Misplaced Pages

#952047

135-422: At the beginning of the 20th century, German steel production was four times greater than that of France. While it was reduced to half its pre-war amount after the defeat of 1918, by 1929 it had once again attained its 1913 level. Meanwhile, France almost tripled its pre-war level, but still could not reach German levels. It was highly dependent on German coke: due to its low quality and carbon level, French coal (from

270-571: A European Securities and Markets Authority investigation for its response to the scandal. An investigation by the Intercept , the Nation , and DeSmog found that FT is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the fossil fuel industry. Journalists who cover climate change for FT are concerned that conflicts of interest with the companies and industries that caused climate change and obstructed action will reduce

405-628: A centrist to centre-right liberal , neo-liberal , and conservative-liberal newspaper. The Financial Times is headquartered in Bracken House at 1 Friday Street, near the city's financial centre, where it maintains its publishing house, corporate centre, and main editorial office. The FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February

540-714: A hard Brexit . In respect of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , FT commentator Martin Wolf expressed support for Ukraine. Two years before the invasion of Ukraine by Russia , the FT offered an interview to the Russian President Vladimir Putin . The interview received praise, as it offered an unusual access to the Russian leader's thinking. President Putin used the interview to state his opinions about

675-430: A "New Newsroom" project to integrate the newspaper more closely with FT.com. At the same time it announced plans to cut the editorial staff from 525 to 475. In August 2006 it announced that all the required job cuts had been achieved through voluntary layoffs. A number of former FT journalists have gone on to high-profile jobs in journalism, politics and business. Robert Thomson , previously the paper's US managing editor,

810-635: A 50% shareholding in The Economist , which was sold to the Agnelli family for £469 million. Related publications include the Financial Times , FT.com, FT Search Inc., the publishing imprint FT Press and numerous joint ventures. In November 2013 it agreed to sell Mergermarket , an online intelligence reporting business, to the London private equity investor BC Partners. In addition, the FT Group has

945-616: A Conservative peer), John Kingman (former head of UKFI and a banker at Rothschild's ), George Graham ( RBS banker), Andrew Balls (head of European portfolio management at PIMCO ) and Jo Johnson (former Conservative Member of Parliament for Orpington ). The FT publishes a Saturday edition of the newspaper titled the Financial Times Weekend . It consists of international economic and political news, Companies & Markets , Life & Arts , House & Home and FT Magazine . HTSI (originally How to Spend It )

1080-832: A German corporate, focusing on the lead author of the FT series, Dan McCrum . The Public prosecutor's office in Munich subsequently launched an investigation. After the formal complaint of an investor, Wirecard and the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), the responsible state's attorney announced investigations into several FT journalists. On 22 June 2020 and after 18 months of investigations and an external audit, Wirecard announced that €1.9 billion worth of cash reported in its accounts "may not exist". The company subsequently filed for insolvency . BaFin itself became subject of

1215-644: A German lawyer who had fought in World War I, declared a separate Rhineland Republic on 1 June 1919, but he had little support and it quickly failed. He was equally unsuccessful later in the year when he tried to make the Rhineland a separate state within Germany. Lack of popular support also brought a quick end to an unrelated attempt in 1923 to set up a separatist government under the French garrison. One reason for

1350-533: A business-related game called "In the Pink" (a phrase meaning "in good health", also a reference to the colour of the newspaper and to the phrase "in the red" meaning to be making a loss). Each player was put in the virtual role of Chief Executive and the goal was to have the highest profit when the game closes. The winner of the game (the player who makes the highest profit) was to receive a real monetary prize of £10,000. The game ran from 1 May to 28 June 2006. In 2019,

1485-614: A company that brought together all German steel producers and those of the Saarland. Another precedent of the cartel was an agreement on 12 March 1926 between rail producers, the International Rail Makers Association (IRMA). Its members were Germany, Belgium, France and the United Kingdom. Disputes between the French and German governments during the negotiations over a trade agreement stalled

SECTION 10

#1732782937953

1620-542: A financial information company that provides sales and market intelligence for investment professionals in North America, Europe and Asia. FT Knowledge is an associated company which offers educational products and services. FT Knowledge has offered the "Introducing the City" course (which is a series of Wednesday night lectures and seminars, as well as weekend events) during each autumn and spring since 2000. FT Predict

1755-469: A financial newspaper, it does also contain TV listings, weather and other more informal articles. In 2021 and 2022, the outlet began focusing more on the cryptocurrency industry, launching a Digital Assets Dashboard, publishing multi-asset crypto indexes, starting a Cryptofinance newsletter dedicated to digital assets, and recruiting more journalists to cover the sector. About 110 of its 475 journalists are outside

1890-494: A former defence correspondent and Lex columnist, was chief executive of the publishing company CMP before becoming chief executive of TSL Education, publisher of the Times Educational Supplement . David Jones, at one time the FT ' s Night Editor, then became Head of IT. He was a key figure in the newspaper's transformation from hot metal to electronic composition and then onto full-page pagination in

2025-406: A joint venture with a German publishing firm, Gruner + Jahr . In January 2008 the FT sold its 50% stake to its German partner. FT Deutschland never made a profit and is said to have accumulated losses of €250 million over 12 years. It closed on 7 December 2012. The Financial Times launched a new weekly supplement for the fund management industry on 4 February 2002. FT fund management (FTfm)

2160-505: A limited number of free articles during any one month before asking them to pay. Four years later the FT launched its HTML5 mobile internet app. Smartphones and tablets now drive 12% of subscriptions and 19% of traffic to FT.com. In 2012, the number of digital subscribers surpassed the circulation of the newspaper for the first time and the FT drew almost half of its revenue from subscriptions rather than advertising. The FT has been available on Bloomberg Terminal since 2010 and on

2295-536: A metaphor for Germany's post-war "subjection" by the victorious Allies. The propaganda, which peaked in 1920–1921, roused enough internal and international criticism for the German government to reduce its support and rein in the most racist elements. By the time of the Ruhr occupation in early 1923, this particular part of the propaganda campaign had been significantly scaled back. The British occupation zone around Cologne

