United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and China . The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence . After World War II,
20328-665: The first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution , with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the 1775–1783 Revolutionary War , the country continued to expand westward across North America , resulting in
20496-421: The identical harmful constituents as tobacco cigarette smoke , including volatile organic compounds at comparable levels to cigarette smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Each of these substances, on the basis of rigorous research of cigarette smoke, are known to result in significant harms to health. According to Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , IQOS
20664-438: The industry to invent and market new products like HTPs. The introduction of HTPs may also have been a response to the growing popularity of e-cigarettes beginning around 2007 after independent companies introduced them before major multinational tobacco companies entered the e-cigarettes market. The global decline of cigarette consumption and decrease in adult smoking prevalence (from 24% in 2007 to 21% in 2015), combined with
20832-463: The integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States. Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state , and federal agencies such as
21000-554: The market. In 2014 Iqos was introduced by Philip Morris International , first in Japan and Italy. Starting in 2016, Philip Morris began heavily promoting a "smoke-free future", stating an intent to increasingly focus commercial efforts on products that are alternatives to cigarettes. In 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized the marketing of "IQOS Tobacco Heating System" as modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) while pointing out that "these products are not safe nor FDA approved". Philip Morris International's efforts toward
21168-482: The military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975). A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw
21336-612: The most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable. The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians , and around 91,000 insect species. There are 63 national parks , and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas , managed by
21504-662: The most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early 1870s, just as additional western territories and states were created. During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies , though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution. States in the North enacted abolition laws , though support for slavery strengthened in Southern states , as inventions such as
21672-411: The ongoing patent infringement lawsuits between them regarding their heated tobacco and vapor products. Heated tobacco product A heated tobacco product (HTP) is a tobacco product that heats the tobacco at a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes . These products contain nicotine , which is a highly addictive chemical. The heat generates an aerosol or smoke to be inhaled from
21840-479: The oral inhalation and exhalation, taste, rapid systemic delivery of nicotine, hand-to-mouth feel and throat hit sensations (depending on the temperature) when smoking traditional cigarettes. HTPs aim for a niche between combustible tobacco smoking and e-cigarettes that aerosolise nicotine. There are different types of HTPs in the marketplace: some use tobacco sticks like glo and IQOS, while others use loose-leaf tobacco such as Pax and Ploom . The Firefly developed
22008-448: The overall population is unclear. Studies on second-hand HTP emissions as of 2018 were diverse and largely affiliated with manufacturers. There is disagreement over the extent to which HTPs generate air emissions, and the emissions' composition. There is anticipated to be a reduced risk to bystanders where smokers were using heated tobacco products instead of smoking. Limited evidence on air emissions suggests that toxic exposure from HTPs
22176-471: The packaging of Iqos devices is fully covered with a warning message. In the United States, the FDA granted Philip Morris authorization to make a "reduced exposure" marketing claim, considering that switching completely from cigarettes to Iqos reduces exposure to harmful chemicals, but specifically did not allow Philip Morris to make any claim that switching from cigarettes to Iqos reduces the user's risk of disease. The decision to allow for reduced exposure claims
22344-408: The policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation . An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined. This fostered the amassing of power by
22512-446: The presence of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, soot or tars, and aldehydes in emissions. Gases, liquid, and solid particles are also found in the emissions; the solids in the emissions have been called nicotine-free dry particulate matter rather than tar in papers written by people connected to the tobacco industry. Since the constituents of HeatSticks may differ from combustible cigarettes, including flavourants and additives, it
22680-574: The primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen , particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in
22848-400: The processed tobacco stick; a pen-like heater (holder) that the tobacco stick is inserted, which is then heated by an electrically controlled heating element; and a charger that recharges the heater after use. The heated tobacco products automatically stops the heating process after six minutes or 14 moves(puffs) so that pyrolytic products and pollutant release are limited in time as well as by
