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158-603: Oberhausen is known today for its extensive thematic programmes such as "Memories Can't-Wait. Film without Film" (2014), "The Language of Attraction. Trailers between Advertising and the Avant-garde" (2019), "Solidarity as Disruption" (2021/22) or "Synchronize. Pan-African Film Networks" (2022). The festival also offers visitors a well-equipped Video Library, operates a non-commercial short-film distribution service and owns an archive of short films from over 70 years of cinema history. The International Short Film Festival Oberhausen

316-554: A blend of machine and cinema , arose when the concept spread beyond the Quake series to other games and software. After this generalization, machinima appeared in mainstream media, including television series and advertisements. Machinima has advantages and disadvantages when compared to other styles of filmmaking . Its relative simplicity over traditional frame-based animation limits control and range of expression. Its real-time nature favors speed, cost saving, and flexibility over

474-612: A cease-and-desist order. The AMAS has attempted to negotiate solutions with video game companies, arguing that an open-source or reasonably priced alternative would emerge from an unfavorable situation. Unlike The Movies , some dedicated machinima software programs, such as Reallusion's iClone , have licenses that avoid claiming ownership of users' films featuring bundled assets. Generally, companies want to retain creative control over their intellectual properties and are wary of fan-created works, like fan fiction . However, because machinima provides free marketing, they have avoided

632-529: A modification of Quake II that provided cel-shaded animation . The following year, Tommy Pallotta directed "In the Waiting Line" for the British group Zero 7 . He told Computer Graphics World , "It probably would have been quicker to do the film in a 3D animated program. But now, we can reuse the assets in an improvisational way." Scenes of the game Postal 2 can be seen in the music video of

790-533: A non-profit organization dedicated to promoting machinima, recognizes exemplary productions through Mackie awards given at its annual Machinima Film Festival. Some general film festivals accept machinima, and game companies, such as Epic Games , Valve , Blizzard Entertainment and Jagex , have sponsored contests involving it. 1980s software crackers added custom introductory credits sequences (intros) to programs whose copy protection they had removed. Increasing computing power allowed for more complex intros, and

948-498: A Camper was created, no software tools existed to edit demo files into films. Rangers clan member Eric "ArchV" Fowler wrote his own programs to reposition the camera and to splice footage from the Quake demo file. Quake movie editing software later appeared, but the use of conventional non-linear video editing software is now common. For example, Phil South inserted single, completely white frames into his work No Licence to enhance

1106-448: A blurred line between producer and consumer against concerns that game copyrights limit commercialization and growth of machinima. Comparatively, machinimists using pre-made virtual platforms like Second Life have indicated that their productions can be made quite successfully with no cost at all. Creators like Dutch director Chantal Harvey, producer of the 48 Hour Film Project Machinima sector, have created upwards of 200 films using

1264-425: A character in real-time, as in a multiplayer game. The director can use built-in camera controls, if available. Otherwise, video is captured from the perspectives of one or more puppeteers who serve as camera operators. Puppetry allows for improvisation and offers controls familiar to gamers, but requires more personnel than the other methods and is less precise than scripted recordings. However, some games, such as

1422-612: A character's head was independent; real-time needs would likely force them to be treated as a single unit. Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd argue that improvement in consumer-grade graphics technology will allow more realism. Similarly, Paul Marino connects machinima to the increasing computing power predicted by Moore's law . For cut scenes in video games, issues other than visual fidelity arise. Pre-rendered scenes can require more digital storage space, weaken suspension of disbelief through contrast with real-time animation of normal gameplay, and limit interaction. Like live action, machinima

1580-554: A cycle of constant transmission, supplement and update, which requires people to keep learning to adapt to the changes in the outside world. At the same time, he believes that adult learners should not only learn for the needs of work and survival, but also have the opportunity to enrich themselves. He insists that adult education is an inspiring life-changing tool. Adult education should not only help people improve their skills and abilities in work, but also guide people to find happiness outside work. Otherwise, Lindeman also proposed that

1738-594: A decade. Then-parent Warner Bros. Discovery (formed from the sale of WarnerMedia from AT&T into a Reverse Morris Trust merger with Discovery, Inc. in 2021. ) would gauge interest in Red vs. Blue , and the studio's other intellectual property (including RWBY , and Gen:Lock ). Within the timeframe between Machinima Inc., and Rooster Teeth's respective closures, Australian animator Luke Lerdwichagul would gain prominence from his Super Mario 64 and Garry's Mod -based comedy series, SMG4 . He would eventually form

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1896-464: A defense, but the issue has never been tested in court. A potential problem with this defense is that many works, such as Red vs. Blue , focus more on satire , which is not as explicitly protected by fair use as parody . Berkeley adds that, even if machinima artists use their own assets, their works could be ruled derivative if filmed in a proprietary engine. The risk inherent in a fair-use defense would cause most machinima artists simply to yield to

2054-446: A detailed account of the process by which the artists at MAGE Magazine produce their videos. "Organizing for a photo shoot is similar to organizing for a film production. Once you find the actors / models, you have to scout locations, find clothes and props for the models and type up a shooting script. The more organized you are the less time it takes to shoot the scene." Because game animations focus on dramatic rather than casual actions,

2212-507: A different theme each year, most recently "The Language of Attraction. Trailers between Advertising and the Avant-garde" (2019), "Solidarity as Disruption" (2021/22) or "Against Gravity. The Art of Machinima ." (2023). The festival also maintains a Video Library featuring a large selection of recent international short films, regularly mounts, among others, profile programmes dedicated to individual artists and Market Screenings for international distributors of avant-garde film, and each year, hosts

2370-610: A discussion series called "Podium". Due to the Corona pandemic in 2020, the festival organised its 66th edition entirely online, making it the first exclusively digital film festival in Germany. With over 2,500 festival passes sold and users in nearly 100 countries, the new format proved far more successful than expected. This was followed in 2021, too, by another all-digital festival edition. The 67th International Short Film Festival Oberhausen took place online from 1 May to 10. In ten days,

2528-430: A fear of failure. Institutional barriers include challenges that the college provides in relation to admission, admission requirements, and financial aid requirements from the education facility. Other institutional barriers include the lack of evening and weekend hours from administrative offices such as financial aid, bursar, or academic advising. The lack of evening and weekend hours impedes these students from receiving

2686-466: A few years, machinima films were almost exclusively distributed in common video file formats. Machinima began to receive mainstream notice. Roger Ebert discussed it in a June 2000 article and praised Strange Company's machinima setting of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's sonnet " Ozymandias ". At Showtime Network 's 2001 Alternative Media Festival, the ILL Clan 's 2000 machinima film Hardly Workin' won

2844-599: A filmmaker. Short film is a great first step for a budding filmmaker. That’s how I made my beginnings, and Oberhausen was an important step on my path to become a director. Today, the Festival is a qualifying festival for the short film Academy Awards and the BAFTA Awards. It is also a nominating festival for the European Film Prize ; in addition, an expert jury annually nominates a children's film for