2430-402: A one-page consumer goods feature in the newspaper, which was edited by Sheila Black, the FT 's first female journalist, a former actor. To celebrate its 15th anniversary, FT launched the online version of this publication on 3 October 2009. Some media commentators were taken aback by the online launch of a website supporting conspicuous consumption during the financial austerity of

2565-430: A personal finance magazine and website; "FT Money", a weekly personal finance supplement in "FT Weekend"; FT Wealth , a magazine for the global high-net-worth community and FTfm, a weekly review of the global fund management industry, Money Management and FT Adviser . The institutional segment includes: The Banker , This Is Africa , fDi Intelligence and Professional Wealth Management (PWM). Money-Media,

2700-475: A policy (then most unusual in Fleet Street ) of direct recruitment of new university graduates, mainly from Oxbridge, as its trainee journalists. Many of them proceeded to have distinguished careers elsewhere in journalism and British public life and became the mainstay of the paper's own editorial strengths until the 1990s. The first such 'direct recruit' was future leading British economist Andrew Shonfield;

2835-699: A prominent focus on financial journalism and economic analysis rather than generalist reporting , drawing both criticism and acclaim. It sponsors an annual book award and publishes a " Person of the Year " feature. The paper was founded in January 1888 as the London Financial Guide before rebranding a month later as the Financial Times . It was first circulated around metropolitan London by James Sheridan , who, along with his brother and Horatio Bottomley , sought to report on city business opposite

SECTION 20

#1732782937953

2970-465: A rapidly growing steel industry driven by domestic demands but marked by inequalities in the size of companies and access to resources and waterways, intending to make these differences complementary. The German quota was set below the proportion of production figures, while the Belgian quota was set above this proportion, a solution adopted for political reasons. The quotas were intended to preserve all

3105-461: A reporter for the Financial Times generated a controversy about the editorial independence of the paper from outside political pressure. The controversy followed the withdrawal by the newspaper's editor of an opinion piece by FT 's Brussels correspondent Mehreen Khan that was critical of French President Emmanuel Macron 's policy towards Muslim minorities in France. The piece was withdrawn from

3240-527: A result of German default on its reparations obligations; for that part of the occupation, see §The Ruhr , below. The Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (IARHC), which had its headquarters in Koblenz, was led by Paul Tirard , the French high commissioner. It was conceived as a civil authority independent of the governments supporting it. Because the United States Senate did not ratify

3375-712: A revival during this period due to the Locarno Treaties , signed on 16 October 1925 in Locarno : Germany officially renounced any modifications of its western (but not its eastern) border. This gained the trust of the French, who in 1926 declared themselves in favour of Germany joining the League of Nations . German steel-makers founded the Rohstahlgemeinschaft ("crude steel company") in November 1924,

3510-596: A second attempt to settle the issue of German reparations, the Allies agreed to evacuate the Rhineland by 30 June 1930, five years before the date set in the Treaty of Versailles. The occupation zone that included Koblenz was evacuated in November 1929, and the last of the occupying troops withdrew from the Mainz zone on 30 June 1930. The evacuation was followed by bloody German settlements with separatists who had cooperated with

3645-492: A separate arm of Financial Publishing, delivers a range of digital information services for fund management professionals around the globe, including: Ignites, Ignites Europe, Ignites Asia, FundFire and BoardIQ. Financial Publishing includes publications ( Pensions Expert and Deutsche Pensions & Investmentnachrichten ) and events ( Investment Expert ) for the European pensions industry. The group also publishes MandateWire,

3780-739: A special department within the Ministry of the Interior to handle matters relating to the occupied territories. In August 1923, the department became the cabinet-level Reich Ministry for the Occupied Territories . It was tasked with safeguarding German interests in dealing with he occupying powers, including the IARHC, and with representing the interests of the occupied territories in the Berlin government. Separatist agitation took place in

3915-434: A struggle for national liberation with the goal of achieving an early withdrawal of the occupation forces. The campaign was aimed in part at winning over world opinion. In hundreds of publications it used images such as those of starving German children to rouse anger against France. The language was sometimes quite exaggerated, as for example the following from the time of the Ruhr occupation: Are we still willing to tolerate

4050-450: A unit called FT Specialist, which is a provider of specialist information on retail, personal and institutional finance segments. It publishes The Banker , Money Management and FT Adviser (a publication targeted to the financial intermediary market), fDi Intelligence and Professional Wealth Management (PWM). In 2013, FT Specialist acquired a majority stake in medical publisher Endpoints News. The Financial Times Group announced

4185-404: A year later by Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, each with their own production quota. The European agreement took on a truly global dimension in 1929, through an agreement with American, British and Canadian companies, and later with the accession of Japanese and Swedish producers. The cartel determined production quotas trimestrially via a rigorous measurement of national quotas, derived from

International Steel Agreement - Misplaced Pages Continue

4320-416: Is 20,5 million tons. Since the 1920s, international cartel agreements had become numerous. Some European governments saw in them a first step towards closer economic cooperation between countries. In this spirt, the German chancellor Gustav Stresemann declared his wish that "other branches, without stopping at national borders, would follow the example of the steel industry". Political cooperation saw

4455-408: Is a weekly magazine published with FT Weekend . Founded and launched by Julia Carrick with Lucia van der Post as founding editor, its articles concern luxury goods such as yachts , mansions , apartments , horlogerie , haute couture and automobiles , as well as fashion and columns by individuals in the arts, gardening, food, and hotel and travel industries. How to Spend It started in 1967 as

4590-563: Is an editorial service on forecasted economic events hosted by the Financial Times that allows users to buy and sell contracts based on future financial, political and news-driven events by spending fictional Financial Times Dollars (FT$ ). Based on the assumptions displayed in James Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds , this contest allows people to use forecasted economic events to observe future occurrences while competing for weekly and monthly prizes. The Financial Times also ran