23016-426: The product as a "smoke-free" and a "reduced-risk" alternative, encouraging consumers to quit smoking or switch to Iqos. This marketing approach has come under criticism. A critical review of reports submitted by PMI to the FDA in support of its application claimed that "Consumers may misunderstand what is meant by 'switching completely' [and] are likely to misunderstand the unsupported claims of reduced risk". In granting
23184-530: The reduction found varies between studies." It also noted that the evidence indicates that less nicotine was inhaled from HTPs than cigarette smoke, and exposure to mutagenic and other harmful substances is lower than with traditional cigarettes, though reduced exposure to harmful substances does not correlate with health risk severity. Even low exposure can increase the risks for cancers, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases compared to non-smokers. Lower levels of harmful emissions have been shown, but lowering
23352-515: The rights of African Americans . National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads , spurred growth in the American frontier . From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe. Most came through the port of New York City , and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish , Irish , and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to
23520-555: The risk to the smoker who transitions to using them has not been shown, as of 2018. In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity found that HTPs do not reduce exposure or potential addiction to nicotine; some of the substances inhaled from using these products are carcinogens. Physiological changes in response to heated tobacco emissions, such as multiple organ system inflammation, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis, have not been well characterised due to limited research in this area, especially in animal models. A 2018 in vitro study suggested
23688-614: The rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua , Sonoran , and Mojave deserts. In the northwest corner of Arizona , carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast . The lowest and highest points in
23856-453: The sale of flavoured heated tobacco products, including TEREA sticks. This proposal follows a “ beating cancer plan ”, to tackle the significant increase in the volumes of heated tobacco products sold across the EU. In September 2021, the U.S. International Trade Commission ruled that Philip Morris International and its commercial partner Altria must stop the sale and import of the Iqos device in
24024-471: The sensory aspects of a traditional cigarette. HTPs are battery -powered systems that produce nicotine-containing emissions by heating tobacco. For this purpose, tobacco sticks are placed in a corresponding heater and heated to about 250–350 °C (around 500 °F), which result in nicotine-containing emissions that are inhaled via a mouthpiece with a filter segment. HTPs are hybrids between electronic and conventional cigarettes: they are equipped with
24192-573: The six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Space Force . The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime. The United States spent $ 916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the largest amount of any country , making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of
24360-595: The smoldered charcoal past processed tobacco containing more than 50 percent glycerin to create an aerosol . In 1989, after spending $ 325 million, R. J. Reynolds pulled the Premier from the market after the American Medical Association and other organizations recommended that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restrict it or classify it as a drug. The Premier product concept
24528-545: The sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor . They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , which created the Guard and provides for
24696-543: The states are also represented by local elected governments , which are administrative divisions of the states. States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents , and further divided into municipalities . The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C. . The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government. Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has
24864-510: The structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The U.S. Constitution is the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789). Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances . The three-branch system
25032-438: The success of tobacco control, including the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , may also have led the tobacco companies to consider alternative products to protect their profits and political interests. T.L. Caputi suggests that the ubiquity of e-cigarettes and the growing dissatisfaction with not providing a "throat-hit" may present an opportunity for HTPs. Philip Morris International anticipates
25200-546: The tobacco companies developed alternative tobacco products to supplement the cigarette market. The first commercial HTP was the Premier by R. J. Reynolds , a smokeless cigarette launched in 1988 and described as difficult to use. Many smokers disliked the taste, and it was not popular with users when it was test-marketed in Arizona and Missouri. It was shaped like a traditional cigarette, and required combustion to move
25368-456: The tobacco, which contains nicotine and other chemicals. HTPs may also contain additives not found in tobacco, including flavoring chemicals . HTPs generally heat tobacco to temperatures under 600 °C (1100 °F), a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes . HTPs use embedded or external heat sources, heated sealed chambers, or product-specific customized cigarettes. Whereas e-cigarettes are electronic devices that vaporize
25536-405: The use of traditional cigarettes. In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity noted that "[c]ommittees were particularly concerned for young people, who do not smoke, starting to use these products, due to the potential for longer exposure over the remainder of their lives compared to adults and to possible differences in sensitivity." The dual use of HTPs and combustible products is common. Trying an HTP
