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77-922: On 9 March 2021, China and Russia signed a “Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation Regarding Cooperation for the Construction of the International Lunar Research Station.” On 16 June 2021, Roscosmos and the China National Space Administration (CNSA) held a joint session in St. Petersburg, Russia, on the auspices of

154-424: A computer vision system in which the data from a down-facing camera, as well as 2 ranging devices, were processed using specialized software. The software controlled the final stages of descent, adjusting the attitude of the spacecraft and the throttle of its main engine. The spacecraft hovered first at 100 meters (330 feet), then at 30 meters (98 feet), as it searched for a suitable spot to set down. The Yutu rover

231-513: A directive signed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in 2008, an additional $ 2.6 billion will be allocated for its development. Due to International Space Station involvements, up to 50% of Russia's space budget is spent on the crewed space program as of 2009 . Some observers have pointed out that this has a detrimental effect on other aspects of space exploration, and that the other space powers spend much lesser proportions of their overall budgets on maintaining human presence in orbit. Despite

308-517: A re-nationalization of the "troubled space industry", with sweeping reforms including a new "unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities, acts that could lead to tens of thousands of layoffs." According to Rogozin, the Russian space sector employs about 250,000 people, while the United States needs only 70,000 to achieve similar results. He said: "Russian space productivity

385-577: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Humbulani Mudau, CEO of SANSA (the South African National Space Agency), and Chen Xiaodong, Chinese Ambassador to South Africa, acting on behalf of CNSA. The agreement will reportedly see CNSA and SANSA carry out extensive cooperation in the demonstration, implementation, operation and application of the ILRS, as well as training and other areas. On October 3, 2023, an agreement

462-831: A Moon base together, also formally invited more countries and international organizations to join their International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project being developed by the two nations, as an alternative to the American Artemis Program . China announced on April 24 the International Lunar Research Station Cooperation Organization (ILRSCO) with members including: China, Russia, South Africa, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Pakistan and Egypt.    Planned hard landing    Planned soft landing The biggest challenge in Phase I of

539-539: A docking port for visiting spacecraft. The Nauka module is the final planned component of the ISS, launch was postponed several times from the initially planned date in 2007, but attached to ISS in July 2021. Roscosmos is responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecraft and resupplies the space station with Progress space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, Roscosmos and NASA, with

616-838: A draft declaration in September 2021, together with experts from Germany , France , Italy , the Netherlands , Malaysia , Thailand and the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs . The talks took place behind closed doors. In June 2023, two more countries joined the International Lunar Research Station project, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan, as well as the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO). In July 2023, China's Deep Space Exploration Laboratory announced

693-521: A family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the R-7 , commonly known as the Soyuz rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Rokot and other Stations. Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara , as well as enhancements of

770-610: A laser altimeter provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), which mapped the lunar topography with high precision. It also used ESA’s deep space network for communication and navigation during its extended mission to the asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Chang’e 3: The first Chinese lunar lander and rover, launched in 2013. It carried a lunar ultraviolet telescope (LUT) developed by the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) and

847-487: A launch planned for 2027. It will study the lunar surface and perform reconnaissance for the future Luna 27 . Stage 1 (2026–2030): Stage 2 (2031–2035): Objectives: Roscosmos The State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos" ( Russian : Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос» , romanized :  Gosudarstvennaya korporatsiya po kosmicheskoy deyatel'nosti ), commonly known simply as Roscosmos ( Russian : Роскосмос ),

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924-537: A meeting with representatives of NPO Lavochkin involved in the development of the mission, stated that consideration was being given to recreating the Luna 25 mission with a possible launch for the second attempt slated to occur in 2025 or 2026. China sent Chang'e 6 on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from Apollo Basin on the far side of the Moon . This is China's second lunar sample return mission,

1001-459: A militia for the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In October 2023, Borisov announced the need for 150 billion rubles to build the Russian space station in the next three years. At completion in 2032, it will have absorbed 609 billion rubles. In February 2024, at the 2023 AGM , Borisov announced the loss of 180 billion rubles in export revenues, chiefly engine sales and launch services, because of