4725-513: Is independent from its editorial board, and it is considered a newspaper of record . Due to its history of economic commentary, the FT publishes a variety of financial indices , primarily the FTSE All-Share Index . Since the late 20th century, its typical depth of coverage has linked the paper with a white-collar , educated, and financially literate readership. Because of this tendency, the FT has traditionally been regarded as

4860-490: Is often characterised by its light-pink (salmon) newsprint . It is supplemented by its lifestyle magazine ( FT Magazine ) , weekend edition ( FT Weekend ) and some industry publications. The editorial stance of the Financial Times centres on economic liberalism , particularly advocacy of free trade and free markets . Since its founding, it has supported liberal democracy , favouring classically liberal politics and policies from international governments; its newsroom

4995-540: Is published in London. The name of the magazine was changed in 2022 from How to Spend It to HTSI . The FT advocates free markets , and is in favour of globalisation . During the 1980s, it supported Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan 's monetarist policies. It has supported the UK Labour Party in the past, including at the general election in 1992 when Neil Kinnock was Labour leader. The FT 's editorials tend to be pro-European . The FT

5130-574: The Financial News . The succeeding half-century of competition between the two papers eventually culminated in a 1945 merger , led by Brendan Bracken , which established it as one of the largest business newspapers in the world. Globalisation from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries facilitated editorial expansion for the FT , with the paper adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons , readers' letters , book reviews, technology articles and global politics features. The paper

5265-484: The 2024 United States presidential election . On 23 July 2015, Nikkei, Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times Group, a division of Pearson plc since 1957, for £844m (US$ 1.32 billion) and the acquisition was completed on 30 November 2015. Under the transaction agreement, Pearson retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei. Until August 2015 the FT group had

5400-542: The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later BP ), British-American Tobacco , Lever Brothers (later Unilever ) and Shell . The oil and financial sectors were included decades later. The FTSE All-Share Index , the first of the FTSE series of indices, was created in 1962, comprising the largest 594 UK companies by market capitalisation. The letters F-T-S-E represented that FTSE was a joint venture between

5535-611: The FT to reverse course and back Labour from 1992 until 2010 , when the FT returned to the Conservative Party. Euroscepticism further drove a wedge between the FT and the Conservatives in 2019 , when the paper refused to make an endorsement, opposed to Labour's socialist economic policies (for wanting to "reverse, not revise, the Thatcherite revolution of the 1980s") and the Conservatives' commitment to

International Steel Agreement - Misplaced Pages Continue

5670-408: The FT website on the same day as its publication. President Macron subsequently published a letter in the FT directly responding to the arguments of the original opinion piece, even if the original opinion piece was no longer available on the website of the newspaper. The editor of the FT , Roula Khalaf , who took the decision to withdraw the initial article, acknowledged having been contacted by

5805-729: The FTSE 350 Index , the FTSE SmallCap Index , the FTSE AIM UK 50 Index and FTSE AIM 100 Index as well as the FTSE AIM All-Share Index for stocks, and the FTSE UK Gilt Indices for government bonds. In 2021, the Financial Times started publishing three multi-asset indexes with Wilshire Associates covering combinations of the top five cryptocurrencies. In July 2006, the FT announced

5940-815: The Financial News in the 1930s, and moved to the Financial Times when the two merged. Lex boasts some distinguished alumni who have gone on to make careers in business and government—including Nigel Lawson (former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer ), Richard Lambert ( CBI director and former member of the Bank of England 's monetary policy committee), Martin Taylor (former chief executive of Barclays ), John Makinson (chairman and chief executive of Penguin ), John Gardiner (former chairman of Tesco ), David Freud (former UBS banker and Labour adviser, now

6075-688: The Financial Times ( F-T ) and the London Stock Exchange ( S-E ). On 13 February 1984 the FTSE 100 was introduced, representing about eighty per cent of the London Stock Exchange's value. FTSE Group was made an independent company in 1995. The first of several overseas offices was opened in New York City in 1999; Paris followed in early 2000, Hong Kong, Frankfurt and San Francisco in 2001, Madrid in 2002 and Tokyo in 2003. Other well-known FTSE indices include

6210-474: The Financial Times announced it was investing in Sifted , a digital-only news site and newsletter covering European startups . The Financial Times' initial 25% stake was subsequently diluted to 14% due to later investments from others. This marked the start of a planned 7-year strategic relationship with Sifted. The Financial Times collates and publishes a number of financial market indices , which reflect

6345-422: The Financial Times from Lord Camrose, and, following 57 years of rivalry, merged it with the Financial News to form a single six-page newspaper. The Financial Times had a higher circulation, while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was also introduced from Financial News . Gordon Newton , a Cambridge graduate, took over as editor in 1949, and immediately introduced

6480-614: The WSJ was second. In 2022, the FT launched FT Edit, a low-price app aimed at attracting a younger audience. The FT is split into two sections. The first section covers domestic and international news, editorial commentary on politics and economics from FT journalists such as Martin Wolf , Gillian Tett and Edward Luce , and opinion pieces from globally renowned leaders, policymakers, academics and commentators. The second section consists of financial data and news about companies and markets. Despite being generally regarded as primarily

6615-587: The Wisers platform since 2013. From 2015, instead of the metered paywall on the website, visitors were given unlimited free access for one month, after which they needed to subscribe. Pearson sold the Financial Times Group to Nikkei, Inc. for £ 844 million ( US$ 1.32 billion) in July 2015. In 2016, the Financial Times acquired a controlling stake in Alpha Grid, a London-based media company specialising in

6750-556: The hyperinflation that all but wrecked the German economy. During the course of the Ruhr occupation, 132 Germans were killed and approximately 188,000 evicted from their homes. France's economy also suffered during the Ruhr occupation. It turned to Britain and the United States for assistance, and together they developed the Dawes Plan . It lowered and restructured Germany's reparations payments, and France agreed to vacate