3002-406: A game engine) and repurposes it to tell a story, but another common practice in machinima-making is to retell an existing story from a different medium in that engine. This re-appropriation of established texts, resources, and artistic properties to tell a story or make a statement is an example of a semiotic phenomenon known as intertextuality or resemiosis. A more common term for this phenomenon

3160-709: A game's fictional universe or story are automatically licensed to Microsoft and its business partners. This prevents legal problems if a fan and Microsoft independently conceive similar plots. A few weeks later, Blizzard Entertainment posted on WorldofWarcraft.com their "Letter to the Machinimators of the World", a license for noncommercial use of game content. It differs from Microsoft's declaration in that it addresses machinima specifically instead of general game-derived content, allows use of game audio if Blizzard can legally license it, requires derivative material to meet

3318-475: A healthier community. When surveying adult education programs in Japan, Nojima found that classes focusing on hobbies and very specific recreational activities were by far the most popular. The author noted that more time, money and resources needed to be in place so participants would be able to take advantage of these types of activities. Withnall explored the influences on later life learning in various parts in

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3476-564: A horror film based on the work of H. P. Lovecraft (although Quake I was also based on the Lovecraft lore). A later example is Damien Valentine's series Consanguinity , made using BioWare 's 2002 computer game Neverwinter Nights and based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Another genre consists of experimental works that attempt to push the boundaries of game engines. One example, Fountainhead's Anna ,

3634-708: A key role in meeting UNESCO's commitment to monitor and report on countries' implementation of the Belém Framework for Action. This Framework was adopted by 144 UNESCO Member States at the Sixth International Conference on Adult Learning and Education (CONFINTEA VI), which was held in Belém, Brazil, in 2009. In the Belém Framework for Action, countries agreed to improve ALE across five areas of action: policy; governance; financing; participation, inclusion and equity; and quality. According to

3792-466: A live-action independent film. In contrast, the four Xbox game consoles used to make Red vs. Blue in 2005 cost $ 600. The low cost caused a product manager for Electronic Arts to compare machinima to the low-budget independent film The Blair Witch Project , without the need for cameras and actors. Because these are seen as low barriers to entry , machinima has been called a "democratization of filmmaking". Berkeley weighs increased participation and

3950-402: A longer attention span, and more discipline. Adult learners are also educating themselves out of choice, as opposed to children who are forced to attend school. Finally, adults are likely to have increased anxiety in a classroom, because with ageing they "are more likely to experience this fear of failure, which can heighten [their] anxiety, especially if [their] experience of education in the past

4108-467: A medium of negotiation for players. In August 2007, Microsoft issued its Game Content Usage Rules, a license intended to address the legal status of machinima based on its games, including the Halo series. Microsoft intended the rules to be "flexible", and, because it was unilateral , the license was legally unable to reduce rights. However, machinima artists, such as Edgeworks Entertainment , protested

4266-427: A model of self-directed learning. In Knowles's view, self-directed learning is a process. Individuals will actively diagnose their learning needs, propose learning goals, select and implement appropriate learning strategies, and evaluate learning results. This learning model makes them think that they are the masters of learning, thus encouraging the confidence of adult learners to learn actively. Functional illiteracy

4424-459: A need to participate. Yet, employers' view was apparent that they tended to support high-educated because they were more trainable than the low-educated. Therefore, the participation of the less-educated was low since they could not get promotions from their employers. Finally, adults who come from a better socio-economic background tend to participate more in AE programs. The OECD data showed that higher

4582-519: A new way to look at the game, and compare Battlefield 1942 machinima creators to the Harlem Globetrotters . Built-in features for video editing and post-recording camera positioning in Halo 3 were expected to facilitate gameplay-based machinima. MMORPGs and other virtual worlds have been captured in documentary films , such as Miss Galaxies 2004 , a beauty pageant that took place in

4740-629: A popular comedy series Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles . The series' second season premiered at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 2004. In January 2019, Machinima, Inc., which had shifted its focus away from machinima-based content into general video game-related fare in its later years, abruptly discontinued their YouTube channels, with all their videos set to private. This came shortly after then-parent company Warner Bros. (via its owner, Time Warner )

4898-462: A programme as well as extra expenditures for learning such as clothes, food, transportation and other school necessities (textbooks and stationaries). It is well known that adults less educated, low-skilled and unemployed are less likely to participate in education/learning. For the unemployed, it is obvious that cost can hinder their participation in education. And those lacking education and skills must be paid low salaries. In this way, cost could be

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5056-504: A recording of Scott playing through the game Half Life as a player normally would and combining it with a voiceover (also recorded by Scott) to emulate an inner monologue of the normally voiceless protagonist Gordon Freeman . Scott portrays Freeman as a snarky, sociopathic character who makes frequent references to works and texts including science fiction , horror films , action movies , American history , and renowned novels such as Moby Dick . These references to works outside

5214-420: A response demanding strict copyright enforcement. In 2003, Linden Lab was praised for changing license terms to allow users to retain ownership of works created in its virtual world Second Life . Rooster Teeth initially tried to release Red vs. Blue unnoticed by Halo ' s owners because they feared that any communication would force them to end the project. However, Microsoft, Bungie's parent company at

5372-600: A shift towards a narrow focus on vocational skills, undermining the transformative potential of adult education. Looking to the future, adult learning needs to extend beyond labor market needs, connecting career change and reskilling to broader educational reforms. Lifelong learning should be reconceptualized as transformative and responsive to societal changes. It is crucial to address the participation and inclusion of vulnerable groups, appreciate informal learning, embrace digital means of participation, and promote scientific literacy while combating misinformation. Adult education plays

5530-722: A similar level of education as children, yet they differ in strengths of different skills. The difficulty in many countries is that education systems cater to children, the problem with this being that the adult brain works and learns in a very different manner to a child's developing brain. Teaching a 6-year-old how to write is a very different process to teaching a 30-year-old with similar writing skills. Several things must be taken into consideration when teaching adults as opposed to children. Although functionally illiterate adults have similar literacy functionality to developing children, they differ greatly in how they retain information. Adult learners have much more independence in performing tasks,

5688-551: A specific philosophy about learning and teaching based on the assumption that adults can and want to learn, that they are able and willing to take responsibility for the learning, and that the learning itself should respond to their needs. Driven by what one needs or wants to learn, the available opportunities, and the manner in which one learns, adult learning is affected by demographics, globalization and technology. The learning happens in many ways and in many contexts just as all adults' lives differ. Adult learning can be in any of

5846-456: A stable life. These criteria are the same for children, yet finding stability for adults can be more difficult. In many cases, adult learners have a job or have to support themselves, which adds increased pressure in addition to education. Support is also necessary in the success of adult learning. This means having a work or classroom environment that makes one feel comfortable. Feeling comfortable means feeling as though one has emotional support in

6004-427: A vital role in enhancing competencies, fostering responsibility, understanding changing paradigms, and shaping a just and sustainable world, emphasizing intergenerational solidarity. Global Reports on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) are a series of reports that monitor progress on Adult Learning and Education (ALE), promote action, identify trends in the field of ALE, and explore solutions to challenges. GRALE play