25704-518: The user and bystanders to an aerosol. The aerosol contains levels of nicotine , volatile organic compounds , and carcinogens comparable to regular cigarettes; they have also been found to contain more acenaphthene than regular cigarettes. Other traditional cigarette emission substances such as tar , nicotine, carbonyl compounds (including acetaldehyde , acrolein , and formaldehyde ), and nitrosamines are also found in HTPs. A 2017 study found
25872-582: The world's fourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado . Farther west are
26040-583: The world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024 . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and home to the United Nations headquarters . The United States is a member of the G7 , G20 , and OECD intergovernmental organizations. Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with
26208-461: The world's third-largest land area , largest exclusive economic zone , and third-largest population , exceeding 334 million. Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York , Los Angeles , and Chicago , and its three most populous states are California , Texas , and Florida . Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations and societies . British colonization led to
26376-444: The world's oldest surviving federation, and its presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization . It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ". The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document , also establishing
26544-423: The world's tornadoes occur in the country , mainly in Tornado Alley . Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country. Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest , droughts became more persistent and more severe. The regions considered as
26712-458: Was annexed in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the American Southwest . The California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of
26880-453: Was accompanied by a decrease in gene expression of specific transcription factors and blood glucose regulating hormones such as insulin and glucagon . Affected rats exhibited significant pancreatic dysfunction and glucose intolerance. Other animal studies have reported insulin resistance in adult offspring due to maternal nicotine exposure; in animal models, nicotine has also been shown to activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in
27048-703: Was adopted on July 4, 1776. The political values of the American Revolution included liberty , inalienable individual rights ; and the sovereignty of the people ; supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy , aristocracy , and all hereditary political power; civic virtue ; and vilification of political corruption . The Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , James Madison , Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired by Greco-Roman , Renaissance , and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas. The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established
27216-603: Was criticized by the World Health Organization as misleading to consumers. Philip Morris is regularly accused of circumventing laws prohibiting the promotion of tobacco by claiming that Iqos is not a tobacco product. Canada updated its tobacco laws to clearly include heated tobacco devices in the list of regulated tobacco products. In France , it was reported that Philip Morris was promoting its devices at private parties, with salespersons sometimes offering alcoholic beverages to interested customers. Philip Morris has been accused of using unregulated or illegal marketing strategies:
27384-417: Was developed further and re-launched as the Eclipse in the mid-1990s, which was available in limited distribution as of 2015 , and promoted via viral marketing . Reynolds American also introduced a brand called Revo and stated that it was a "repositioning" of the Eclipse. The Revo was withdrawn in 2015. The Steam Hot One was sold in Japan by Japan Tobacco . In October 1998, Philip Morris launched
27552-404: Was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government. His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in
27720-411: Was more frequent among adults below the age of 30 and regular traditional cigarette users. A 2015 online survey found that 6.6% of 8240 respondents had tried an HTP at least once. Research demonstrated that there is a high overlap between HTP users and female smokers. According to four epidemiological papers, 10–45 per cent of non-smokers use these products, and show the effectiveness of the marketing of
27888-417: Was the first commercially launched device under the brand name. In 2023, Iqos products had 28.6 million users in 84 countries. Among them, the United States , Canada , New Zealand , South Korea , Israel , United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , Belarus , Moldova , Georgia and most European Union countries have chosen to adopt a specific approach to supervise the sale of heated tobacco. In Canada and Israel,
28056-448: Was unavailable to support these claims. It also noted evidence that HTPs may be as dangerous as traditional cigarettes. Action on Smoking and Health in the UK stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of tobacco products. With an assorted range of electronic cigarettes devices available in
28224-402: Was very similar to the Accord. It was around the size of a mobile phone and was said to heat specially-designed cigarettes rather than burning them. The Heatbar did not obtain any significant user reception, and was discontinued after the only benefit found was to lower second-hand smoke . The Accord and Heatbar are predecessors of Philip Morris International's current HTPs. HTPs were not
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