6885-579: The late-2000s recession . The magazine has been derided in rival publishers' blogs, as "repellent" in the Telegraph and "a latter-day Ab Fab manual" in the Guardian . A 'well-thumbed' copy of the supplement was found when rebel forces broke into Colonel Gaddafi 's Tripoli compound during the 2011 Libyan Civil War . In September 2021, an Arabic version of HTSI was launched by Othman Al Omeir , founder of Elaph online newspaper. HTSI Arabic

SECTION 50

#1732782937953

7020-412: The occupation was expanded to include the industrial Ruhr valley from 1923 to 1925. In the early years of the occupation, a number of separatist movements – some supported by the French – attempted to create an independent Rhineland allied to France, but none of them had significant popular support. Relations between the occupying forces and the German residents were often strained, although more so in

7155-466: The Élysée Palace regarding the article, and defended her decision on the basis purely of several factual errors in the original piece by Mehreen Khan. In January 2019, the FT began a series of investigative articles detailing fraud suspicions at German payments group Wirecard . When the Wirecard share price plunged, German news media speculated that market manipulation was behind this attack on

7290-581: The 1970s, the FT began international expansion, facilitated by developments in technology and the growing acceptance of English as the international language of business. On 1 January 1979 the first FT (Continental Europe edition) was printed outside the UK, in Frankfurt; printing in the U.S. began in July 1985. Since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve

7425-592: The 1990s. He went on to become Head of Technology for the Trinity Mirror Group. Sir Geoffrey Owen was the editor of the Financial Times from 1981 to 1990. He joined the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) at the London School of Economics as Director of Business Policy in 1991 and was appointed Senior Fellow, Institute of Management, in 1997. He continues his work there. During his tenure at

7560-718: The Allied forces in 1922. On 9 January 1923, under the Warren G. Harding administration, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution withdrawing American forces from Germany. General Allen received the telegram on 10 January. After more than four years of occupation, the last Americans left their headquarters in Koblenz in January 1923. The flag was lowered at Ehrenbreitstein Fortress, the American headquarters, on 24 January. On 27 January American General Allen officially handed over control to

7695-497: The Cartel decided to suspend control over the production of crude steel and attempted to unify export prices and allocate export quantities through temporary counters, but failed to stem the crisis. Its successor, established on 25 February 1933, was less ambitious but more stable, and was limited to regulating exports. The first version had disappeared due to a more pronounced export trend, as it seemed ill-suited to it. However, during

7830-643: The Eurosceptic elements in her party. The FT declared 2019 general election a "fateful election" that "offers no good choices". In the 2024 general election , the FT endorsed the Labour Party again, expressing the need for a "fresh start", while cautioning "Labour's interventionist instincts and fervour for regulation". In the 2008 United States presidential election , the Financial Times endorsed Barack Obama . While it raised concerns over hints of protectionism , it praised his ability to "engage

7965-603: The French and Belgian invaders [...] slaughter our citizens? Are we still willing to bring upon ourselves the bloody French and Belgian courts that condemn innocent Germans to bestial death sentences, inhuman prison terms and extortionate fines? The most notable of the propaganda campaigns was the Germans' " Black Horror on the Rhine " ( Schwarze Schmach ), a racist appeal against the African colonial soldiers who made up part of

8100-405: The French and Belgian thieves and murderers? Are we still willing to put up with the brutality, the acts of thievery and murder, the vilification, the desecrations, the expulsions and bestial harassment perpetrated everywhere by the French and Belgian intruders? And do we have to allow ourselves to be treated like dogs in our homeland by the debauchees who have broken in? Are we still willing to watch

8235-471: The French and Belgian zones than in the American and British. Both the French and the Germans engaged in major propaganda campaigns, the French to try to win the Rhinelanders over to their side and the Germans to rouse national and international feelings against the occupation. The German propaganda war included racist attacks against black French colonial troops. Following the signing of the Locarno Treaties that settled Germany's western border in late 1925,

SECTION 60

#1732782937953

8370-405: The French forces involved in the occupation. The Eighth Army was commanded by General Augustin Gérard and occupied the Palatinate . The Tenth Army was commanded by General Charles Mangin and was responsible for the rest of the French zone from its headquarters in Mainz . On 21 October 1919, they were combined to form the French Army of the Rhine. In 1919, the Italian "Alpi" Brigade was used by

8505-529: The French in occupation duties in the far south of the zone. The French were the last to vacate the occupied Rhineland, on 30 June 1930. The Siamese Expeditionary Forces participated in the occupation until 1919 with their troops stationed in Neustadt an der Weinstraße , located in the French area. Financial Times The Financial Times ( FT ) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs . Based in London ,

8640-439: The French military came to the aid of the separatists. At least 10 people were killed and 150 wounded. French military courts later sentenced a number of Düsseldorf police officers to long prison terms. The separatist movements had ended by early 1924. On 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the industrial Ruhr district east of the Rhine after Germany fell behind in the reparations payments required of it under

8775-533: The French occupation troops. Their numbers averaged around 25,000; most were from the French colonies in North Africa. The German propaganda push took shape after the failed Kapp Putsch of March 1920 and was supported by the government in Berlin and widely across the political spectrum, with the exception of the far left Independent Social Democrats and the Communist Party of Germany . The propaganda used graphic depictions of African "barbarians" allegedly raping German women and girls. The supposed crimes were made into

8910-403: The French. In accordance with the Treaty of Versailles – and also the Locarno Treaties, in which Germany had voluntarily agreed to the demilitarisation of its territory west of a line drawn 50 kilometres east of the Rhine in 1925 – the area remained a demilitarised zone until Adolf Hitler had it occupied by the Wehrmacht in breach of the treaties on 7 March 1936. The United States occupied

9045-500: The French. On 3 February, the United States withdrew General Allen as its observer from the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission. Two weeks later the Americans physically left the Rhineland. Belgium maintained an army of occupation ( Armée d'occupation , AO) in the Rhineland from 1918 to 1929. It consisted of 20,000 soldiers in five divisions with its headquarters at Aachen and its troops stationed in Krefeld . They were commanded by Armand Huyghé . Belgium also participated in