6162-471: Is " parody ", but not all of these intertextual productions are intended for humor or satire, as demonstrated by the Few Good G-Men video. Furthermore, the argument of how well-protected machinima is under the guise of parody or satire is still highly debated. A piece of machinima may be reliant upon a protected property, but may not necessarily be making a statement about that property. Therefore, it

6320-489: Is a portmanteau of the words machine and cinema . According to Guinness World Records , machinima is the art of making animated narrative films from computer graphics , most commonly using the same engines used by video games . Machinima-based artists, sometimes called machinimists or machinimators , are often fan laborers , by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials (see below). Machinima offers to provide an archive of gaming performance and access to

6478-466: Is a misspelled portmanteau of machine cinema ( machinema ) which was intended to dissociate in-game filming from a specific engine . The new site featured tutorials, interviews, articles, and the exclusive release of Tritin Films' Quad God . The first film made with Quake III Arena , Quad God was also the first to be distributed as recorded video frames, not game-specific instructions. This change

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6636-402: Is a powerful tool for social activists. Through adult education, the personal code of conduct and cultural knowledge of adult learners should be improved to gradually improve the social atmosphere and order. The principles of andragogy flow directly from an understanding of the characteristics of adults as learners and can be recognized when we understand the characteristics of adults, and see

6794-408: Is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self-educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. It can mean any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling, encompassing basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner, and to ensure the fulfillment of an individual. In particular, adult education reflects

6952-447: Is a short film that focuses on the cycle of life and is reminiscent of Fantasia . Other productions go farther and completely eschew a 3-D appearance. Friedrich Kirschner's The Tournament and The Journey deliberately appear hand-drawn, and Dead on Que's Fake Science resembles two-dimensional Eastern European modernist animation from the 1970s. Another derivative genre termed machinima verite , from cinéma vérité , seeks to add

7110-483: Is a suboptimal solution and that, though limited and "idiosyncratic", the Microsoft and Blizzard licenses move towards an ideal video gaming industry standard for handling derivative works. Just as machinima can be the cause of legal dispute in copyright ownership and illegal use, it makes heavy use of intertextuality and raises the question of authorship . Machinima takes copyrighted property (such as characters in

7268-560: Is available, as in Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption , changes may need to be verified in additional runs, and non-linear editing may be difficult. In this respect, Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd compare scripting to stop-motion animation. Another disadvantage is that, depending on the game, scripting capabilities may be limited or unavailable. Matinee, a machinima software tool included with Unreal Tournament 2004 , popularized scripting in machinima. When Diary of

7426-399: Is irrelevant and inadequate supplies of trainings/activities. In other words, AE programs and courses do not always suit the needs of adult learners. It, therefore, is also important for educational planners to recognize that AE opportunities available may not always suit the learner's need. Deterrents related to an individual's internal issues tend to be reported in lowest rate. For example,

7584-412: Is more accurate to refer to it simply as resemiosis, because it takes an artistic work and presents it in a new way, form, or medium. This resemiosis can be manifested in a number of ways. The machinima-maker can be considered an author who restructures the story and/or the world that the chosen game engine is built around. In the popular web series Red vs. Blue , most of the storyline takes place within

7742-409: Is often a social policy of the government. Continuing education can help adults maintain certifications, fulfill job requirements and stay up to date on new developments in their field. Also, the purpose of adult education can be vocational, social, recreational or for self-development. One of its goals may be to help adult learners satisfy their personal needs and achieve their professional goals. With

7900-501: Is recorded in real-time, and real people can act and control the camera. Filmmakers are often encouraged to follow traditional cinematic conventions, such as avoiding wide fields of view , the overuse of slow motion , and errors in visual continuity . Unlike live action, machinima involves less expensive, digital special effects and sets , possibly with a science-fiction or historical theme. Explosions and stunts can be tried and repeated without monetary cost and risk of injury, and

8058-402: Is referred to as andragogy to distinguish it from the traditional school-based education for children – pedagogy . Unlike children, adults are seen as more self-directed rather than relying on others for help. Adults are mature and therefore have knowledge and have gained life experiences which provide them a foundation of learning. An adult's readiness to learn is linked to their need to have

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8216-424: Is related to the relevance of learning to adult life, and that they bring an ever-expanding experience that can serve as a learning resource. Andragogy proposes the following six main assumptions about adults as learners: Further, Knowles suggests that these characteristics should be taken into consideration when designing programs for adults as well as facilitating their learning process. Also, Knowles proposes

8374-427: Is seen as a part of their social network. In recent studies, the friendships that are made between adults seem to have an increasing effect on their social structure as a whole. The development of social networks and support was found to be a key motivation of adult learners. As editor of a book entitled Adult Education and Health, Leona English claims that including health education as part of adult education makes for

8532-410: Is the inability to use reading, writing, and calculation abilities to contribute to the development of one's own personal growth and societal growth. This has become more and more common in adults, and although functional illiterates can still contribute to society, it limits their social and economic status. In contrast to being illiterate, where a person is unable to read and write, functional illiteracy

8690-457: Is when a person who has these skills is unable to use them in everyday life. For example, a functional illiterate person may be able to read and write a basic sentence, but tasks such as filling out a job application, reading a doctor prescription or filling out basic everyday calculations becomes difficult. Studies have shown that these limitations affect language and cognitive skills. Adults have many responsibilities that they must balance against

8848-504: The Halo series , (except for Halo PC and Custom Edition, which allow AI and custom objects and characters), allow filming only through puppetry. According to Marino, other disadvantages are the possibility of disruption when filming in an open multi-user environment and the temptation for puppeteers to play the game in earnest, littering the set with blood and dead bodies. However, Chris Burke intentionally hosts This Spartan Life in these unpredictable conditions, which are fundamental to

9006-518: The Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences . An August 2007 screening at a Star Trek convention in Las Vegas was the first time that CBS/Paramount had approved the screening of a non-parody fan film at a licensed convention. In January 2000, Hugh Hancock , the founder of Strange Company, launched a new website, machinima.com . Coined by Anthony Bailey in a May 1998 email to Hancock, the term

9164-471: The Civil Rights Movement . Contemporary commitments to racial justice in adult education include initiatives in the workplace. and beyond The primary purpose of adult education is to provide a second chance for those who are poor in society or who have lost access to education for other reasons in order to achieve social justice and equal access to education. Therefore, adult education

9322-599: The ECFA (European Children's Film Association) Short Film Award. During the long history of the Oberhausen festival, many careers got off to a successful start. A few of the filmmakers and artists who showed their early works in Oberhausen: [REDACTED] Media related to Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen at Wikimedia Commons Adult education Adult education , distinct from child education ,

9480-774: The Entertainment Software Rating Board 's Teen content rating guideline, defines noncommercial use differently, and does not address extensions of fictional universes. Hayes states that, although licensees' benefits are limited, the licenses reduce reliance on fair use regarding machinima. In turn, this recognition may reduce film festivals' concerns about copyright clearance. In an earlier analogous situation, festivals were concerned about documentary films until best practices for them were developed. According to Hayes, Microsoft and Blizzard helped themselves through their licenses because fan creations provide free publicity and are unlikely to harm sales. If