1078-534: A new generation of engineers and technicians. On 29 April 2011, Perminov was replaced with Vladimir Popovkin as the director of Roscosmos. The 65-year-old Perminov was over the legal age for state officials, and had received some criticism after a failed GLONASS launch in December 2010. Popovkin is a former commander of the Russian Space Forces and First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia. As

1155-729: A number of programs for Earth science, communication, and scientific research on the International Space Station. Roscosmos operates one science satellite ( Spektr-RG ) and no interplanetary probes, as of 2024. Future projects include the Soyuz successor, the Prospective Piloted Transport System , scientific robotic missions to one of the Mars moons as well as an increase in Lunar orbit research satellites to one ( Luna-Glob ). Roscosmos uses

1232-470: A result of a series of reliability problems, and proximate to the failure of a July 2013 Proton M launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was undertaken. The United Rocket and Space Corporation was formed as a joint-stock corporation by the government in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian space sector. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said "the failure-prone space sector

1309-463: A signatory. Computer generated renders of the base were first widely shared in April 2024. In May 2024, it was reported that Russia was considering plans to incorporate nuclear energy towards powering the station. In June 2024, Russia’s cooperation was codified into law. ILRS is a complex experimental research facility to be constructed with a possible attraction of partners on the surface and/or in

1386-667: Is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights , cosmonautics programs , and aerospace research. Originating from the Soviet space program founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It initially began as the Russian Space Agency, which was established on 25 February 1992 and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as

1463-448: Is a complex three-vector control process. The Chang'e satellites need to adjust their attitude very carefully to maintain an optimal angle towards all three bodies. During the second phase of the program, in which the spacecraft were required to soft-land on the lunar surface, it was necessary to devise a system of automatic hazard avoidance in order that the landers would not attempt to touch down on unsuitable terrain. Chang'e 3 utilized

1540-509: Is also equipped with front-facing stereo cameras and hazard avoidance technology. Chang’e 1: The first Chinese lunar orbiter, launched in 2007. It carried a European Space Agency (ESA) instrument called D-CIXS, which measured the elemental composition of the lunar surface. It also received tracking and data relay support from ESA’s ground stations in Australia and Spain. Chang’e 2: The second Chinese lunar orbiter, launched in 2010. It carried

1617-472: Is eight times lower than America's, with companies duplicating one another's work and operating at about 40 percent efficiency." Under the 2013 plan, Roscosmos was to "act as a federal executive body and contracting authority for programs to be implemented by the industry." In 2016, the state agency was dissolved and the Roscosmos brand moved to the state corporation , which had been created in 2013 as

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1694-636: Is now impossible after sanctions over the Ukraine war." Rogozin was removed from his job as CEO in July 2022, and replaced with Yury Borisov , who seemed to stabilize the relationship with the ISS partners, especially NASA. One complaint against Rogozin was his risky words about terminating the ISS agreement over the war in Ukraine, which he broadcast as early as April 2022. At one point in time NASA had bought 71 return trips on Soyuz for almost $ 4 billion over six years. The global space-launch services market

1771-498: Is responsible for downlink data reception. In 2019, China National Space Administration head Zhang Kejian announced that China is planning to build a scientific research station on the Moon's south pole "within the next 10 years". Ouyang Ziyuan , a geologist and chemical cosmologist , is the program's chief scientist. Ye Peijian serves as the program's chief commander and chief designer. Sun Jiadong , an aerospace engineer ,

1848-584: Is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems." Three days following the Proton M launch failure, the Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the [Russian] space industry as we know it." Information indicated then that the government intended to reorganize in such a way as to "preserve and enhance the Roscosmos space agency." More detailed plans released in October 2013 called for

1925-426: Is the program's general designer and Sun Zezhou is deputy general designer. The leading program manager is Luan Enjie. The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is divided into four main operational phases, with each mission serving as a technology demonstrator in preparation for future missions. International cooperation in the form of various payloads and a robotic station is invited by China. The first phase entailed

2002-597: The Chang'e Project (Chinese: 嫦娥工程 ; pinyin: Cháng'é Gōngchéng ) after the Chinese Moon goddess Chang'e , is an ongoing series of robotic Moon missions by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). The program encompasses lunar orbiters , landers , rovers and sample return spacecraft , launched using the Long March series of rockets . A human lunar landing component may have been added to