9180-413: The German Rhinelanders and the French population that annexing the region to France would benefit both sides. A press agency was set up in Koblenz, and in Mainz a bilingual magazine was published with the aim of reviving the "spiritual connection" between Germany and France. Courses in the French language were also offered in the occupied region. Tirard's propaganda efforts overall had little effect in either

9315-430: The Koblenz zone (American) after ten years, and the remainder after fifteen years. On 28 June 1919, the day on which the Treaty of Versailles was signed, France, Belgium, the Great Britain, the United States and Germany signed a separate agreement "with regard to the military occupation of the territories of the Rhine" as provided for in Article 432 of the Treaty. The thirteen articles of the Rhineland Agreement included

9450-483: The North and North-East) was only partly useable as coke, and coal from Lorraine was not useable at all. The Germans had flooded the mine shafts of 18 out of 19 French mining companies during the war. The Allied occupation of the Rhineland after World War I was followed by the occupation of the Ruhr from 1923–1925, Dawes Plan of 16 August 1924 regulated German post-war reparations payments , which would henceforth be indexed to Germany's economic performance. In 1925,

9585-466: The Northern French mining basin once again reached its 1913 level, and the French grip on German coal was loosened. The members of the cartel represented only 35% of total production, but two-thirds of worldwide steel product exports. The United States produced 47 million tons of steel in 1926, but only exported 2,3 million. Exports from the Ruhr (5,6 million tons of steel out of a total production of 16 million), were twice as high as exports from

9720-623: The Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923. Eleven Belgian soldiers were killed in an attack on a railway bridge near Hochfeld (today part of Duisburg ) on 30 June 1923. The Belgian Army of Occupation maintained a dedicated security service known as the Military Security Service in Occupied Germany ( Sûrété militaire en Allemagne occupée , SMAO) which provided some support to Rhenish separatists. After an officer of

9855-572: The Occupied Rhine Territories. The first Prussian state commissioner was Karl von Starck ; he was succeeded in 1921 by Hermann von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg  [ de ] . Bavaria also had a state commissioner, since a small part of its territory was also occupied. The legislative powers of the Commission, which had been granted to it in order to protect the occupying troops, were not precisely defined. The Commission

9990-721: The Rhine's east bank. In July 1919, the Third Army was disbanded and replaced by the American Forces in Germany (AFG) under the command of Major General Henry Tureman Allen . After a steady troop withdrawal, the AFG comprised some 20,000 men in a reduced territory by late 1919. Compared to the situation in the French occupation zone, the Americans' relations with the German population were much better. General Allen took part in saving Ehrenbreitstein Fortress from destruction by

10125-552: The Rhine, and put under the control of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission , which was led by a French commissioner and had one member each from Belgium, Great Britain and the United States (the latter in an observer role only). The purpose of the occupation was to give France and Belgium security against any future German attack and serve as a guarantee for Germany's reparations obligations . After Germany fell behind on its payments in 1922,

10260-563: The Rhineland even while peace negotiations were ongoing. Separatism was generally supported by the French government as part of their program of cultural propaganda. High Commissioner Tirard initially favoured an independent Rhenish state. Most French and Belgian authorities either agreed with him or wanted at least to have the Rhineland separated from the state of Prussia, whereas the British and Americans were hesitant to accept such proposals, if not opposed to them outright. Hans Adam Dorten ,

10395-663: The Rhineland or France, although the German press picked up on them as an emotionally laden topic to use against the French. The German propaganda campaign was poorly coordinated until the cabinet-level Ministry for the Occupied Territories was established in August 1923 and the Rheinische Volkspflege (Rhineland People's Welfare) was placed under its control. The Rheinische Volkspflege had been set up in 1920 as an unofficial cover organisation to finance and coordinate anti-French propaganda. It saw itself as part of

10530-597: The Ruhr. The evacuation was completed on 25 August 1925. Relations between the German population and the occupying forces were the most difficult early on. The French especially used harsh measures such as martial law, curfews, restrictions on communication with the rest of Germany and requirements that German officials salute French officers. Billeting caused shortages of housing and food, and some cities, such as Aachen , became so crowded that they began to feel like garrisons to their inhabitants. There were frequent outbreaks of minor violence. Expulsion of "undesirables", which

10665-622: The SMOA shot dead a German officer of the Schutzpolizei in March 1921, German police mistakenly killed another Belgian lieutenant named Graff. The British Army entered German territory on 3 December 1918. The British Army of the Rhine was established as the occupying force in March 1919. Based at Cologne , they published The Cologne Post . They were withdrawn in January 1926. The French Eighth and Tenth Armies originally constituted

10800-534: The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that the west bank of the Rhine and "the right bank to the west of a line drawn 50 kilometres to the East of the Rhine" be demilitarised. The provisions that related specifically to the occupation of the Rhineland were laid out in articles 428 through 432. The key article (428) states: As a guarantee for the execution of the present Treaty by Germany, the German territory situated to

10935-447: The Treaty of Versailles, the American representative, General Henry Tureman Allen , was only an unofficial observer on the Commission, although either he or a deputy attended all Commission meetings, and when Allen attended he expressed his opinions freely. At the request of the state of Prussia , to which the majority of the occupied territory belonged, German interests were represented by the newly created Reich Commissioner's Office for

11070-518: The Treaty of Versailles. Military law was imposed, local governments were placed under French control, and the Inter-allied Control Mission for Factories and Mines (MICUM) took over administration of the steel works and mines. Germany responded with a policy of passive resistance. Work in the factories and mines stopped, and the German government supported the region's idled workers through printing additional money, which led to

11205-543: The UK, continental Europe, the U.S., Asia and the Middle East. The European edition is distributed throughout continental Europe and Africa. It is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe, reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a luxury lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It . In 2009 it launched a standalone website for