9638-437: The ILL Clan 's Apartment Huntin' and the Quake done Quick group's Scourge Done Slick . Quake II demo editors became available in 1998. In particular, Keygrip 2.0 introduced "recamming", the ability to adjust camera locations after recording. Paul Marino called the addition of this feature "a defining moment for [m]achinima". With Quake II filming now feasible, Strange Company 's 1999 production Eschaton: Nightfall

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9796-476: The Oberhausen Manifesto , pronouncing the "old" film dead and declaring their aspiration to create a new kind of German film. The 1960s then culminated in a 1968 scandal surrounding Hellmuth Costard's film Besonders wertvoll , in which a talking penis criticized the new Film Funding Act of 1967. Responding to an objection issued by the public prosecutor's office, the festival removed the film from

9954-459: The Rangers , surprised the Quake community with Diary of a Camper , the first widely known machinima film. This short, 100-second demo file contained the action and gore of many others, but in the context of a brief story, rather than the usual deathmatch. An example of transformative or emergent gameplay , this shift from competition to theater required both expertise in and subversion of

10112-445: The demoscene formed when focus shifted to the intros instead of the cracks. The goal became to create the best 3-D demos in real-time with the least amount of software code. Disk storage was too slow for this, so graphics had to be calculated on the fly and without a pre-existing game engine . In Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 computer game Stunt Island , users could stage, record, and play back stunts. As Nitsche stated,

10270-400: The operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers. The purpose of adult education in

10428-404: The "manipulation of a vocabulary" and this can be demonstrated in the creation of machinima. When using a game world to create a story, the author is influenced by the engine. For example, since so many video games are built around the concept of war, a significant portion of machinima films also take place in war-like environments. Intertextuality is further demonstrated in machinima not only in

10586-595: The Best Experimental and Best in SHO awards. Steven Spielberg used Unreal Tournament to test special effects while working on his 2001 film Artificial Intelligence: A.I. Eventually, interest spread to game developers. In July 2001, Epic Games announced that its upcoming game Unreal Tournament 2003 would include Matinee, a machinima production software utility. As involvement increased, filmmakers released fewer new productions to focus on quality. At

10744-807: The Black Eyed Peas single " Where Is the Love? ". In television, MTV features video game characters on its show Video Mods . Among World of Warcraft players, dance and music videos became popular after dancing animations were discovered in the game. Others use machinima in drama. These works may or may not retain signs of their video game provenance. Unreal Tournament is often used for science fiction and Battlefield 1942 for war, but some artists subvert their chosen game's setting or completely detach their work from it. In 1999, Strange Company used Quake II in Eschaton: Nightfall ,

10902-487: The Campaign Trail with Larry & Lenny Lumberjack and talk show Tra5hTa1k with ILL Will , the ILL Clan blended real and virtual performance by creating the works on-stage and interacting with a live audience. In another combination of real and virtual worlds, Chris Burke's talk show This Spartan Life takes place in Halo 2 ' s open multiplayer environment. There, others playing in earnest may attack

11060-668: The Federal Republic of Germany, France and the USA were featured. At the 4th West German Educational Film Festival in 1958, the motto "Way to the Neighbour" was introduced, and the festival continued until 1997. In 1959, the "West German Short Film Festival" was rechristened. Oberhausen soon made a political name, chiefly because many films produced in the Eastern Bloc could only be viewed in Oberhausen. This situation led to

11218-653: The IALS showed that the least deterrent was lack of self-confidence. Also, the Eurobarometer survey indicated that adults’ perception of being too old to learn was the least significant deterrent. Moreover, perceived deterrents are differentiated into social groups. Johnstone and Rivera found that older adults faced more dispositional barriers such as low self-confidence and too late for being learners. Also, younger adults and women were more experienced with situational barriers such as cost and child care arrangements. Among

11376-510: The IALS, there is no a statistically significant difference between men and women in AE. However, the average participation rate of men was a bit higher than women. It was 38.7% for men and 37.9% for women. The Eurobarometer survey shows a similar result to the IALS data. Specifically the average participation of males was 35%; while, it was 30% for females. Women's low participation is mainly resulted from family burdens and lack of financial support. However, an opposite tendency can be observed in

11534-634: The March 2002 Game Developers Conference , five machinima makers—Anthony Bailey, Hugh Hancock, Katherine Anna Kang , Paul Marino, and Matthew Ross—founded the AMAS, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting machinima. At QuakeCon in August, the new organization held the first Machinima Film Festival , which received mainstream media coverage. Anachronox: The Movie , by Jake Hughes and Tom Hall, won three awards, including Best Picture. The next year, " In

11692-514: The QML awarded seven Quake Movie Oscars; and Clan Undead's Operation Bayshield , which introduced simulated lip synchronization and featured customized digital assets . Released in December 1997, id Software's Quake II improved support for user-created 3-D models. However, without compatible editing software, filmmakers continued to create works based on the original Quake . These included

11850-503: The Quake Movie Library (QML). Production was supported by dedicated demo-processing software, such as Uwe Girlich's Little Movie Processing Center (LMPC) and David "crt" Wright's non-linear editor Keygrip, which later became known as " Adobe Premiere for Quake demo files". Among the notable films were Clan Phantasm's Devil's Covenant , the first feature-length Quake movie; Avatar and Wendigo's Blahbalicious , which

12008-614: The Tunnel under the Atlantic , 21h long, was followed in 1997 by Inside the Paris New-Delhi Tunnel (13h long). Only short excerpts were presented to the public. The complex behavior of the Tunnel's virtual director makes it a significant precursor of later application to video games based machinimas. Doom ' s 1996 successor, Quake , offered new opportunities for both gameplay and customization, while retaining

12166-460: The U.K. Results were similar in that later in life education afforded these older adults opportunities to socialize. Some experts claim that adult education has a long-term impact on the economy and that there is a correlation between innovation and learning at the workplace. Recently, adult education has gained recognition and importance in broader educational policies which emphasise inclusive and equitable education for all. However, there has been

12324-479: The US is the lack of professional development opportunities for adult educators . Most adult educators come from other professions and are not well trained to deal with adult learning issues. Most of the positions available in this field are only part-time without any benefits or stability since they are usually funded by government grants that might last for only a couple of years. However, in some countries, which contain

12482-497: The US. A study based on National Household Education Survey [NCES] in 2001 revealed that although gender difference did not exist much, females were more likely to participate in AE than males in the US. The participation rate was 49% for women and 43% for men. Educational attainment is determined as the most important factor in predicting participation in AE. It is known that those with higher levels of educational attainment participate more in AE programs. The IALS showed that there

12640-435: The Waiting Line ", produced by Ghost Robot , directed by Tommy Pallotta and animated by Randy Cole, utilizing Fountainhead Entertainment's Machinimation tools, it became the first machinima music video to air on MTV . As graphics technology improved, machinima filmmakers used other video games and consumer-grade video editing software . Using Bungie 's 2001 game Halo: Combat Evolved , Rooster Teeth Productions created