2079-768: The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), publicly introduced a preliminary plan to land two astronauts on the Moon by the year 2030 using the Mengzhou crewed spacecraft and the Lanyue crewed lunar lander. On 28 September 2024, in Chongqing , the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) unveiled the extravehicular lunar spacesuit and also solicited suggestions for a name for the suit. In 2021, China and Russia announced they will be building

2156-570: The China National Space Administration . ILRS's lab director Wu Weiren also led in-depth talks with officials from France's Thales Group , which considers the possibility for future cooperation with the Chinese space agency. On July 17, 2023, Venezuela formally joined the ILRS initiative, with its Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities signing an agreement with China's CNSA which, among other things, provided China access to Venezuelan ground stations in support of ILRS missions. On September 1, 2023,

2233-630: The International Space Station , and continued to fly Soyuz and Progress missions. In 1994, Roscosmos renewed the lease on its Baikonur cosmodrome with the government of Kazakhstan . On 31 October 2000, a Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:53 a.m. Kazakhstan time. On board were Expedition One Commander William M. (Bill) Shepherd of NASA and cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko of Roscosmos. The trio arrived at

2310-836: The RD-181 engine which is used for the Northrop Grumman Antares - Cygnus space cargo delivery system. In late March 2022, the European Space Agency (ESA) suspended cooperation with Roscosmos in the ExoMars rover mission because of the Russian invasion, and British satellite venture OneWeb signed contracts with ISRO and SpaceX to launch its satellites after friction had developed "with Moscow" and Roscosmos, its previous orbit service provider. The friction had developed over Rogozin's command that OneWeb needed to ditch its venture capital investment from

2387-481: The Space Adventures company. As of 2009, six space tourists have contracted with Roscosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $ 20 million ( USD ). Continued international collaboration in ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia, although resupply missions continued in 2022 and 2023. Roscosmos operates

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2464-489: The United Rocket and Space Corporation , with the specific mission to renationalize the Russian space sector. In 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin said "it 'is necessary to drastically improve the quality and reliability of space and launch vehicles' ... to preserve Russia's increasingly threatened leadership in space." In November 2018 Alexei Kudrin , head of Russian financial audit agency, named Roscosmos as

2541-638: The Americans. In March 2021, Roscosmos signed a memorandum of cooperative construction of a lunar base called the International Lunar Research Station with the China National Space Administration .” In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that it will be departing the ISS program after 2024. In its place, it was announced that a new space station ( Russian Orbital Service Station ) will be constructed starting in 2025. In June 2021 Rogozin complained that sanctions imposed in

2618-592: The Chang'e 6 (CE-6) orbiter was successfully captured by the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point on 9 September 2024. Pakistan sent a lunar orbiter called ICUBE-Q along with Chang'e 6. Luna 26 is a planned lunar polar orbiter. Along with the scientific payload that it would carry, it would allow for a telecom array for landed Russian assets, and Earth. The mission was announced in November 2022, and it has

2695-563: The Chang'e missions imposed strict requirements for environmental adaptability and reliability of the probes and their instruments. The high-radiation environment in Earth-Moon space required hardened electronics to prevent electromagnetic damage to spacecraft instruments. The extreme temperature range, from 130 degrees Celsius (266 degrees Fahrenheit) on the side of the spacecraft facing the Sun to −170 degrees Celsius (−274 degrees Fahrenheit) on

2772-451: The Earth, Moon and Sun. All onboard detectors must be kept facing the lunar surface in order to complete their scientific missions, communication antennas have to face the Earth in order to receive commands and transfer scientific data, and solar panels must be oriented toward the Sun in order to acquire power. During lunar orbit, the Earth, the Moon and the Sun also move, so attitude control

2849-541: The European Space Agency’s tracking station. Chang’e-5: The first mission to return lunar samples since 1976, with international cooperation in telemetry, tracking, and command from the European Space Agency, Argentina, Namibia, Pakistan, and other countries and organizations. It also carried a French magnetic field detector. Scientists from various countries, including Australia, Russia, France,

2926-691: The Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX 2021), dedicated to the presentation of the Roadmap for the creation of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). The session was attended by Sergei Saveliev, the Deputy Director General of Roscosmos for International Cooperation and Wu Yanhua, the Vice Administrator of CNSA (remotely). Roscosmos and CNSA representatives held consultations on