11340-427: The United Kingdom. The Lex column is a daily feature on the back page of the first section. It features analyses and opinions covering global economics and finance. The FT calls Lex its agenda-setting column. The column first appeared on Monday, 1 October 1945. The name may originally have stood for Lex Mercatoria , a Latin expression meaning literally "merchant law". It was conceived by Hargreaves Parkinson for

11475-437: The United States, and a third of German production. The world market was dominated by five big producer countries: the United States (47,4% of production in 1929), Germany (13,3%), the United Kingdom (8,3%), France (8%) and Belgium and Luxembourg collectively (5,6%) who altogether produced 83% of the world steel production of 122 million tons in 1929. Exports of steel products were only about a sixth of this total production, that

11610-496: The acquisition of Alpha Grid, and conferences and events through Financial Times Live and extends the FT 's traditional commercial offering into a wider set of integrated services. In 2020, reporter Mark Di Stefano resigned from the Financial Times after hacking into Zoom calls at other media organisations including The Independent and the Evening Standard . In 2020, the retraction of an opinion piece by

11745-407: The beta launch of newssift, part of FT Search, in March 2009. Newssift.com is a next-generation search tool for business professionals that indexes millions of articles from thousands of global business news sources, not just the FT . The Financial Times Group acquired Money Media (an online news and commentary site for the industry) and Exec-Appointments (an online recruitment specialist site for

11880-676: The central area of the Rhineland along the Mosel river and the Koblenz bridgehead. General John J. Pershing , commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.), created the Third Army for the purpose, which in early 1919 comprised some 250,000 men. Command was given to Major General Joseph T. Dickman . The Americans opened their headquarters in a Prussian government building by the Rhine in Koblenz. The U.S. flag flew over Koblenz's Ehrenbreitstein Fortress on

12015-518: The changing value of their constituent parts. The longest-running of these was the former Financial News Index , started on 1 July 1935 by the Financial News . The FT published a similar index; this was replaced by the Financial News Index — which was then renamed the Financial Times (FT) Index — on 1 January 1947. The index started as an index of industrial shares, and companies with dominant overseas interests were excluded, such as

12150-596: The control of the victorious Allies of World War I from 1   December 1918 until 30   June 1930. The occupation was imposed and regulated by articles in the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , the Treaty of Versailles and the parallel agreement on the Rhineland occupation signed at the same time as the Versailles Treaty. The Rhineland was demilitarised, as was an area stretching fifty kilometres east of

12285-410: The country's attention", his calls for a bipartisan politics, and his plans for " comprehensive health-care reform ". The FT favoured Obama again in the 2012 United States presidential election . The FT endorsed Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton in the run-up to the 2016 United States presidential election , Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election, and Kamala Harris in

12420-410: The course of the occupation. Because German Francophile and separatist feelings were not as strong as the French had thought, their early attempts to tap into them failed. Paul Tirard, in a campaign conducted largely independently of the French government, tried to win the Germans over through a policy of "peaceful penetration" that included cultural events and special benefits. He wanted to convince both

12555-564: The credibility of their reporting on climate change and cause readers to downplay the climate crisis . According to the Global Capital Markets Survey, which measures readership habits among most senior financial decision makers in the world's largest financial institutions, the Financial Times is considered the most important business read, reaching 36% of the sample population, 11% more than The Wall Street Journal ( WSJ ), its main rival. The Economist , which

12690-528: The development and production of quality branded content across a range of channels, including broadcast, video, digital, social and events. In 2018, the Financial Times acquired a controlling stake in Longitude , a specialist provider of thought leadership and research services to a multinational corporate and institutional client base. This investment built on the Financial Times ' recent growth in several business areas, including branded content via

12825-652: The executive jobs market). The FT Group once had a 13.85% stake in Business Standard Ltd of India, the publisher of the Business Standard . It sold this stake in April 2008 and has entered into an agreement with Network 18 to launch the Financial Times in India, though it is speculated that they may find it difficult to do so, as the brand 'Financial Times' in India is owned by The Times Group ,

12960-573: The failures was that the Catholic Centre Party had considerable influence in the region and did not support the separatist movements. The most serious event connected to separatism came to be known as the Düsseldorf Bloody Sunday. On 30 September 1923, thousands of separatists held a march through the city in support of a Rhenish republic under a French protectorate. After shots were fired from an unknown source,

13095-405: The following points: The occupied Rhineland made up 6.5% of Germany's total area and had a population of about seven million. While the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles were in progress, the region was under a state of siege and the number of occupation troops stood at approximately 240,000 (220,000 French and 20,000 Belgian). By February 1920, a year after the Treaty had gone into effect,

13230-629: The global 2007–2008 financial crisis , but on balance it backed the Conservatives , while questioning their tendency to Euroscepticism . In the 2015 general election , the FT called for the continuation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition that had governed for the previous five years. In the 2017 general election , an FT editorial reluctantly backed Conservative Theresa May over Labour Jeremy Corbyn , while warning about her stance on immigration and

13365-509: The late 1990s. Between 1997 and 2000, the site underwent several revamps and changes of strategy, as the FT Group and Pearson reacted to the changes online. FT introduced subscription services in 2002. FT.com is one of the few UK news sites successfully funded by individual subscription. In 1997, the FT launched a U.S. edition, printed in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Orlando and Washington, D.C., although

13500-458: The magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the online world with the launch of FT.com. This provided a summary of news from around the globe, which was supplemented in February 1996 with stock price coverage. The second-generation site was launched in spring 1996. The site was funded by advertising and contributed to the online advertising market in the UK in

13635-456: The newspaper was first printed outside New York City in 1985. In September 1998 the FT became the first UK-based newspaper to sell more copies internationally than within the UK. In 2000 the Financial Times started publishing a German-language edition, Financial Times Deutschland , with a news and editorial team based in Hamburg. Its initial circulation in 2003 was 90,000. It was originally