12798-410: The ability to record demos. Multiplayer video games became popular, and demos of matches between teams of players ( clans ) were recorded and studied. Paul Marino , executive director of the AMAS, stated that deathmatches , a type of multiplayer game, became more "cinematic". At this point, however, they still documented gameplay without a narrative. On October 26, 1996, a well-known gaming clan,

12956-521: The acclimation process to the culture of the United States as well as other English speaking countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Eduard C. Lindeman was the first expert who gave a systematic account of adult education. In his theory of education, education is regarded as a lifelong process. He pointed out that due to the constant development and change of social life and the surrounding environment, knowledge, and information are in

13114-612: The advanced systems of adult education, professional development is available through post-secondary institutions and provide professional development through their ministry of education or school boards and through nongovernmental organizations. In addition, there are programs about adult education for existing and aspiring practitioners offered, at various academic levels, by universities, colleges, and professional organizations. Adult educators have long maintained commitments to racial justice and other forms of social justice struggle. which included extensive work at Freedom Schools during

13272-488: The animated software introductions of the 1980s demoscene , Disney Interactive Studios ' 1992 video game Stunt Island , and 1990s recordings of gameplay in first-person shooter (FPS) video games, such as id Software 's Doom and Quake . Originally, these recordings documented speed runs —attempts to complete a level as quickly as possible—and multiplayer matches . The addition of storylines to these films created " Quake movies". The more general term machinima ,

13430-478: The application of their education to their professional or personal experiences. When instructors recognize their students' characteristics, they can develop lessons that address both the strengths and the needs of each student. Adults that are motivated, have confidence, and positive self-esteem are more likely to develop into lifelong learners. In fast- developing countries , the qualifications of adults fall far behind those of young people, and may no longer match

13588-542: The assets' copyright holder, an arrangement that can be complicated by separate publishing and licensing rights. The software license agreement for The Movies stipulates that Activision , the game's publisher, owns "any and all content within... Game Movies that was either supplied with the Program or otherwise made available... by Activision or its licensors..." Some game companies provide software to modify their own games, and machinima makers often cite fair use as

13746-444: The character models, props, vehicles, and settings. Yet Burnie Burns and the machinima team at Rooster Teeth created an extensive storyline of their own using these game resources. The ability to re-appropriate a game engine to film a video demonstrates intertextuality because it is an obvious example of art being a product of creation-through-manipulation rather than creation per se. The art historian Ernst Gombrich likened art to

13904-713: The characters' faces. To prevent confusion, Rooster Teeth's characters move slightly when speaking, a convention shared with anime. Some machinima creators use custom software. For example, Strange Company uses Take Over GL Face Skins to add more facial expressions to their characters filmed in BioWare's 2002 role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights . Similarly, Atussa Simon used a "library of faces" for characters in The Battle of Xerxes . Some software, such as Epic Games' Impersonator for Unreal Tournament 2004 and Valve 's Faceposer for Source games, have been provided by

14062-514: The cinemas again (26 April - 1 May). Besides organizing the festival, Oberhausen operates a non-commercial short film distribution service, and its archive holds short films from over 70 years of film history. I smoked my first cigarette here. For years, I saw every single film at the Westdeutsche Kurzfilmtage, looking forward to those days in Oberhausen every year. These events were important for me, for my decision to become

14220-442: The classroom, and having a space where asking for guidance is encouraged rather than shamed. Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways given that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated, unless required to participate by an employer. The practice of adult education

14378-483: The companies had instead sued for copyright infringement, defendants could have claimed estoppel or implied license because machinima had been unaddressed for a long time. Thus, these licenses secured their issuers' legal rights. Even though other companies, such as Electronic Arts , have encouraged machinima, they have avoided licensing it. Because of the involved legal complexity, they may prefer to under-enforce copyrights. Hayes believes that this legal uncertainty

14536-412: The company would close over the next several months. In an email, he cited reasons for the shutdown including "fundamental shifts in consumer behavior and monetization across platforms, advertising, and patronage", with it being reported that the number of subscribers to Rooster Teeth's "First" service had dropped to around one-quarter of their peak and that Rooster Teeth as a whole had been unprofitable for

14694-427: The company. An opinion piece from Wired UK blamed the company's collapse on an "obvious misunderstanding of what Machinima actually was, or what traditional media companies were even buying when they purchased a [content network]", with the possibility of future machinima distribution networks of that size emerging being slim. On March 6, 2024, Rooster Teeth general manager Jordan Levin notified employees that

14852-431: The cost and time deterrents. However, Milana suggested that busy workload and family responsibilities can be associated with the time barrier, otherwise time barrier itself is a vague concept. Adults feel they do not have time to learn because they are busy at work and home. Thus, the time barrier should be considered in line with family and job commitments. After above-mentioned deterrents, another mostly reported deterrent

15010-404: The creation of an artistic work end up being used intertextually in the creation of machinima. Another way that machinima demonstrates intertextuality is in its tendency to make frequent references to texts, works, and other media just like TV ads or humorous cartoons such as The Simpsons might do. For example, the machinima series Freeman's Mind , created by Ross Scott, is filmed by taking

15168-482: The demands of learning. Because of these responsibilities, adults have barriers and challenges against participating in learning and continuing their education. The barriers can be classified into three groups including institutional , situational, and dispositional . Some situational barriers include the lack of time balancing career and family demands, the higher cost of education, and transportation. Dispositional barriers include lack of confidence, embarrassment, and

15326-712: The developer. Another solution is to blend in non-machinima elements, as nGame did by inserting painted characters with more expressive faces into its 1999 film Berlin Assassins . It may be possible to point the camera elsewhere or employ other creative cinematography or acting. For example, Tristan Pope combined creative character and camera positioning with video editing to suggest sexual actions in his controversial film Not Just Another Love Story . New machinima filmmakers often want to use game-provided digital assets , but doing so raises legal issues. As derivative works , their films could violate copyright or be controlled by

15484-503: The development of economy and the progress of society, the requirement of human quality has been raised. In the 1960s, the proposition of " lifelong education " was put forward, which led to the change of contemporary educational concepts. Therefore, its ultimate goal might be to achieve human fulfillment. The goal might also be to achieve an institution's needs. For example, this might include improving its operational effectiveness and productivity. A larger scale goal of adult education may be

15642-518: The earliest Quake movies by introducing narrative conventions of linear media and sketch comedy reminiscent of the television show Saturday Night Live , the New-York-based ILL Clan further developed the genre in machinima through works including Apartment Huntin' and Hardly Workin' . Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles chronicles a futile civil war over five seasons and 100 episodes. Marino wrote that although

15800-455: The economy. Adult education provides opportunities for personal growth, goal fulfillment & socialization. Chris McAllister's research of semi-structured interviews with older adult learners shows a motivation to communicate with people and to get out of the house to keep mentally active. Researchers have documented the social aspects of older adult education. Friendship was described as an important aspect of adult learning. The classroom