3003-544: The ILRS, with some being planned in the 1990s. However, their reconnaissance can still prove useful to the overall mission. Chang'e 4 achieved a soft landing on the far side of the Moon after its launch on 7 December 2018, and entering lunar orbit on 12 December as a part of China's Chinese Lunar Exploration Program . While not specifically made for the Research Station, as it was a backup module for its predecessor, Chang'e 3 , it helped with Reconnaissance for

3080-829: The International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA), which performed the first astronomical observations from the lunar surface. It also received data relay support from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) for the landing of the Chang’e 3 probe. Chang’e-4: The first mission to land and explore the far side of the Moon, with four international scientific payloads from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Saudi Arabia. It also received support from NASA’s LRO team, Russia’s radioisotope heat source, China’s deep space station in Argentina, and

3157-534: The International Space Station on 2 November, marking the start of an uninterrupted human presence on the orbiting laboratory. In March 2004, the agency's director Yuri Koptev was replaced by Anatoly Perminov , who had previously served as the first commander of the Space Forces. The Russian economy boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in

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3234-463: The Moon and during operations in lunar orbit. The distance across China from east to west is 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles), forming another challenge to TT&C continuity. At present, the combination of the TT&;C system and the Chinese astronomical observation network has met the needs of the Chang'e program, but only by a small margin. The complexity of the space environment encountered during

3311-671: The Russian Aviation and Space Agency and the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), respectively. In 2015, the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was merged with the United Rocket and Space Corporation , a government corporation, to re-nationalize the space industry of Russia , leading to Roscosmos in its current form. Roscosmos is headquartered in Moscow , with its main Mission Control Center in

3388-587: The Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion rubles (about US$ 11 billion) for the Space Agency from January 2006 until 2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period. The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about US$ 900 million), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of

3465-403: The Russian space program include the new Angara rocket family and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft. The GLONASS global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget. In 2007, GLONASS received 9.9 billion rubles ($ 360 million), and under the terms of

3542-524: The Soviet space program, Roscosmos' legacy includes the world's first satellite, the first human spaceflight, and the first space station ( Salyut ). Its current activities include the International Space Station, wherein it is a major partner. On 22 February 2019, Roscosmos announced the construction of its new headquarters in Moscow , the National Space Centre . Its Astronaut Corps is

3619-555: The Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2 and Soyuz-2-3 . Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO. 12.500 expendable 15.500 uncrewed Progress Rocket Space Centre Chinese Lunar Exploration Program The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program ( CLEP ; Chinese : 中国探月工程 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Tànyuè Gōngchéng ), also known as

3696-408: The Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. It is around the time US-based The Planetary Society entered a partnership with Roscosmos. The federal space budget for

3773-518: The UK government. On 2 May 2022, Rogozin announced that Roscosmos would terminate its involvement in the ISS with 12 months' notice as stipulated in the international contract that governs the satellite. This followed the 3 March 2022 announcement that Roscosmos would cease cooperation on scientific experiments at the Spacelab, and the 25 March 2022 announcement by Rogozin that "cooperation with Europe

3850-604: The United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, have participated in scientific research involving Chinese lunar samples. In November 2017, China and Russia signed an agreement on cooperative lunar and deep space exploration. The agreement includes six sectors, covering lunar and deep space, joint spacecraft development, space electronics, Earth remote sensing data, and space debris monitoring. Russia may also look to develop closer ties with China in human spaceflight, and even shift its human spaceflight cooperation from

3927-764: The Western hostility to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Roscosmos had lost 90% of its launch service contracts since the advent of the war. Roscosmos and Russia's space industry are facing significant challenges. The country is on track to conduct its fewest orbital launches since 1961. As of August 15, 2024, only nine launches had occurred, a sharp decline partly attributed to the loss of Western customers following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Roscosmos has reported financial losses of 180 billion rubles ($ 2.1 billion) due to canceled contracts. The agency's first deputy director indicated it may not achieve profitability until 2025. From 2024 on Roscosmos headquarters will be located in