13770-401: The northern occupation zone around Cologne was evacuated in January 1926. The Koblenz region, which the Americans had handed over to the French in 1923, was evacuated in November 1929. After a "final" agreement on reparations was reached in the 1929 Young Plan , the occupation of the Rhineland ended on 30 June 1930, five years earlier than originally set down in the Treaty of Versailles. At

13905-611: The number had dropped to 94,000 French and 16,000 Belgian troops. In March and April 1920, a violent workers' uprising in the Ruhr district was suppressed by the German Reichswehr with assistance from units of the paramilitary Freikorps . As a reaction to the incursion of German troops into the demilitarised zone east of the Rhine, French troops temporarily occupied Frankfurt am Main , Darmstadt and several other smaller cities beginning on 6 April 1920. A much more substantial Ruhr occupation took place from 1923 to 1925 as

14040-627: The one developed by Pierre Mendès France , but it faced opposition from several industry leaders who saw it as a first step towards nationalization, a solution adopted in England, a country where the steel industry did not, unlike France, have significant iron ore mines. Occupation of the Rhineland The Occupation of the Rhineland placed the region of Germany west of the Rhine river and four bridgeheads to its east under

14175-588: The overall trend towards decreasing prices, which intensified following the abrupt change in economic conditions in 1929. Some other major producers (United Kingdom, United States) shifted significantly towards foreign markets from that point onward. This trend was also evident in a crucial member of the cartel, Germany, which experienced an initial financial shock as early as 1927. Furthermore, starting from 1933, Nazi Germany increasingly turned to its steel industry for armament and chose to import more iron ore from Sweden to meet this new demand. Martin-Siemens steel, which

14310-487: The paper is owned by a Japanese holding company, Nikkei , with core editorial offices across Britain, the United States and continental Europe. In July 2015, Pearson sold the publication to Nikkei for £ 844 million ( US$ 1.32 billion) after owning it since 1957. In 2019, it reported one million paying subscriptions, three-quarters of which were digital subscriptions. In 2023, it was reported to have 1.3 million subscribers of which 1.2 million were digital. The newspaper has

14445-586: The peace negotiations that began in Versailles in January 1919, French prime minister Georges Clemenceau sought to fix France's border with Germany at the Rhine. All the territories on the west bank of the river were to be detached from Germany and form one or more sovereign states aligned with France. He saw the idea, which had originated with General Ferdinand Foch , as the only way to remain secure against Germany, noting that it had invaded France four times in 100 years (1814, 1815, 1870 and 1914). Clemenceau

14580-405: The production capacity, including marginal establishments, guaranteeing their existence and profitability. From late 1924, with the return of monetary stability, there was a significant upturn in investments in Germany, and economic growth returned. The country had become a major borrower on the international financial markets in the years 1925-1929, mostly with American, British and Dutch funds, to

14715-402: The publisher of The Times of India and The Economic Times . The group also publishes America's Intelligence Wire , a daily general newswire service. The Financial Times' Financial Publishing division (formerly FT Business) provides print and online content for retail, personal and institutional finance audiences. Examples of publications and services include: Investors Chronicle ,

14850-622: The quotas, and the fact that they had not been increased enough, given the period of economic upturn. German steel producers energetically demanded a revision of the quotas, and threatened to leave the Agreement. The Cartel did not survive the upheaval caused by the Great Depression starting in 1929. Controlling only a third of the world production, it was able to regulate a growing market where domestic demands in each country created an export deficit. However, it could not contend with

14985-405: The recruitment of Richard Lambert from Oxford, himself a future Editor of the FT . Meanwhile, Pearson had bought the paper in 1957. Over the years, the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting a renewed impetus in the world economy towards globalisation . As cross-border trade and capital flows increased during

15120-777: The same year. Describing itself as the friend of "The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, and the Legitimate Speculator", it was a four-page journal. The readership was the financial community of the City of London , its only rival being the more daring and slightly older (founded in 1884) Financial News . On 2 January 1893 the FT began printing on light pink paper to distinguish it from

15255-551: The second was (later Sir) William Rees-Mogg who went on, via The Sunday Times , to edit The Times in 1967 following its acquisition by Roy Thomson. Other FT Oxbridge recruits included the future Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson . The FT ' s distinctive recruitment policy for Fleet Street journalists was never popular with the National Union of Journalists and ceased in 1966 following

15390-578: The security of America. During World War II, Alexis Aron, the former head of Forges et Aciéries du Nord et de l'Est , who had taken refuge in the Alps, drafted plans in 1943 for the future European steel industry: documents describing a peace based on reconciliation, drawing primarily from the experience of the International Steel Agreement. Alexis Aron proposed to rebuild this by modifying certain aspects. His plan closely resembled

15525-594: The signing of a more general agreement on steel. The creation of the cartel, after months-long negotiations, was driven by Fritz Thyssen , president of the Stahlwerksverband, Émile Mayrisch , Luxembourg's foremost industrialist and the main founder of ARBED (Aciéries réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange) in 1911, and the Belgian Gaston Barbanson. The International Steel Agreement was created on 20 September 1926. Its foundational text used

15660-425: The similarly named Financial News : at the time, it was also cheaper to print on unbleached paper (several other more general newspapers, such as The Sporting Times , had the same policy), but nowadays it is more expensive as the paper has to be dyed specially. The Berry brothers, Lord Camrose and Gomer Berry (later Lord Kemsley), purchased the Financial Times in 1919. In 1945, Brendan Bracken purchased

15795-425: The substantial surplus of Lorraine iron ore. This agreement was followed on 4 November 1926 with the signature of a similar agreement on imports of rolled steel products covering 6,5% of German needs (Lorraine, 3,75% and Luxembourg, 2,75%). As a basis for its exports, the cartel used prices that were considerably higher than what would have been achievable in a free market. It aimed to provide medium-term visibility to

15930-473: The summer of 1931, the collapse of prices, dropping from 6 to 2 pounds sterling per ton, forced a return to negotiations at the end of 1931. The cartel with the new formula disappeared with the onset of the Second World War, during which numerous studies conducted in the United States call for the prohibition of international cartels, presented as the basis for German expansion and a possible risk to