15958-544: The festival has given film and video equal standing in its competitions. In 1999, Oberhausen introduced the first film festival award for music videos anywhere in the world, known as the "MuVi", which is still today awarded exclusively to directors for the visual quality of their clips. With the rise of video art, more and more films made by artists have found their way into festival programmes. Today, Oberhausen presents short films and videos from various formal, cultural and social backgrounds. Large-scale special programmes take up

16116-528: The festival inaugurated a new competition category in 1978. The 1970s also witnessed a wave of new festivals: ousted from the cinema, the short form found new screening options in the festival arena. In the late 1980s, video and new media gradually emerged at Oberhausen. With the subsidence of the East/West conflict that had shaped the festival's early years, its role as a "window to the East" slowly faded. Now,

16274-403: The festival was almost double its usual length and presented three new online competitions for the first time (International Online Competition, German Online Competition, and Muvi International Award). In 2022, the festival returned to the cinemas with a hybrid edition, playing exclusively online from 29 April to 3 May and in the cinemas from 4 to 10 May. In 2023, the festival played exclusively in

16432-555: The festival's profile as mediator and trailblazer between the worlds of short film and advertising clip, music video , industrial film , and video art – often subsumed under the generic term avant-garde – came to the fore. In 1991, the festival was renamed the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, the name it still bears today. That same year, Oberhausen introduced the nation's first competition for German short films. Since 1993,

16590-607: The festival's rapid ascent and reputation as a "short film mecca". As early as the 1950s, however, visitors were also treated to works by young filmmakers from the West, such as François Truffaut , Norman McLaren , Alain Resnais , Bert Haanstra , and Lindsay Anderson . At the fourth festival 1958, 190 films from 29 countries had already been included. At the eighth festival in 1962, a group of young German filmmakers, among them Alexander Kluge , Peter Schamoni and Edgar Reitz , issued

16748-457: The form of college or university is distinct. In these institutions, the aim is typically related to personal growth and development as well as occupation and career preparedness. Adult education that focuses specifically on the workplace is often referred to as human resource development . Another goal might be to not only sustain the democratic society, but to even challenge and improve its social structure. A common problem in adult education in

16906-420: The former category, gameplay and stunt machinima began in 1997 with Quake done Quick . Although not the first speedrunners , its creators used external software to manipulate camera positions after recording, which, according to Lowood, elevated speedrunning "from cyberathleticism to making movies". Stunt machinima remains popular. Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd state that Halo: Combat Evolved stunt videos offer

17064-472: The game engine of Halo: Combat Evolved and its subsequent sequels. Halo: Combat Evolved has an extensive storyline already, but Red vs. Blue only ever makes mention of this storyline once in the first episode. Even after over 200 episodes of the show being broadcast onto the Internet since 2003, the only real similarities that can be drawn between Red vs. Blue and the game-world it takes place in are

17222-489: The game's goal was "not ... a high score but a spectacle." Released the following year, id Software 's Doom included the ability to record gameplay as sequences of events that the game engine could later replay in real-time. Because events and not video frames were saved, the resulting game demo files were small and easily shared among players. A culture of recording gameplay developed, as Henry Lowood of Stanford University said, "a context for spectatorship.... The result

17380-431: The game's mechanics. The Ranger demo emphasized this transformation by retaining specific gameplay references in its story. Diary of a Camper inspired many other " Quake movies," as these films were then called. A community of game modifiers (modders), artists, expert players, and film fans began to form around them. The works were distributed and reviewed on websites such as The Cineplex, Psyk's Popcorn Jungle, and

17538-544: The game, often triggered by events within the game, are prime examples of the densely intertextual nature of machinima. Nitsche and Lowood describe two methods of approaching machinima: starting from a video game and seeking a medium for expression or for documenting gameplay ("inside-out"), and starting outside a game and using it merely as animation tool ("outside-in"). Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd similarly distinguish between works that retain noticeable connections to games, and those closer to traditional animation. Belonging to

17696-517: The gradual loss of seniority, learning ability and performance. Since older adults are rarely offered a promotion from their employers, and the cost would be an obstacle for participation, they are unable to take the courses even if they wanted to take part in programmes. Moreover, lack of motivation and unavailability of learning opportunities could be additional reasons of older adults' low-participation). Findings of previous research are quite mixed when participation in AE comes to gender. According to

17854-464: The growth of society by enabling its citizens to keep up with societal change and maintain good social order. One fast-growing sector of adult education is English for speakers of other languages (ESOL), also referred to as English as a second language (ESL) or English language learners (ELL). These courses are key in assisting immigrants with not only the acquisition of the English language, but

18012-578: The higher quality of pre-rendered computer animation. Virtual acting is less expensive, dangerous, and physically restricted than live action . Machinima can be filmed by relying on in-game artificial intelligence (AI) or by controlling characters and cameras through digital puppetry . Scenes can be precisely scripted, and can be manipulated during post-production using video editing techniques. Editing, custom software, and creative cinematography may address technical limitations. Game companies have provided software for and have encouraged machinima, but

18170-570: The host environment may allow unrealistic physical constraints. University of Cambridge experiments in 2002 and 2003 attempted to use machinima to re-create a scene from the 1942 live-action film Casablanca . Machinima filming differed from traditional cinematography in that character expression was limited, but camera movements were more flexible and improvised. Nitsche compared this experiment to an unpredictable Dogme 95 production. Berkeley sees machinima as "a strangely hybrid form, looking forwards and backwards, cutting edge and conservative at

18328-602: The host or his interviewee. Although other virtual theatrical performances have taken place in chat rooms and multi-user dungeons , machinima adds "cinematic camera work". Previously, such virtual cinematic performances with live audience interaction were confined to research labs equipped with powerful computers. Machinima can be less expensive than other forms of filmmaking. Strange Company produced its feature-length machinima film BloodSpell for less than £ 10,000. Before using machinima, Burnie Burns and Matt Hullum of Rooster Teeth Productions spent US$ 9,000 to produce

18486-584: The independent animation studio Glitch Productions with his brother, Kevin, while continuing to work on the series. The AMAS defines machinima as "animated filmmaking within a real-time virtual 3-D environment". In other 3-D animation methods, creators can control every frame and nuance of their characters but, in turn, must consider issues such as key frames and inbetweening . Machinima creators leave many rendering details to their host environments, but may thus inherit those environments' limitations. Second Life Machinima film maker Ozymandius King provided

18644-480: The information. Their orientation to learn is problem-centered rather than subject-centered. Their motivation to learn is internal. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of

18802-410: The less educated, one's low-confidence regarding the learning ability could be the main deterrent. Adult education can have many benefits ranging from better health and personal well-being to greater social inclusion. It can also support the function of democratic systems and provide greater opportunities for finding new or better employment. Adult education has been shown to have a positive impact on

18960-492: The license after discussion with Hugh Hancock and an attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation . The rules allow noncommercial use and distribution of works derived from Microsoft-owned game content, except audio effects and soundtracks. The license prohibits reverse engineering and material that is pornographic or otherwise "objectionable". On distribution, derivative works that elaborate on