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4004-440: The agency's leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism . Scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, and although the agency had connections with the Russian aerospace forces, its budget was not part of Russia's defense budget; nevertheless, the agency managed to operate the Mir space station well past its planned lifespan, contributed to

4081-655: The approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roscosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecraft for approximately $ 21 million per person each way, thus $ 42 million to and back from the ISS per person, as well as provide Progress transport flights, at $ 50 million per Progress as outlined in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study . Roscosmos announced that according to this arrangement, crewed Soyuz flights would be doubled to 4 per year and Progress flights doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008. Roscosmos has provided space tourism for fare-paying passengers to ISS through

4158-679: The considerably improved budget, attention of legislative and executive authorities, positive media coverage and broad support among the population, the Russian space program continues to face several problems. Wages in the space industry are low; the average age of employees is high (46 years in 2007), and much of the equipment is obsolete. On the positive side, many companies in the sector have been able to profit from contracts and partnerships with foreign companies; several new systems such as new rocket upper stages have been developed in recent years; investments have been made to production lines, and companies have started to pay more attention to educating

4235-428: The corporation for the next two years. In October, Roscosmos placed the tests of rocket engines in the engineering bureau of chemical automatics in Voronezh on hold for one month to deliver 33 tons of oxygen to local medical centers, as part of aid for the COVID-19 pandemic . In December 2021, the Government of Russia confirmed determination of the agreement with Roscosmos for development of next-gen space systems,

4312-454: The document been provided for the officials in July 2020. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Roscosmos launched nine rockets in 2022 and 7 in the first half of 2023. In early March 2022, Roscosmos under Rogozin suspended its participation in the ESA's Kourou , French Guiana spaceport in a tit-for-tat move over the sanctions imposed in the wake of the Russian invasion. As well Rogozin said he would suspend delivery of

4389-438: The first in the world's history. The Soviet space program did not have central executive agencies. Instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered; it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the Soviet Union into the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Russian Space Agency

4466-413: The first was achieved by Chang'e 5 from the lunar near side 4 years earlier. It also carried a Chinese rover called Jinchan to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface. The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024. The ascender

4543-427: The launch of two lunar orbiters , and is now effectively complete. The second phase is ongoing , and incorporates spacecraft capable of soft-landing on the Moon and deploying lunar rovers . The third phase included a lunar sample-return mission . Phase IV is the development of an autonomous lunar research station near the Moon's south pole . The Phase IV program entered active development in 2023 following

4620-466: The mission as a whole, a theme for most reconnaissance missions for the Research Station. Luna 25 was sent to the Moon by Roscosmos to deliver 30 kg of scientific payloads and instruments to the surface of the Moon. It was not planned specifically for the Research Station, with planning going back to the 1990s. However, this craft crashed on the moon due to an incorrect orbit calculation. On 25 August 2023, Roscosmos Director Yury Borisov , during

4697-403: The nearby city of Korolyov , and the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center located in Star City in Moscow Oblast . Its launch facilities include Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan , the world's first and largest spaceport, and Vostochny Cosmodrome , which is being built in the Russian Far East in Amur Oblast . Its director since July 2022 is Yury Borisov . As the main successor to

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4774-424: The new National Space Center in the Moscow district of Fili . Roscosmos is one of the partners in the International Space Station program . It contributed the core space modules Zarya and Zvezda , which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module . The Rassvet module was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis and is primarily used for cargo storage and as

4851-438: The orbit of the Moon designed for multi-discipline and multi-purpose scientific research activities, including exploration and use of the Moon, Moon-based observation, fundamental research experiments, and technology verification with the capability of long-term uncrewed operation with the prospect of subsequent human presence. Objectives: Most missions that are planned in the reconnaissance era weren't specifically planned for

4928-570: The phase-modulated orbit. These accelerations were conducted 16, 24, and 48 hours into the missions, during which several orbit adjustments and attitude maneuvers were carried out so as to ensure the probes' capture by lunar gravity. After operating in the Earth-Moon orbit for 4–5 days, each probe entered a lunar acquisition orbit. After entering their target orbits, conducting three braking maneuvers and experiencing three different orbit phases, Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2 carried out their missions. Lunar orbiters have to remain properly oriented with respect to