16065-468: The term "european economic union", in the euphoria that accompanied Germany's accession to the League of Nations. It received abundant commentary in the French press. L'Humanité denounced the return of German imperialism on the international scene. The cartel operated under the direction of a Council composed of industry representatives from Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg. Its members were joined

16200-560: The then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair , and was given a job as an education minister and a seat in the House of Lords after the 2005 election. Ed Balls became chief economic adviser to the Treasury, working closely with Gordon Brown , the chancellor of the exchequer (or finance minister), before being elected a Member of Parliament in 2005, and became Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families in July 2007. Bernard Gray ,

16335-411: The total quantity produced by cartel members. A Swiss trust company was responsible for monitoring the production statistics provided by the companies. The system was supplemented with sanctions: each national group was declared accountable for its country's adherence to production quotas. They were obliged to pay to the cartel 4 dollars per ton exceeding its quota, even if was produced by a company that

16470-427: The tune of more than 25 billion francs. All companies had borrowed in Germany, where after 1927, only 1,3% of corporations owned 46% of total capital. From September to December 1926, Germany was particularly productive after the restructuring of its steel industry, and systematically surpassed its quota by 9 to 25%. For this, it had to pay 2,7 million dollars in penalties. From early 1927, some industrialists criticised

16605-470: The value of liberal democracy. The Ukrainian newspaper Kyiv Post accused the FT of asking President Putin softball questions, and said the interviewers failed to hold Putin to account. In the 2010 general election , the FT was receptive to the Liberal Democrats ' positions on civil liberties and political reform, and praised the then Labour Party leader Gordon Brown for his response to

16740-421: The war on its side. Clemenceau then accepted a maximum fifteen-year time limit for the occupation. As a prerequisite for withdrawal, Germany would be required to fulfil the requirements of the peace treaty and meet its reparations obligations on time. The function of the occupation was thus changed from an instrument for weakening Germany to a bargaining chip for Germany's reparations obligations. Article 42 of

16875-511: The west of the Rhine, together with the bridgeheads [at Cologne , Koblenz , Mainz and Kehl , per Article 429], will be occupied by Allied and Associated troops for a period of fifteen years from the coming into force of the present Treaty. Article 429 added that if Germany fulfilled its obligations under the treaty, the Cologne region (under the British) would be evacuated after five years,

17010-568: Was and still is distributed with the paper every Monday. FTfm is the world's largest-circulation fund management title. Since 2005 the FT has sponsored the annual Financial Times Business Book of the Year Award . On 23 April 2007, the FT unveiled a "refreshed" version of the newspaper and introduced a new slogan, "We Live in Financial Times". In 2007 the FT pioneered a metered paywall , which let visitors to its website read

17145-427: Was authorised to both approve and amend national laws affecting the Rhineland and decrees issued by Rhineland officials, making it de facto the supreme public authority in the occupied Rhineland. The Commission supervised German administration in the occupied territory through a system of district delegates who were placed at the side of the respective local German administrative officers. In March 1921, Germany created

17280-494: Was firmly opposed to the Iraq War . Due to its advocacy of free markets and free trade, it is often identified as centrist to centre-right in its political positions. The modern FT is a product of a merger of two smaller newspapers in 1945 ; since that time, the paper had backed the Conservatives fairly consistently, but Labour's tacking to the centre, combined with the Conservatives' embracement of Euroscepticism, led

17415-578: Was not a member. It was soon agreed that this sum was too high, and it was reduced several times. One of the first decisions of the cartel was in October 1926 the signature of an agreement on the supply of raw iron to Germany, covering 10,5% of German needs, and reserving 7,46% for the Lorraine and 3,09% for Luxembourg. According to the Financial Times , this cartel was a good means of absorbing

17550-502: Was once 50% owned by FT , reaches 32%. FT 's The Banker also proved vital reading, reaching 24%. In addition, in 2010 the FT was regarded as the most credible publication in reporting financial and economic issues among the Worldwide Professional Investment Community audience. The Economist was rated the third-most-credible title by most influential professional investors, while

17685-634: Was permissible under terms of the treaty, led to 40,000 heads of household and 110,000 family members being forced to leave the French occupied territory (numbers do not include the Ruhr occupation). The Belgians were the most restrictive against fraternisation, while the French permitted "mixed" marriages on a case-by-case basis. They nevertheless denied almost all accusations of sexual violence, even in cases where punishments were meted out internally by their military. Germans who fraternised could face stigmatisation or physical violence within their own communities. Both sides used propaganda extensively during

17820-609: Was the editor of The Times and is now the chief executive of News Corporation . Will Lewis , a former New York correspondent and News Editor for the FT , edited the Daily Telegraph and the Wall Street Journal . Dominic Lawson went on to become editor of the Sunday Telegraph until he was dismissed in 2005. Andrew Adonis , a former education correspondent, became an adviser on education to

17955-462: Was to have been vacated in January 1925, but it was delayed by the French due to disagreements about the German army's compliance with the armaments reduction requirements imposed on it in the Treaty of Versailles. As a result of the agreements reached in the Locarno Treaties , British troops withdrew from their zone in January 1926. After Germany accepted the Young Plan , which was negotiated in

18090-463: Was unable to convince his allies to accept the proposal. U.S. president Woodrow Wilson advocated the right of peoples to self-determination, which he said should not be denied the Germans. British prime minister David Lloyd George did not want the settlement to "leave a legacy of injustice which would rankle as Alsace–Lorraine had rankled". As a compromise, the Americans and British agreed that if Germany should attack France again, they would enter

18225-459: Was used to produce high-speed steels and special steels, among other things for arms production, tolerated only a very low phosphorus content. The Lorraine ore, known as minette, had a phosphorus content that, at that time, did not allow the production of Martin steel. Swedish iron ore, with low phosphorus content, gradually replaced French ore in large part. Moreover, this diversification also aligned with diplomatic interests. As early as July 1930,

#952047