19118-403: The look and feel of software and hardware that may already have become obsolete or even unavailable. For game studies , "Machinima's gestures grant access to gaming's historical conditions of possibility and how machinima offers links to a comparative horizon that informs, changes, and fully participates in videogame culture." The practice of using graphics engines from video games arose from

19276-455: The most frequently reported deterrents. Large sampled (nationwide and international) surveys on barriers to participation such as a study of National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the US, IALS and Eurobarometer indicated that time and cost were the main deterrents for adults. Moreover, some empirical studies discovered time and cost as the most cited deterrents through studying various groups of adults. Cost includes tuition fee of

19434-681: The most influential deterrent. Even employed adults seem not wanting to invest money for a course, but they could attend if their employers supported them financially. For the time barrier, most adults involved in the above-mentioned studies reported that they could not participate in educational activities due to lack of time. Adults tended to say that they were busy with their daily routines. Apart from cost and time deterrents, family and job commitments are other most commonly cited deterrents. The large sampled surveys and empirical studies as mentioned earlier revealed that adults tended to report family and job responsibilities as deterrents and rated right after

19592-404: The most recent estimates, the global youth literacy rate is 91%, meaning 102 million youth lack basic literacy skills . In low-income countries, one in three young people still cannot read. Machinima Machinima ( IPA : / m ə ˈ ʃ iː n ɪ m ə , - ˈ ʃ ɪ n -/ ) is the use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production. The word "machinima"

19750-483: The most valuable resource for adult learners is the learner's experience. He believes that the purpose of adult education is to give meaning to all kinds of experience. Experience can enhance learners' autonomous learning and cognitive ability. In addition, Lindeman believes that adult education is an important means of improving society. The basic function of adult education is to promote the physical and mental development of adult learners. He argues that adult education

19908-438: The necessary information for their retention and academic success. Distance and/or online learning can also address some problems with adult education that cause these barriers. Meanwhile, research illustrates that understanding the motivations and barriers of adult learners can increase their enrollment and retention. Additional research shows that adult learners are more motivated in the classroom when they can clearly identify

20066-465: The non-participant group. Reason of low or non-participation of the less-educated can be explained from perspectives of individual and employers. Individual point illustrated that low self-confidence regarding the learning, which mainly derived from previous bad educational experiences, could be a major obstacle for the less-educated. Apart from low self-confidence, those less-educated might not perceive their need of participation or might actually not have

20224-433: The novelty of Quake movies was waning. New productions appeared less frequently, and, according to Marino, the community needed to "reinvent itself" to offset this development. Borg War , a 90-minute animated Star Trek fan film, was produced using Elite Force 2 (a Quake III variant) and Starfleet Command 3, repurposing the games' voiceover clips to create a new plot. Borg War was nominated for two "Mackie" awards by

20382-433: The official programme, after which many German filmmakers withdrew their works. Oberhausen emerged from the crisis with an amended set of regulations, including a public selection procedure for German films. In the 1970s, the women's movement was a touchstone at the festival, with young filmmakers such as Chantal Akerman and Helma Sanders-Brahms showing their first films in Oberhausen. With its Children's and Youth Cinema,

20540-794: The parent' educational level could produce the higher participation rate. Summarizing above findings, people, those are young and men, with high levels of education, high-status of jobs are more likely to take part in any form of education and training. On the contrary, typical non-participants tend to be women, older, less educated, and coming from poor socio-economic backgrounds. In addition, less-skilled, unemployed, immigrants, language minorities, and rural residents are less likely to participate in AE programmes. Deterrents are characteristics that explain why adults respond in negative manners to participate in education and learning. Deterrents faced by adults are multifaceted, including both external and internal factors. However, cost and time have been remained as

20698-577: The platform. Harvey's advocacy of the genre has resulted in the involvement of film director Peter Greenaway who served as a juror for the Machinima category and gave a keynote speech during the event. Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd list four main methods of creating machinima. From simple to advanced, these are: relying on the game's AI to control most actions, digital puppetry , recamming, and precise scripting of actions. Although simple to produce, AI-dependent results are unpredictable, thus complicating

20856-443: The prohibitions on extending Microsoft's fictional universes (a common component of fan fiction) and on selling anything from sites hosting derivative works. Compounding the reaction was the license's statement, "If you do any of these things, you can expect to hear from Microsoft's lawyers who will tell you that you have to stop distributing your items right away." Surprised by the negative feedback, Microsoft revised and reissued

21014-476: The range of character emotions is often limited. However, Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd state that a small range of emotions is often sufficient, as in successful Japanese anime television series. Another difference is that machinima is created in real time, but other animation is pre-rendered. Real-time engines need to trade quality for speed and use simpler algorithms and models. In the 2001 animated film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within , every strand of hair on

21172-691: The re-appropriation of content but in artistic and communicatory techniques. Machinima by definition is a form of puppetry , and thus this new form of digital puppetry employs age-old techniques from the traditional artform. It is also, however, a form of filmmaking , and must employ filmmaking techniques such as camera angles and proper lighting. Some machinima takes place in online environments with participants, actors, and " puppeteers " working together from thousands of miles apart. This means other techniques born from long-distance communication must also be employed. Thus, techniques and practices that would normally never be used in conjunction with one another in

21330-445: The realization of a preconceived film script. For example, when Rooster Teeth produced The Strangerhood using The Sims 2 , a game that encourages the use of its AI, the group had to create multiple instances of each character to accommodate different moods. Individual instances were selected at different times to produce appropriate actions. In digital puppetry, machinima creators become virtual actors. Each crew member controls

21488-973: The requirements of a developed economy . This implies strong potential demand for the education and training of adults. This demand needs to be met through flexible modes of study which are suitable for adults, avenues of access that recognize informal prior learning, and the supports necessary for adults with limited formal education to succeed in further study. Previous research findings suggest that as adults get older, they are less likely to participate in AE (adult education). The International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), nationally representative samples of adults aged 16–65 in 23 OECD countries, has found that older age groups had lower participation rates than younger age groups. Particularly, adults aged 16 to 25 were on average about three times more likely to participate than older adults aged 56 to 65. Eurobarometer survey, national representative samples of adult aged 15 to 65 of European Union countries, also revealed that adults in

21646-504: The same time". Machinima is a digital medium based on 3-D computer games, but most works have a linear narrative structure . Some, such as Red vs. Blue and The Strangerhood , follow narrative conventions of television situational comedy . Nitsche agrees that pre-recorded ("reel") machinima tends to be linear and offers limited interactive storytelling while machinima has more opportunities performed live and with audience interaction. In creating their improvisational comedy series On

21804-498: The series' humor was rooted in video games, strong writing and characters caused the series to "transcend the typical gamer". An example of a comedy film that targets a more general audience is Strange Company's Tum Raider , produced for the BBC in 2004. Machinima has been used in music videos, of which the first documented example is Ken Thain's 2002 "Rebel vs. Thug", made in collaboration with Chuck D . For this, Thain used Quake2Max,

21962-517: The show. Other works filmed using puppetry are the ILL Clan's improvisational comedy series On the Campaign Trail with Larry & Lenny Lumberjack and Rooster Teeth Productions' Red vs. Blue . In recamming, which builds on puppetry, actions are first recorded to a game engine's demo file format, not directly as video frames. Without re-enacting scenes, artists can then manipulate the demo files to add cameras, tweak timing and lighting, and change