5005-468: The program was the operation of the TT&C system, because its transmission capability needed sufficient range to communicate with the probes in lunar orbit. China's standard satellite telemetry had a range of 80,000 kilometers (50,000 miles), but the distance between the Moon and the Earth can exceed 400,000 kilometers (250,000 miles) when the Moon is at apogee . In addition, the Chang'e probes had to carry out many attitude maneuvers during their flights to

5082-458: The program, after China publicly announced crewed lunar landing plans by the year 2030 during a conference in July 2023. The program's launches and flights are monitored by a telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) system, which uses 50-meter (160-foot) radio antennas in Beijing and 40-meter (130-foot) antennas in Kunming , Shanghai , and Ürümqi to form a 3,000-kilometer (1,900-mile) VLBI antenna. A proprietary ground application system

5159-427: The public enterprise with "the highest losses" due to "irrational spending" and outright theft and corruption , under the leadership of Igor Komarov who was terminated in May 2018 in favour of Rogozin. In 2020 Roscosmos under Rogozin reneged on its participation in Lunar Gateway , a NASA -led project that will see a lunar orbiter spaceport for the moon. It had previously signed an agreement in September 2017 with

5236-547: The side facing away from the Sun, imposed strict requirements for temperature control in the design of the detectors. Given the conditions of the three-body system of the Earth, Moon and a space probe , the orbit design of lunar orbiters is more complicated than that of Earth-orbiting satellites, which only deal with a two-body system. The Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2 probes were first sent into highly elliptical Earth orbits. After separating from their launch vehicles, they entered an Earth-Moon transfer orbit through three accelerations in

5313-476: The signing of a memorandum of understanding with Swiss company Nano-SPACE for Cooperation on the International Lunar Research Station project. On the same day, a letter of intent was also signed with the Hawaii-based, non-profit International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA Hawai'i) (which already participated in the Chang'e-3 lander mission) for cooperation on the ILRS initiative, despite earlier restrictions by U.S. Congress limiting American collaboration with

5390-402: The successful completion of the previous three phases. In 2019, China was reviewing preliminary studies for a crewed lunar landing mission in the 2030s, and possibly building an outpost near the lunar south pole with international cooperation. On 12 July 2023, at the 9th China (International) Commercial Aerospace Forum in Wuhan , Hubei province, Zhang Hailian, a deputy chief designer with

5467-433: The wake of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea were hurting Roscosmos. In September 2021, Roscosmos announced its revenue and net income, losing 25 billion roubles and 1 billion roubles respectively in 2020, due to the reduction of profit from foreign contracts, an increase in show-up pay, stay-at-home days and personnel health expenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Roscosmos, these losses would also impact

5544-462: The year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at about 82 billion rubles ($ 2.4 billion). In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles ($ 3.8 bln) in the national space programs. The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles. The budget for the whole space program is 169.8 billion rubles. ($ 5.6 bln). By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles. Priorities of

5621-424: Was formed on 25 February 1992, by a decree of President Yeltsin . Yuri Koptev , who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin , became the agency's first director. In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of authority as the powerful design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation and to survive. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999

5698-462: Was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, and later completed another robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was transferred to the returner, which landed in Inner Mongolia on 25 June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission. After dropping off the return samples for Earth,

5775-533: Was not made by the agency, but by the private shareholder board of the Energia design bureau. Another example is that the decision to develop the new Angara rocket was rather a function of Khrunichev 's ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency. The 1990s saw serious financial problems due to the decreased cash flow, which encouraged the space agency to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in

5852-608: Was signed between China's CNSA and Azerbaijan's Azercosmos regarding the latter's entry into the International Lunar Research Station Program. Azercosmos director Samaddin Asadov signed the agreement at the 74th International Astronautical Conference, held in Baku. In April 2024, Thailand and Turkey applied to join the ILRS. Thailand has since joined, but Turkey has not yet officially become

5929-482: Was valued at $ 12.4 billion in 2021 and was forecast to reach $ 38 billion by decade's end. An American academic wrote that in the wake of the Russian invasion, Roscosmos' share of that market was likely to decline in favour of new entrants such as Japan and India, as well as commercial entrants like SpaceX and Blue Origin . In June 2023, Roscosmos held a campaign to recruit volunteers for the Uran Battalion ,

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