22120-515: The surroundings. This technique is limited to the few engines and software tools that support it. A technique common in cutscenes of video games, scripting consists of giving precise directions to the game engine . A filmmaker can work alone this way, as J. Thaddeus "Mindcrime" Skubis did in creating the nearly four-hour The Seal of Nehahra (2000), the longest work of machinima at the time. However, perfecting scripts can be time-consuming. Unless what-you-see-is-what-you-get ( WYSIWYG ) editing

22278-604: The three contexts: The World Bank 's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work argues that adult learning is an important channel to help readjust workers' skills to fit in the future of work and suggests ways to improve its effectiveness. In a study, Greenberg compared the orthographic and phonological skills of functionally illiterate adults and children. The study found that although functionally illiterate adults performed similarly in reading tasks, children were more successful in vocabulary and spelling tests. This means that functional illiterate adults are at

22436-440: The three youngest age groups examined (ages 15–24, ages 25–39, and ages 40–54) were more likely to participate in AE than age group of 55+. Moreover, the Eurobarometer survey shows that participation rate declined from younger to older adults. Participation rate of European countries was 59% for adults aged 15–24. The rate began to decline 38% for adults aged 25–39 and it also fell down to 31% for adults aged 40–54. Participation rate

22594-459: The time, contacted the group shortly after episode 2, and allowed them to continue without paying licensing fees. A case in which developer control was asserted involved Blizzard Entertainment's action against Tristan Pope's Not Just Another Love Story . Blizzard's community managers encouraged users to post game movies and screenshots, but viewers complained that Pope's suggestion of sexual actions through creative camera and character positioning

22752-639: The video game approach, in the media art field, Maurice Benayoun 's Virtual Reality artwork The Tunnel under the Atlantic (1995), often compared to video games, introduced a virtual film director, fully autonomous intelligent agent, to shoot and edit in real time a full video from the digging performance in the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Museum of Contemporary art in Montreal. The full movie, Inside

22910-635: The virtual world of Star Wars Galaxies . Footage was distributed in the cover disc of the August 2004 issue of PC Gamer . Douglas Gayeton 's Molotov Alva and His Search for the Creator documents the title character's interactions in Second Life . Gaming-related comedy offers another possible entry point for new machinima producers. Presented as five-minute sketches, many machinima comedies are analogous to Internet Flash animations . After Clan Undead's 1997 work Operation Bayshield built on

23068-504: The visual impact of explosions. In the post-production of Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles , Rooster Teeth Productions added letterboxing with Adobe Premiere Pro to hide the camera player's heads-up display . Machinima creators have used different methods to handle limited character expression. The most typical ways that amateur-style machinima gets around limitations of expression include taking advantage of speech bubbles seen above players' heads when speaking, relying on

23226-435: The visual matching between a character's voice and appearance, and finding methods available within the game itself. Garry's Mod and Source Filmmaker include the ability to manipulate characters and objects in real-time, though the former relies on community addons to take advantage of certain engine features, and the latter renders scenes using non-real-time effects. In the Halo video game series, helmets completely cover

23384-609: The way those characteristics influence how adults learn best. Teachers who follow the principles of andragogy when choosing materials for training and when designing program delivery, find that their learners progress more quickly, and are more successful in reaching their goals. Malcolm Knowles introduces andragogy as the central theory of adult learning in the 1970s, defining andragogy as “the art and science of helping adults learn. Knowles's andragogy theory helps adults use their experiences to create new learning from previous understandings. Knowles believes that preparation for learning

23542-464: The widespread use of digital assets from copyrighted games has resulted in complex, unresolved legal issues. Machinima productions can remain close to their gaming roots and feature stunts or other portrayals of gameplay. Popular genres include dance videos, comedy, and drama. Alternatively, some filmmakers attempt to stretch the boundaries of the rendering engines or to mask the original 3-D context. The Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences (AMAS),

23700-515: Was 17% for adults above 55. Reason of why older adults' participation declined relates mainly to lack of promotion and support. When people get old, their chances to take promotion for any AE programs are reduced. In many OECD and European countries, employers often support their workers to attend in AE programs since they consider that workers with higher-educated and skilled are crucial indicators of development for companies. Therefore, older adults cannot get promotions from their employers because of

23858-499: Was a clear relationship between previous educational attainment and participation in AE. The data found those with low educational background were less likely to participate in OECD countries. Specifically, the participation rate was 57.6% for adults who completed college or university education; while, it was 15.5% for adults who did not complete high school. The Eurobarometer survey also showed that 87% of low-educated people belonged to

24016-467: Was acquired by AT&T ; leading to the subsequent formation of WarnerMedia . On February 1, 2019, Machinima officially announced that it had laid off its 81 employees and ceased remaining operations. The company stated that certain employees were being retained to work for AT&T's Otter Media holding company, and that Russell Arons was "assisting with transitional activities as she explores new opportunities". The closure resulted in 81 layoffs from

24174-551: Was founded in 1954 by the director of the Oberhausen Volkshochschule ( adult education centre), Hilmar Hoffmann , in association with the Filmclub Oberhausen under the name "1st West German Educational Film Festival". The event was initially geared toward fulfilling an educational policy mandate, and the motto chosen for the first festival was "Cultural Film – Route to Education". 45 films from

24332-470: Was initially controversial among machinima producers who preferred the smaller size of demo files. However, demo files required a copy of the game to view. The more accessible traditional video format broadened Quad God ' s viewership, and the work was distributed on CDs bundled with magazines. Thus, id's decision to protect Quake III ' s code inadvertently caused machinima creators to use more general solutions and thus widen their audience. Within

24490-420: Was not always positive." These all contribute to a difference in the way adults need to be taught. There are ways that adults are able to gain confidence in a classroom. Taming anxiety in a classroom comes down to two things: comfort and support. Comfort can be found by fulfilling Maslow's hierarchy of needs . Maslow's hierarchy of needs highlights the importance of getting enough rest, eating healthy, and having

24648-410: Was nothing less than a metamorphosis of the player into a performer." Another important feature of Doom was that it allowed players to create their own modifications , maps , and software for the game, thus expanding the concept of game authorship. In machinima, there is a dual register of gestures: the trained motions of the player determine the in-game images of expressive motion. In parallel of

24806-440: Was pornographic. Citing the user license agreement, Blizzard closed discussion threads about the film and prohibited links to it. Although Pope accepted Blizzard's right to some control, he remained concerned about censorship of material that already existed in-game in some form. Discussion ensued about boundaries between MMORPG player and developer control. Lowood asserted that this controversy demonstrated that machinima could be

24964-431: Was the first work to feature entirely custom-made character models. The December 1999 release of id's Quake III Arena posed a problem to the Quake movie community. The game's demo file included information needed for computer networking ; however, to prevent cheating, id warned of legal action for dissemination of the file format. Thus, it was impractical to enhance software to work with Quake III . Concurrently,

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